How I help free innocent people from prison | Ronald Sullivan

51,584 views ・ 2017-08-30

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Melody Tang
00:12
So, imagine that you take a 19-hour, very long drive
0
12510
6993
想像一下, 你開了 19 個小時的超長車程
00:19
to Disney World,
1
19842
1320
去迪士尼樂園。
00:21
with two kids in the back seat.
2
21186
1504
你的兩個孩子坐在後座。
00:24
And 15 minutes into this 19-hour trip,
3
24076
5132
在這 19 小時車程 開始的 15 分鐘左右,
00:30
the immutable laws of nature dictate
4
30351
2714
很自然地,
00:33
that you get the question:
5
33089
2056
你聽到孩子問:
00:35
"Are we there yet?"
6
35169
1364
「到了沒?」
00:36
(Laughter)
7
36557
1257
(笑聲)
00:38
So you answer this question a hundred more times, easily,
8
38369
3457
你還要回答這個問題至少一百次,
00:41
in the negative,
9
41850
1159
且答案都是否定的。
00:43
but you finally arrive.
10
43033
1400
你終於到了。
00:44
You have a wonderful, wonderful, wonderful trip.
11
44457
2773
這個旅遊非常非常非常棒。
00:47
You drive 19 long hours back home.
12
47254
4777
你再開了 19 小時的車回家。
00:53
And when you get there,
13
53358
1537
當你回到家,
00:54
the police are waiting on you.
14
54919
1617
警察在等著你。
00:57
They accuse you of committing a crime
15
57041
2388
他們指控你犯了一項罪行,
00:59
that occurred while you were away in Florida.
16
59453
3267
案發時間是你遠在佛羅里達的時候。
01:03
You tell anybody and everybody who will listen,
17
63684
2882
你對所有肯聽的人說,
01:06
"I didn't do it!
18
66590
1463
「不是我做的!
01:08
I couldn't have done it!
19
68077
1351
不可能是我做的!
01:10
I was hanging out with Mickey and Minnie and my kids!"
20
70502
2788
我當時和米奇、米妮 及我的孩子在一起啊!」
01:14
But no one believes you.
21
74504
1319
但沒人相信你。
01:17
Ultimately, you're arrested,
22
77104
1841
最終,你被逮捕了,
01:19
you're tried,
23
79624
1243
你受了審判,
01:20
you're convicted
24
80891
1300
你被定了罪,
01:22
and you are sentenced.
25
82215
1293
然後你被判了刑。
01:24
And you spend 25 years in jail,
26
84098
3004
你在牢裡待了 25 年,
01:28
until someone comes along and proves --
27
88054
3378
直到有人出現並證明——
01:33
has the evidence to prove --
28
93384
1424
有證據可以證明——
01:34
that you actually were in Florida
29
94832
3644
其實當犯罪發生時,
你人在佛羅里達。
01:38
when this crime was committed.
30
98500
1769
01:41
So.
31
101626
1160
各位,
01:43
So, I'm a Harvard Law professor,
32
103651
1654
我是哈佛的法律教授,
01:45
and the last several years, I have worked on
33
105329
4141
在過去幾年,我致力於
01:50
winning the release of innocent people
34
110105
2539
成功地釋放無辜的人,
01:53
who've been wrongfully convicted --
35
113193
2193
他們被誤判而定罪——
01:56
people like Jonathan Fleming,
36
116041
1752
像是強納森·佛萊明,
01:58
who spent 24 years, eight months in jail
37
118582
3289
他坐了 24 年又 8 個月的牢,
02:01
for a murder that was committed in Brooklyn, New York,
38
121895
3598
只因為一件在紐約 布魯克林犯下的謀殺案,
02:05
while he was in Disney World
39
125517
3483
而當時他與孩子在迪士尼樂園,
02:09
with his kids.
40
129024
1273
02:10
How do we know this?
41
130966
1150
我們怎麼知道?
