How inventions change history (for better and for worse) - Kenneth C. Davis

853,175 views ใƒป 2012-10-17

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:15
This is the story of an invention that changed the world.
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:18
Imagine a machine that could cut 10 hours of work down to one.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืžืฆื 10 ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืื—ืช.
00:23
A machine so efficient that it would free up people to do other things,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:27
kind of like the personal computer.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™.
00:29
But the machine I'm going to tell you about did none of this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื” ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื”.
00:33
In fact, it accomplished just the opposite.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš.
00:36
In the late 1700s, just as America was getting on its feet as a republic under the new U.S Constitution,
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”18, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื” ื›ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
00:44
slavery was a tragic American fact of life.
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ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช.
00:48
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson both became President while owning slaves,
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืžืก ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื• ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:53
knowing that this peculiar institution contradicted the ideals and principles for which they fought a revolution.
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืกืชืจ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
01:01
But both men believed that slavery was going to die out as the 19th century dawned,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืชืขืœื ืขื ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19.
01:06
They were, of course, tragically mistaken.
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ื”ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืขื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:10
The reason was an invention,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฆืื”,
01:12
a machine they probably told you about in elementary school:
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืœื›ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™:
01:16
Mr. Eli Whitney's cotton gin.
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ืžื ืคื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืืœื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™.
01:19
A Yale graduate, 28-year-old Whitney had come to South Carolina to work as a tutor in 1793.
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ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื™ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื” 28 ื‘ื ืœื“ืจื•ื ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ 1793.
01:25
Supposedly he was told by some local planters about the difficulty of cleaning cotton.
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื• ืžืคื™ ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”.
01:31
Separating the seeds from the cotton lint was tedious and time consuming.
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ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืคืจื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื–ืœืช ื–ืžืŸ.
01:35
Working by hand, a slave could clean about a pound of cotton a day.
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื.
01:40
But the Industrial Revolution was underway,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื”,
01:42
and the demand was increasing.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ืจ.
01:44
Large mills in Great Britain and New England were hungry for cotton to mass produce cloth.
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:50
As the story was told, Whitney had a "eureka moment" and invented the gin, short for engine.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืกื•ืคืจ, ืœื•ื•ื˜ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” "ืจื’ืข ื™ื•ืจื™ืงื”" ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ืคื˜ืช, ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข.
01:57
The truth is that the cotton gin already existed for centuries in small but inefficient forms.
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื ืคื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
02:04
In 1794, Whitney simply improved upon the existing gins and then patented his "invention":
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ื‘ 1794, ื•ื•ื˜ื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื ืคื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ื”"ื”ืžืฆืื”" ืฉืœื•:
02:11
a small machine that employed a set of cones that could separate seeds from lint mechanically,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ืžื•ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื›ืื ื™ืช,
02:17
as a crank was turned.
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ื›ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืจื›ื•ื‘ื”.
02:19
With it, a single worker could eventually clean from 300 to one thousand pounds of cotton a day.
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ืื™ืชื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืž150 ืขื“ 500 ืงื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื.
02:26
In 1790, about 3,000 bales of cotton were produced in America each year.
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ื‘ 1790, ื‘ืขืจืš 3,000 ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
02:33
A bale was equal to about 500 pounds.
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ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœ250 ืงื™ืœื•.
02:36
By 1801, with the spread of the cotton gin,
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ื‘ 1801, ืขื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืคื˜ื”,
02:39
cotton production grew to 100 thousand bales a year.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื’ื“ืœ ืœื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืืœืฃ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”.
02:44
After the destructions of the War of 1812,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืœ 1812,
02:47
production reached 400 thousand bales a year.
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ 400 ืืœืฃ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”.
02:51
As America was expanding through the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803,
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ื›ืฉืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื” ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื” ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืœื•ืื™ื–ื™ืื ื” ืฉืœ 1803,
02:57
yearly production exploded to four million bales. Cotton was king.
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืœืš.
03:03
It exceeded the value of all other American products combined,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœืชื” ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•,
03:07
about three fifths of America's economic output.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
03:11
But instead of reducing the need for labor, the cotton gin propelled it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื ืคื˜ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืื•ืชื•,
03:16
as more slaves were needed to plant and harvest king cotton.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื•ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”.
03:20
The cotton gin and the demand of Northern and English factories re-charted the course of American slavery.
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ื”ืžื ืคื˜ื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
03:27
In 1790, America's first official census counted nearly 700 thousand slaves.
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ื‘ 1790, ื”ืžืคืงื“ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ 700 ืืœืฃ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:34
By 1810, two years after the slave trade was banned in America,
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ืขื“ 1810, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืืกืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
03:39
the number had shot up to more than one million.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืงืคืฅ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืœื™ื•ืŸ.
03:43
During the next 50 years, that number exploded to nearly four million slaves in 1860,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ 1860,
03:49
the eve of the Civil War.
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ืขืจื‘ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
03:55
As for Whitney, he suffered the fate of many an inventor.
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
03:59
Despite his patent, other planters easily built copies of his machine, or made improvements of their own.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ืื• ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
04:06
You might say his design was pirated.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืขืฉื• ื”ืขืชืงื™ื ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
04:08
Whitney made very little money from the device that transformed America.
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ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ื™ ืขืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
04:13
But to the bigger picture, and the larger questions.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:16
What should we make of the cotton gin?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื ืคื˜ื”?
04:20
History has proven that inventions can be double-edged swords.
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ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืจื‘ ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช.
04:24
They often carry unintended consequences.
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:27
The factories of the Industrial Revolution spurred innovation and an economic boom in America.
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ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื• ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
04:34
But they also depended on child labor,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
04:36
and led to tragedies like the Triangle Shirtwaist fire that killed more than 100 women in 1911.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืื ื’ืœ ืฉื™ืจื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืฉืงื˜ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ 1911.
04:44
Disposable diapers made life easy for parents,
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ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืงืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื,
04:47
but they killed off diaper delivery services.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืืช ืฉืจื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื.
04:50
And do we want landfills overwhelmed by dirty diapers?
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ื•ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื?
04:54
And of course, Einstein's extraordinary equation opened a world of possibilities.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืชื—ื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:01
But what if one of them is Hiroshima?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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