How inventions change history (for better and for worse) - Kenneth C. Davis

836,580 views ・ 2012-10-17

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Transcriber: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Woo Hwang
00:15
This is the story of an invention that changed the world.
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이 κ°•μ˜λŠ” 세상을 λ°”κΎΌ 발λͺ…에 λŒ€ν•œ 이야기 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Imagine a machine that could cut 10 hours of work down to one.
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10μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” 일을 ν•œμ‹œκ°„μœΌλ‘œ 쀄일 수 μžˆλŠ” 기계λ₯Ό 상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:23
A machine so efficient that it would free up people to do other things,
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μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄λΌμ„œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ 일을 ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•΄λ°©μ‹œμΌœμ£ΌλŠ” κΈ°κ³„μš”.
00:27
kind of like the personal computer.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ 개인용 컴퓨터 같은거 말이죠.
00:29
But the machine I'm going to tell you about did none of this.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ œκ°€ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬λ €λŠ” κΈ°κ³„λŠ” 그런 것은 μ „ν˜€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
In fact, it accomplished just the opposite.
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사싀 κ·Έ λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ 경우죠.
00:36
In the late 1700s, just as America was getting on its feet as a republic under the new U.S Constitution,
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1700λ…„λŒ€ 말에 미ꡭ은 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν—Œλ²•μ•„λž˜ 이제 겨우 κ³΅ν™”κ΅­μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 첫 λ°œμ„ λ–Όκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
00:44
slavery was a tragic American fact of life.
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λ…Έμ˜ˆμ œλ„λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ μƒν™œμ‚¬μ˜ 비극적인 μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson both became President while owning slaves,
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죠지 μ›Œμ‹±ν†€κ³Ό ν† λ§ˆμŠ€ μ œνΌμŠ¨μ€ λ‘˜ λ‹€ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ΄ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ λ…Έμ˜ˆλ₯Ό μ†Œμœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:53
knowing that this peculiar institution contradicted the ideals and principles for which they fought a revolution.
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이 νŠΉμ΄ν•œ μ œλ„λŠ” μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ 혁λͺ…μœΌλ‘œ μ‹Έμ›Œ μ§€μΌœμ˜¨ 사상과 원칙에 μœ„λ°°λœλ‹€λŠ” 점을 μ•Œμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ
01:01
But both men believed that slavery was going to die out as the 19th century dawned,
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두 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ λ…Έμ˜ˆμ œλ„κ°€ 19μ„ΈκΈ°κ°€ 열릴 λ•Œμ―€μ€ μ‚¬λΌμ§ˆκ±°λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
They were, of course, tragically mistaken.
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λ¬Όλ‘  그건 μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ 잘λͺ»λœ μƒκ°μ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:10
The reason was an invention,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” 발λͺ… λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
a machine they probably told you about in elementary school:
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μ•„λ§ˆ μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™κ΅λ•Œ 듀어보신 κΈ°κ³„μ˜ 발λͺ…μ΄μ—ˆμ£ :
01:16
Mr. Eli Whitney's cotton gin.
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μ—˜λ¦¬ νœ˜νŠΈλ‹ˆμ˜ λͺ©ν™” μ‘°λ©΄κΈ° 말이죠.
01:19
A Yale graduate, 28-year-old Whitney had come to South Carolina to work as a tutor in 1793.
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μ˜ˆμΌλŒ€ν•™ μ‘Έμ—…μƒμ΄λ˜ 28μ„Έμ˜ νœ˜νŠΈλ‹ˆλŠ” 1793λ…„ μ‚¬μš°μŠ€ μΊλ‘€λΌμ΄λ‚˜μ— κ°œμΈκ΅μ‚¬λ‘œ μΌν•˜λŸ¬ μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
Supposedly he was told by some local planters about the difficulty of cleaning cotton.
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κ·Έ 지역 농μž₯μ£Όλ“€λ‘œ λΆ€ν„° λͺ©ν™”λ₯Ό μ†μ§ˆν•˜λŠ” 어렀움에 λŒ€ν•œ 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆκ² μ£ .
01:31
Separating the seeds from the cotton lint was tedious and time consuming.
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λͺ©ν™”μ—μ„œ 씨λ₯Ό λ–Όμ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” 일은 λ‹¨μˆœν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 많이 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:35
Working by hand, a slave could clean about a pound of cotton a day.
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μ†μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ—…ν•˜λ©΄ ν•œ λͺ…μ˜ λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ ν•˜λ£¨μ— μ•½ 1νŒŒμš΄λ“œ(450그램) 정도 μ†μ§ˆμ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
01:40
But the Industrial Revolution was underway,
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그런데 μ‚°μ—…ν˜λͺ…이 μ§„ν–‰λ˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
and the demand was increasing.
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μˆ˜μš”λŠ” μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ΅¬μš”.
01:44
Large mills in Great Britain and New England were hungry for cotton to mass produce cloth.