02:12
Because when he was arrested,
42
132702
1651
因為當他被逮捕的時候,
02:15
among his property in his back pocket
43
135108
2791
他後口袋裡的東西中,
02:18
was a receipt --
44
138686
1241
有一張收據——
02:20
time-stamped receipt
45
140865
1817
蓋有時間戳印的收據,
02:22
that showed that he was in Disney World.
46
142706
2861
顯示他當時在迪士尼樂園。
02:26
That receipt was put in the police file,
47
146142
3125
那張收據被放入警方的檔案中,
02:29
a copy of it was put in the prosecutor's file,
48
149291
2626
一份複本被放在檢察官的檔案中,
02:31
and they never gave it to his public defender.
49
151941
3232
但他們始終沒有將它 給予他的公設辯護人。
02:35
In fact, nobody even knew it was there.
50
155197
1942
事實上,甚至沒人知道它存在。
02:37
It just sat there for 20-some-odd years.
51
157163
2739
它就被放在那兒二十多年。
02:40
My team looked through the file, and we found it,
52
160746
3551
我的團隊在檔案中尋找, 我們找到了它。
02:45
did the rest of the investigation,
53
165227
1722
我們做了剩下的相關調查,
02:46
and figured out someone else committed the crime.
54
166973
2287
認為是其他人犯下那個罪行。
02:49
Mr. Fleming was in Disney World,
55
169284
3140
佛萊明先生那時確實在迪士尼樂園,
02:52
and he is now released.
56
172448
1939
他現在已被釋放。
02:54
Let me give you a little bit of context.
57
174971
1952
讓我為各位說明一下背景。
02:57
So about three years ago, I got a call from the Brooklyn District Attorney.
58
177622
4138
約三年前,我接到一通來自 布魯克林區的地區檢察官的電話。
03:01
He asked whether I'd be interested in designing a program
59
181784
4083
他問我是否有興趣設計一個專案,
03:05
called a "conviction review unit."
60
185891
1978
叫做「定罪複審單位」。
03:07
So I said yes.
61
187893
1281
我說好。
03:09
A conviction review unit is essentially a unit in a prosecutor's office
62
189198
4667
定罪複審單位在本質上是 檢察官辦公室底下的一個單位,
03:13
where prosecutors look at their past cases
63
193889
3117
在這個單位,檢察官會 審查他們過去的案件,
03:17
to determine whether or not they made mistakes.
64
197030
2611
以判定他們當時是否犯了錯誤。
03:20
Over the course of the first year,
65
200285
2032
在第一年,
03:22
we found about 13 wrongful convictions,
66
202341
3094
我們找到了大約 13 件 誤判的案件,
03:25
people having been in jail for decades,
67
205459
2535
這些被誤判的人 在監獄被關了數十年,
03:28
and we released all of them.
68
208018
1635
我們把他們全釋放了。
03:29
It was the most in New York history.
69
209677
2678
這是紐約史上的最高記錄。
03:32
The program is still going on,
70
212379
1492
這個專案仍在運作,
03:33
and they're up to 21 releases now --
71
213895
3267
目前已經協助釋放了 21 人——
03:37
21 people who spent significant time behind bars.
72
217186
4356
21 個人在牢裡蹲了相當長的時間。
03:42
So let me tell you about a couple other of the men and women
73
222077
5454
讓我告訴各位另外兩件,
與我參與專案過程中 互動過的當事人有關。
03:47
that I interacted with in the course of this program.
74
227555
3284
03:50
One name is Roger Logan.
75
230863
2375
有一位的名字叫羅傑·羅根。
03:54
Mr. Logan had been in jail 17 years
76
234019
3103
羅根先生那時已經坐了 17 年牢,
03:57
and wrote me a letter.
77
237146
1480
他寫了封信給我。
03:58
It was a simple letter; it basically said,
78
238650
2143
信寫得很簡單;基本上,他說:
04:00
"Professor Sullivan, I'm innocent. I've been framed.
79
240817
3054
「蘇利文教授, 我是無辜的,我被陷害了。
04:03
Can you look at my case?"
