The scientific origins of the Minotaur - Matt Kaplan

4,579,301 views ใƒป 2015-07-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: hila scherba
00:08
Far beneath the palace of the treacherous King Minos,
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืก,
00:11
in the damp darkness of an inescapable labryinth,
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ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื”ืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืžื ื•,
00:15
a horrific beast stalks the endless corridors of its prison,
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ื—ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ืื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื ืฉืœื”,
00:19
enraged with a bloodlust so intense that its deafening roar shakes the Earth.
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ื–ื•ืขืžืช ื‘ืชืื•ื•ื” ืœื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ืฉืื’ื” ื”ืžื—ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื” ืžืจืขื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”.
00:25
It is easy to see why the Minotaur myth has a long history
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžื” ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื”
00:28
of being disregarded as pure fiction.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
00:31
However, there's a good chance that the Minotaur
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ
00:33
and other monsters and gods were created by our early ancestors
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ื•ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื
00:37
to rationalize the terrifying things that they saw in the natural world
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืชื™ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™
00:41
but did not understand.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•.
00:44
And while we can't explain every aspect of their stories,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:47
there may be some actual science that reveals itself
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื“ืข ืฉื™ืชื’ืœื”
00:50
when we dissect them for clues.
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ื›ืฉื ื ืชื— ืื•ืชื ืœืจืžื–ื™ื.
00:52
So, as far as we know, there have never been human-bull hybrids.
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ืื–, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ืฉื•ืจ.
00:58
But the earliest material written about the Minotaur
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ
01:01
doesn't even mention its physical form.
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ืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
01:03
So that's probably not the key part of the story.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:07
What the different tellings do agree upon, however,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื, ืขื ื–ืืช,
01:10
is that the beast lives underground,
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
01:12
and when it bellows, it causes tremendous problems.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืื’ืช, ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
01:18
The various myths are also specific in stating that genius inventor Daedalus,
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ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื“ื“ืœื•ืก,
01:22
carved out the labyrinth beneath the island of Crete.
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ื—ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื™ ื›ืจืชื™ื.
01:26
Archeological attempts to find the fabled maze
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ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
01:28
have come up empty handed.
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ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืงื•ืช.
01:30
But Crete itself has yielded the most valuable clue of all
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจืชื™ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืžื– ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ
01:34
in the form of seismic activity.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ืช.
01:36
Crete sits on a piece of continental crust called the Aegean Block,
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ื›ืจืชื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืื’ืื™,
01:41
and has a bit of oceanic crust known as the Nubian Block
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืงืจื•ื ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืื ื™
01:45
sliding right beneath it.
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ืฉื’ื•ืœืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•.
01:47
This sort of geologic feature, called a subduction zone,
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื—ืชื”,
01:50
is common all over the world and results in lots of earthquakes.
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ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”.
01:55
However, in Crete the situation is particularly volatile
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื›ืจืชื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:59
as the Nubian Block is attached
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ
02:01
to the massive buoyant continental crust that is Africa.
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ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฆืฃ ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:06
When the Nubian Block moves,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ื‘ื™ืื ื™ ื–ื–,
02:08
it does not go down nearly as easily or as steeply
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืช
02:11
as oceanic crust does in most other subduction zones.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืคื—ืชื”.
02:15
Instead, it violently and abruptly forces sections of the Mediterranean upwards
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”
02:22
in an event called uplift,
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ื‘ืืจื•ืข ืฉื ืงืจื ื“ื—ื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
02:24
and Crete is in uplift central.
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ื•ื›ืจืชื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื“ื—ื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:28
In the year 2014, Crete had more than 1300 earthquakes
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2014, ื‘ื›ืจืชื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1300 ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”
02:32
of magnitude 2.0 or higher.
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ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ 2.0 ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:35
By comparison, in the same period of time,
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ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ื–ืžืŸ,
02:38
Southern California, a much larger area, experienced a mere 255 earthquakes.
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ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื—ื•ื•ื” 255 ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”.
02:45
Of course, we don't have detailed seismic records from the days of King Minos,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืกืžื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืžื™ื ื•ืก,
02:50
but we do know from fossil records and geologic evidence
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:53
that Crete has experienced serious uplift events
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ืฉื›ืจืชื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืจืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื
02:55
that sometimes exceeded 30 feet in a single moment.
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืž 10 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“.
03:00
Contrast this for a moment with the island of Hawaii,
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ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจื’ืข ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ื•ื•ืื™,
03:03
where earthquakes and volcanic activity
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ืฉื ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช
03:05
were tightly woven to legends surrounding Pele,
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ื ืจืงืžื• ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ืคืœื”,
03:08
a goddess both fiery and fair.
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ืืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื•ื’ื ื™ืคื”.
03:12
Like the Minotaur, her myths included tales of destruction,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ,
03:15
but they also contained elements of dance and creation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
03:19
So why did Hawaii end up with Pele and Crete end up with the Minotaur?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคืœื” ื•ื›ืจืชื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ?
03:24
The difference likely comes down
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ื ืจืื”
03:26
to the lava that followed many of Hawaii's worst earthquakes.
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ืžื”ืœื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™.
03:30
The lava on Hawaii is made of basalt, which once cooled, is highly fertile.
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ื”ืœื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื•ืื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืœืช, ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืจืจืช, ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:36
Within a couple of decades of terrible eruptions,
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ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช,
03:39
Islanders would have seen vibrant green life thriving
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ ืจืื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื
03:42
on new peninsulas made of lava.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ื”.
03:44
So it makes sense that the mythology captured this
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื›ื“ื” ืืช ื–ื”
03:47
by portraying Pele as creator as well as a destroyer.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื•ืจ ืคืœื” ื›ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื”.
03:51
As for the people of Crete,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ ื›ืจืชื™ื,
03:53
their earthquakes brought only destruction and barren lands,
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ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืจืง ื”ืจืก ื•ืื“ืžื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ืช,
03:56
so perhaps for them the unnatural and deadly Minotaur was born.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“.
04:02
The connections between mythical stories
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื
04:04
and the geology of the regions where they originated
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ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
04:07
teach us that mythology and science are actually two sides of the same coin.
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ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
04:13
Both are rooted in explaining and understanding the world.
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ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:16
The key difference is that where mythology uses gods, monsters and magic,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืืœื™ื, ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ื•ืงืกื,
04:20
science uses measurements, records and experiments.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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