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영ꡭ과 λ‰΄μž‰κΈ€λžœλ“œ μ§€λ°©μ˜ λŒ€ν˜• 곡μž₯듀은 λŒ€λŸ‰μœΌλ‘œ μ˜·μ„ μƒμ‚°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λͺ©ν™”κ°€ μ ˆμ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ ν•„μš”ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
01:50
As the story was told, Whitney had a "eureka moment" and invented the gin, short for engine.
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μ „ν•΄μ§€λŠ” λ°”λ‘œλŠ” , νœ˜νŠΈλ‹ˆκ°€ μ–΄λŠ μˆœκ°„ "λ°”λ‘œ 이거야"라며 λͺ©ν™” μ‘°λ©΄κΈ°λ₯Ό 발λͺ…ν•΄ λƒˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
The truth is that the cotton gin already existed for centuries in small but inefficient forms.
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사싀 λͺ©ν™” μ‘°λ©΄κΈ°λŠ” κ·Έ 이전에도 μˆ˜λ°±λ…„μ΄λ‚˜ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ 크기가 μž‘κ³  λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:04
In 1794, Whitney simply improved upon the existing gins and then patented his "invention":
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1794λ…„ νœ˜νŠΈλ‹ˆλŠ” 단지 이미 있던 μ‘°λ©΄κΈ°λ₯Ό κ°œμ„ ν•΄μ„œ μžμ‹ μ˜ "발λͺ…ν’ˆ"으둜 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λƒˆλ˜κ±°μ£ :
02:11
a small machine that employed a set of cones that could separate seeds from lint mechanically,
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이 κΈ°κ³„λŠ” ν¬κΈ°λŠ” μž‘μ•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ©ν™” ν•œλ‹€λ°œμ„ λ„£κ³  크랭크λ₯Ό 돌리면 μ†œμ—μ„œ 씨λ₯Ό
02:17
as a crank was turned.
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κΈ°κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 뢄리해 λ‚΄λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:19
With it, a single worker could eventually clean from 300 to one thousand pounds of cotton a day.
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이 κΈ°κ³„λ‘œ ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ…Έλ™μžκ°€ λ‚˜μ€‘μ—λŠ” ν•˜λ£¨μ— 300νŒŒμš΄λ“œμ—μ„œ 천 νŒŒμš΄λ“œκΉŒμ§€ μ†μ§ˆμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
In 1790, about 3,000 bales of cotton were produced in America each year.
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1790λ…„ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” 맀년 μ•½ 3,000 베일λ₯Ό μƒμ‚°ν–ˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
02:33
A bale was equal to about 500 pounds.
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1 베일은 μ•½ 500 νŒŒμš΄λ“œμ―€ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
By 1801, with the spread of the cotton gin,
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1801λ…„κΉŒμ§€ 이 λͺ©ν™” μ‘°λ©΄κΈ°κ°€ νΌμ§€λ©΄μ„œ
02:39
cotton production grew to 100 thousand bales a year.
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λͺ©ν™” 생산은 1년에 μ‹­λ§Œ νŒŒμš΄λ“œκΉŒμ§€ μ¦κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:44
After the destructions of the War of 1812,
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1812λ…„ μ „μŸμ˜ ν™”λ§ˆκ°€ μ§€λ‚œ 후에도
02:47
production reached 400 thousand bales a year.
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μƒμ‚°λŸ‰μ€ 1년에 40만 νŒŒμš΄λ“œκΉŒμ§€ 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
As America was expanding through the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803,
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1803λ…„ 미ꡭ이 λ£¨μ΄μ§€μ• λ‚˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬λ“€μ΄λ©΄μ„œ μ˜ν† λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ—¬
02:57
yearly production exploded to four million bales. Cotton was king.
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μ—°κ°„ 생산은 4백만 λ² μΌκΉŒμ§€ 폭발적으둜 λŠ˜μ—ˆμ–΄μš”. λͺ©ν™”κ°€ μ™•μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
It exceeded the value of all other American products combined,
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그건 λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  λ―Έκ΅­ μƒμ‚°λŸ‰μ„ ν•©μΉœ 것보닀도 더 λ§Žμ•˜μ–΄μš”.
03:07
about three fifths of America's economic output.
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λ―Έκ΅­ 경제 μƒμƒλŸ‰μ˜ μ•½ 3/5λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:11
But instead of reducing the need for labor, the cotton gin propelled it,
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그런데 노동λ ₯의 ν•„μš”κ°€ μ€„μ–΄λ“€κΈ°λŠ” 컀녕, λͺ©ν™” μ‘°λ©΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 노동λ ₯이 더 ν•„μš”ν•΄μ§„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
as more slaves were needed to plant and harvest king cotton.
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μ œμ™•κ°™μ€ λͺ©ν™”λ₯Ό μž¬λ°°ν•˜κ³  μˆ˜ν™•ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ ν•„μš”ν–ˆλ˜κ±°μ£ .
03:20
The cotton gin and the demand of Northern and English factories re-charted the course of American slavery.