80
243895
1355
你能否看看我的案件?」
04:06
At first blush, the case seemed like it was open and shut,
81
246099
3144
乍看之下,這個案件似乎沒有疑點。
04:09
but my research had shown
82
249267
2033
但我做過的研究顯示,
04:12
that single-witness identification cases
83
252312
2623
由單一證人指證的案件
04:14
are prone to error.
84
254959
1278
誤判的可能性很大。
04:17
It doesn't mean he was innocent,
85
257197
1799
這不表示他是無辜的,
只表示我們應該要 更仔細一點看那類案件。
04:19
it just means we ought to look a little bit closer at those cases.
86
259020
3317
04:22
So we did.
87
262361
1310
我們的確這樣做了。
04:23
And the facts were relatively simple.
88
263695
2001
事實相當簡單。
04:25
The eyewitness said she heard a shot,
89
265720
3082
目擊證人說她聽到槍聲,
04:28
and she ran to the next building and turned around and looked,
90
268826
3051
她跑到隔壁大樓,轉過身一看,
04:31
and there was Mr. Logan.
91
271901
1581
看到羅根先生。
04:34
And he was tried and convicted and in jail for 17-some-odd years.
92
274252
4284
他被審判並定罪, 在監獄待了 17 年以上。
04:38
But it was a single-witness case, so we took a look at it.
93
278560
2814
這是單一證人的案件, 所以我們仔細地去看。
04:41
I sent some people to the scene, and there was an inconsistency.
94
281398
3120
我們派了一些人到現場, 發現了不一致的地方。
04:44
And to put it politely:
95
284542
5137
用禮貌的說詞:
04:49
Usain Bolt couldn't have run from where she said she was
96
289703
3659
烏珊柏特不可能從她聲稱的所在地
04:53
to the other spot.
97
293386
1188
跑到另一點去。
04:54
Right?
98
294598
1152
對嗎?
04:55
So we knew that wasn't true.
99
295774
2417
所以我們知道那不是真的。
04:58
So it still didn't mean that he didn't do it,
100
298745
2097
但這仍然不意味著他沒有犯案,
05:00
but we knew something was maybe fishy about this witness.
101
300866
3984
但我們知道這個證人 有些可疑的地方。
05:05
So we looked through the file,
102
305454
2034
所以我們仔細地看了檔案,
05:07
a piece of paper in the file had a number on it.
103
307512
2339
在檔案中有一張紙,上面有個數字。
05:09
The number indicated that this witness had a record.
104
309875
2966
這個數字顯示這個證人有記錄在案。
05:12
We went back through 20 years of non-digitized papers
105
312865
3808
我們找遍了 20 年份且 沒有電子化的紙本資料,
05:16
to figure out what this record was about,
106
316697
2576
想找出這個記錄的內容是什麼,
05:19
and it turned out -- it turned out --
107
319297
2487
結果發現,結果發現,
05:21
the eyewitness was in jail
108
321808
3508
當目擊證人說她看到那些事的時候,
她其實在牢裡。
05:25
when she said she saw what she saw.
109
325340
1919
05:29
The man spent 17 years behind bars.
110
329538
2213
這個男人坐了 17 年牢。
05:33
The last one is a case about two boys,
111
333296
4767
最後一個案件與兩個男孩有關,
05:38
Willie Stuckey, David McCallum.
112
338087
1821
威利史塔奇、大衛麥卡倫。
05:40
They were arrested at 15,
113
340822
1585
他們 15 歲時被捕,
05:43
and their conviction was vacated 29 years later.
114
343140
4200
他們的定罪在 29 年後被撤消。
05:48
Now this was a case,
115
348685
1794
這個案件,
05:50
once again -- first blush, it looked open and shut.
116
350503
2804
同樣地,乍看之下似乎簡單明白,
05:53
They had confessed.
117
353331
1272
他們認罪了。
05:55
But my research showed that juvenile confessions
118
355570
2751
但我的研究顯示,少年在自白時,
05:58
without a parent present
119
358345
1489
若沒有父母陪同,
05:59
are prone to error.
