Ethical dilemma: What makes life worth living? - Douglas MacLean

575,790 views ใƒป 2023-10-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
On your planet, life depends entirely on Nuronium.
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ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื.
00:11
Your species is almost otherwise identical to humans,
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
00:15
except you require Nuronium in the atmosphere for normal cognition.
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ืืœื ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืชืงื™ื ื”.
00:20
Without it, people lose their capacity to imagine and think reflectively.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืงืฃ.
00:24
Over time, they even lose their ability to make and retain long-term memories.
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
00:30
While this is certainly a delicate situation,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฆื‘ ืขื“ื™ืŸ,
00:32
this essential element also provides an infinite source of clean energy,
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ืืœืžื ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืงื™ื™ื”,
00:37
which has allowed your people to thrive for millennia.
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ืืฉืจ ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:41
But leading scientists have discovered terrible news.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช.
00:44
Somehow the entire source of Nuronium has been irreversibly compromised.
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ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš.
00:50
It now emits a pollutant that lowers fertility in your species,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื–ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:55
and if your planet continues relying on this resource,
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ื•ืื ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
00:58
your people will go extinct within 100 years.
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ืื ืฉื™ื›ื ื™ื™ื›ื—ื“ื• ืชื•ืš 100 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:02
However, in an incredible stroke of luck,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื›ืช ืžื–ืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
01:04
your scientists have identified a passing comet from which they can mine
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช
01:09
an alternate energy source called Polixate.
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ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜.
01:13
Polixate wonโ€™t cause infertility
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ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜ ืœื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื™ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:15
and would provide the same renewable energy as Nuronium.
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ื•ื™ืกืคืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื.
01:19
But it wonโ€™t sustain cognition in quite the same way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ.
01:23
With Polixate in the atmosphere instead of Nuronium,
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ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื,
01:26
people would lose their creativity, their long-term memories,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื,
01:30
and eventually, your entire culture would disappear.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืชื™ืขืœื.
01:34
The Polixate comet will only remain in orbit for a few days,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื,
01:39
and after that it won't return for centuries.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
01:42
So your society's administrative council must decide immediately
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ืื– ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“
01:46
whether to keep using Nuronium or mount an expedition to harvest the Polixate.
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ื”ืื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘-ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื ืื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืœืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜.
01:52
Right now, the board is splitโ€” waiting for your tiebreaking vote.
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ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ืœื•ื— ืžืคื•ืฆืœ- ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:58
Dr. Taylofโ€™s contingent argues that your people must continue using Nuronium.
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ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื“โ€œืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘- ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื.
02:04
They believe that your speciesโ€™ cultureโ€” centuries of literature, music, and art,
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื - ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืืžื ื•ืช,
02:10
as well as your achievements in agriculture, medicine, and technologyโ€”
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืจืคื•ืื” ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”-
02:14
is what makes life worth living.
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ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
02:17
Without the memories of your peopleโ€™s history
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
02:20
or the ability to dream up new inventions,
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ืื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
02:22
the people on your planet would essentially be reduced to mindless drones.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ.
02:27
Their basic needs for survival and reproduction would be met,
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ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•,
02:31
but Dr. Taylof believes the lives of those future generations
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ืื‘ืœ ื“โ€œืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื
02:35
would be meaningless without memories, imagination, and culture.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:39
And since Dr. Taylofโ€™s group doesnโ€™t believe that future generations
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“โ€œืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื
02:43
have any inherent right to be brought into existence,
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื,
02:47
if itโ€™s not possible for them to add to the civilization theyโ€™ve inherited,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืฉื•,
02:51
there's no point in trying to preserve them.
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื.
02:54
Besides, no living beings are harmed by continuing to rely on Nuroniumโ€”
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ืืฃ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืœื ื ืคื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืโ€”
02:59
your species should simply accept their fate and go extinct with dignity.
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ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
03:04
Dr. Kahan and their colleagues strongly disagree.
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ื“โ€œืจ ืงืื”ืŸ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื.
03:07
They admit that switching to Polixate would decrease
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜ ื™ืฆืžืฆื
03:10
your peopleโ€™s quality of life.
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ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื,
03:12
But with their basic needs met,
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03:13
they could still experience a kind of happiness observed
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ
03:16
in other, arguably less complex lifeforms.
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ืฉื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
03:20
And even if there's no chance of your people redeveloping creativity,
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ื•ื’ื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื›ื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
03:24
what's most important for Dr. Kahan is that we would be preserving life.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“โ€œืจ ืงืื”ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:29
Dr. Kahanโ€™s faction believes the continuation of life alone
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ืกื™ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื“โ€œืจ ืงืื”ืŸ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื
03:34
is incomparably valuable.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื•.
03:36
They also believe that, on average, every member of your species contributes,
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืชื•ืจื,
03:40
in small but constant ways, to the betterment of your people.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืืš ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:45
So by choosing to ensure your peopleโ€™s existence,
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ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
03:48
you would ultimately be improving the total happiness of your species.
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:53
But Dr. Taylof rejects the idea that maximizing happiness
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ืื‘ืœ ื“โ€œืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืงืกื•ื ื”ืื•ืฉืจ
03:57
is the ultimate goal of living.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:59
They believe that a valuable life consists not only of happiness
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ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ ืขืจืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืื•ืฉืจ
04:03
but also meaningfulness.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
04:05
And that acting as links in the chain of tradition
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ื•ืฉืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ื ื›ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช
04:08
and preserving cultural artifacts
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
04:10
are some of the most fundamental sources of meaning a species can have.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ืŸ.
04:15
Merely continuing to exist, in lives like those of contented pets,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืžืจื•ืฆื•ืช,
04:20
would not be valuable.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš.
04:22
Meanwhile, the advocates for Polixate believe thereโ€™s something
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•
04:26
fundamentally unethical about choosing extinction.
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ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
04:29
Dr. Kahan argues thereโ€™s no moral difference between what we do
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ื“โ€œืจ ืงืื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
04:33
and what we allow to happen when we could have acted differently.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื—ืจืช.
04:37
So while it would be tragic if your people ceased to exist due to chance,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื“ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื–ืœ,
04:42
to knowingly make a decision that results in extinction
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
04:45
is tantamount to mass murder.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืจืฆื— ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
04:48
Both sides have much more to say, but the council needs your vote now.
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ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:54
So what shall it be: Nuronium for a while, or Polixate forever?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”: ื ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื•ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ืงืกืื˜ ืœื ืฆื—?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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