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λͺ©ν™” 쑰면기와 뢁뢀지역과 영ꡭ 곡μž₯μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ μš”κ΅¬λŠ” λ―Έκ΅­ λ…Έμ˜ˆμ œλ„μ˜ 과정을 λ˜μ‚΄λ € λ†“μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
In 1790, America's first official census counted nearly 700 thousand slaves.
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1790λ…„ λ―Έκ΅­ 졜초의 인ꡬ 쑰사에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄ 거의 70만λͺ…μ˜ λ…Έμ˜ˆκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
By 1810, two years after the slave trade was banned in America,
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2λ…„ 후인 1810년이 되자 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œλŠ” λ…Έμ˜ˆ κ±°λž˜κ°€ κΈˆμ§€λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:39
the number had shot up to more than one million.
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κ·Έ μˆ«μžλŠ” λ°±λ§Œμ„ ν›Œμ© λ›°μ–΄ λ„˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
During the next 50 years, that number exploded to nearly four million slaves in 1860,
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1860λ…„κΉŒμ§€μ˜ κ·Έ ν›„ 50λ…„κ°„, λ…Έμ˜ˆ μˆ«μžλŠ” 4백만λͺ…κΉŒμ§€ μΉ˜μ†Ÿμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
the eve of the Civil War.
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λ‚΄μ „μ˜ μ „μ‘°μ˜€μ§€μš”.
03:55
As for Whitney, he suffered the fate of many an inventor.
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νœ˜νŠΈλ‹ˆλŠ” 수 λ§Žμ€ 발λͺ…가와 같은 운λͺ…μ˜ 길을 κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
Despite his patent, other planters easily built copies of his machine, or made improvements of their own.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λƒˆμŒμ—λ„, λ‹€λ₯Έ 농μž₯주듀은 μ†μ‰½κ²Œ 볡제 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κ±°λ‚˜ μžμ‹ λ“€μ΄ κ°œμ„ ν•œ 기계λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λƒˆμ–΄μš”.
04:06
You might say his design was pirated.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ•„λ§ˆ 그의 λ””μžμΈμ΄ λ„μš©λλ‹€κ³  ν•˜μ‹€μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:08
Whitney made very little money from the device that transformed America.
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νœ˜νŠΈλ‹ˆλŠ” 미ꡭ을 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚¨ 이 κΈ°κ³„μ—μ„œ 거의 λˆμ„ λ²Œμ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:13
But to the bigger picture, and the larger questions.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ’€ 더 큰 그림을 보면, 더 큰 μ˜λ¬Έμ€
04:16
What should we make of the cotton gin?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ©ν™” μ‘°λ©΄κΈ°μ—μ„œ 무엇을 μ–»μ—ˆλŠ”κ°€? ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:20
History has proven that inventions can be double-edged swords.
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μ—­μ‚¬λŠ” 발λͺ…이 μ–‘λ‚ μ˜ 검과도 κ°™λ‹€λŠ” 것을 증λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
They often carry unintended consequences.
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λ•Œλ‘  발λͺ…이 μ˜λ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 내기도 ν•œλ‹€λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
04:27
The factories of the Industrial Revolution spurred innovation and an economic boom in America.
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μ‚°μ—…ν˜λͺ… μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ 곡μž₯듀은 ν˜μ‹ κ³Ό λ―Έκ΅­ 경제의 뢐을 μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:34
But they also depended on child labor,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 λ˜ν•œ λ―Έμ„±λ…„ 노동에 μ˜μ§€ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆκ³ ,
04:36
and led to tragedies like the Triangle Shirtwaist fire that killed more than 100 women in 1911.
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1911λ…„ 100μ—¬λͺ…μ˜ 여성이 μ‚¬λ§ν•œ Triangle Shirtwaist ν™”μž¬μ™€ 같은 비극을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚΄κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
04:44
Disposable diapers made life easy for parents,
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일회용 κΈ°μ €κ·€λŠ” λΆ€λͺ¨λ“€μ˜ 삢을 μ‰½κ²Œ ν•΄μ£ΌκΈ°λŠ” ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:47
but they killed off diaper delivery services.
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κΈ°μ €κ·€ 배달 νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό κΆ€λ©Έμ‹œν‚€κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
04:50
And do we want landfills overwhelmed by dirty diapers?
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κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ”λŸ¬μš΄ κΈ°μ €κ·€λ‘œ 꽉 μ°¬ 맀립지가 μƒκΈ°λŠ” 것을 λ°”λΌκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
04:54
And of course, Einstein's extraordinary equation opened a world of possibilities.
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ•„μΈμŠˆνƒ€μΈμ˜ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 방정식이 κ°€λŠ₯μ„±μ˜ 세상을 μ—΄κΈ°λŠ” ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
05:01
But what if one of them is Hiroshima?
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κ·Έ ν•˜λ‚˜κ°€ νžˆλ‘œμ‹œλ§ˆμ˜€λ‹€λ©΄μš”....
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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