120
359858
1435
經常有錯誤。
06:01
The DNA cases proved this several times.
121
361317
2266
許多案件以 DNA 證明了這一點。
06:03
So we took a close look.
122
363607
1374
所以我們仔細去看。
06:05
We looked at the confession,
123
365528
1849
我們看了自白,
06:07
and it turned out,
124
367401
1164
結果發現,
06:08
there was something in the confession
125
368589
1862
在自白中有些內容
06:10
that those boys could not have known.
126
370475
1968
是那些男孩不可能知道的。
06:12
The only people who knew it were police and prosecutors.
127
372467
2731
唯一知道的人是警察和檢察官。
06:15
We knew what really happened;
128
375222
2271
我們知道真正發生了什麼事;
06:17
someone told them to say this.
129
377517
1559
有人叫他們這樣說的。
06:19
We don't exactly know who,
130
379100
1869
我們並不知道是誰,
06:20
which person did,
131
380993
1467
是誰這麼做,
06:22
but any rate, the confession was coerced,
132
382484
2895
但不論如何, 他們的自白都是被強迫的,
06:25
we determined.
133
385403
1354
我們這樣判斷。
06:27
We then went back and did forensics
134
387242
1832
我們接著回去做法醫鑒定,
06:29
and did a fulsome investigation
135
389098
1686
我們做了全面調查,
06:30
and found that two other,
136
390808
1396
發現有另外兩個人,
06:32
much older, different heights, different hairstyle,
137
392228
2859
年齡他們大一些, 不同身高,不同髮型,
06:35
two other people committed the crime,
138
395111
2334
這兩個人犯下了罪行,
06:37
not these two boys.
139
397469
1270
而非那兩個男孩。
06:39
I actually went to court that day,
140
399161
2045
我那天去了法庭一趟,
06:41
for what's called a "vacatur hearing,"
141
401230
3542
去參加所謂的「撤消聽證會」,
06:44
where the conviction is thrown out.
142
404796
2111
在那裡,這項定罪被否決。
06:46
I went to court; I wanted to see
143
406931
1702
我去了法庭;我想要看看
06:49
Mr. McCallum walk out of there.
144
409281
2507
麥卡倫先生走出那裡。
06:51
So I went to court,
145
411812
1154
所以我去了法庭,
06:52
and the judge said something that judges say all the time,
146
412990
2769
法官說了些法官總是會說的話,
06:55
but this took on a really special meaning.
147
415783
2209
但這次的意義很特別。
06:58
He looked up after the arguments and said,
148
418513
2620
在聽了辯論之後,法官抬起頭,說:
07:01
"Mr. McCallum,"
149
421157
1203
「麥卡倫先生,」
07:02
he said five beautiful words:
150
422928
1889
他說了五個美好的字:
07:05
"You are free to go."
151
425414
3451
「你可以自由離開了。」 (註:英文原文是五個字)
07:10
Can you imagine?
152
430359
1614
你們能想像嗎?
07:11
After just about 30 years:
153
431997
2378
大約 30 年後,
07:15
"You are free to go."
154
435135
1529
「你可以自由離開了。」
07:18
And he walked out of that courtroom.
155
438545
1779
他走出了那間法庭。
07:21
Unfortunately, his codefendant, Mr. Stuckey,
156
441415
3179
不幸的是, 他的共同被告,史塔奇先生,
07:24
didn't get the benefit of that.
157
444619
2129
沒有得到這樣的好處。
07:27
You see, Mr. Stuckey died in prison
158
447297
1858
史塔奇先生在獄中過世了,
07:30
at 34 years old,
159
450000
2088
享年 34 歲。
07:32
and his mother sat at counsel table in his place.
160
452112
3392
他的母親代替他坐在律師桌前。
07:36
I'll never forget this the rest of my life.
161
456718
2558
我一生都不會忘記這一景。
07:39
She just rocked at the table, saying,
162
459300
2977
她只是搖動著桌子,說:
07:42
"I knew my baby didn't do this.
163
462301
1960
「我知道不是我的寶貝做的。
07:44
I knew my baby didn't do this."
164
464285
2219
我知道不是我的寶貝做的。」
07:46
And her baby didn't do this.
165
466528
1383
的確不是她的寶貝做的。
07:48
Two other guys did it.
166
468633
1238
另外兩個人做的。
07:50
If there's anything that we've learned, anything that I've learned,
167
470937
3286
如果我們有學到任何事, 如果我有學到任何事,
07:54
with this conviction integrity work,
168
474247
3188
從這份確認定罪工作中學到的,
07:57
it's that justice doesn't happen.
169
477459
2939
那就是:正義並不會自動發生。
08:01
People make justice happen.
170
481599
3829
是「人」讓正義發生的。
08:08
Justice is not a thing that just descends from above
171
488261
3895
正義不會自動從天而降,
08:12
and makes everything right.
172
492180
1380
解決一切問題。
08:14
If it did, Mr. Stuckey wouldn't have died in prison.
173
494422
3983
如果是這樣,史塔奇先生 就不會死在獄中了。
08:19
Justice is something
174
499576
1723
正義,是有善意的人
08:21
that people of goodwill make happen.
175
501323
3098
努力去讓它發生的。
08:25
Justice is a decision.
176
505705
3595
正義是一個決定。
08:32
Justice is a decision.
177
512212
1728
正義是一個決定。
08:35
We make justice happen.
178
515281
2340
我們使正義發生。
08:38
You know, the scary thing is,
179
518126
1919
可怕的是,
08:40
in each of these three cases I described,
180
520069
2617
在我前述的三個案件中,
08:42
it would have only taken just an extra minute --
181
522710
2602
都只需要多花一分鐘的時間,
08:45
an extra minute --
182
525336
1615
多花一分鐘的時間,
08:46
for someone to look through the file
183
526975
2143
只要有人去看過檔案,
08:49
and find this receipt.
184
529142
1488
找到收據。
08:51
Just one -- to look through the file, find the receipt,
185
531624
3056
只要一分鐘—— 去看過檔案,找到收據,
08:55
give it to the public defender.
186
535504
1867
把它拿給公設辯護人。
08:58
It would have taken someone just a minute
187
538702
2542
只要有個人願花一分鐘,
09:01
to look at the video confession and say, "That cannot be."
188
541268
4647
去看自白影片, 並說:「不可能這樣。」
09:06
Just a minute.
189
546999
1286
只要一分鐘。
09:09
And perhaps Mr. Stuckey would be alive today.
190
549524
2980
也許史塔奇先生現在可能還活著。
09:13
It reminds me of one of my favorite poems.
191
553271
3381
這讓我想起我最愛的詩之一。
09:16
It's a poem that Benjamin Elijah Mays would always recite,
192
556676
4283
它是班傑明·以利亞·梅斯 經常背誦的一首詩。
09:20
and he called it "God's Minute."
193
560983
1713
他稱之為「神的一分鐘。」
09:22
And it goes something like this:
194
562720
1573
內容是像這樣的:
09:24
"I have only just a minute,
195
564317
2117
「我只有一分鐘,
09:26
only 60 seconds in it,
196
566458
2027
那分鐘裡只有六十秒,
09:28
forced upon me, can't refuse it,
197
568509
2275
那是我被強迫給的,我無法拒絕它,
09:30
didn't seek it, didn't choose it.
198
570808
2266
我沒有去尋求它、沒有選擇它。
09:33
But it's up to me to use it.
199
573098
1554
但我可以決定怎麼用它。
09:34
I must suffer if I lose it, give account if I abuse it.
200
574676
3438
如果我失去它,我得要受苦;
如果我濫用它,我必須要說明。
09:38
Just a tiny little minute,
201
578995
2254
只是短短的一分鐘,
09:41
but eternity is in it."
202
581925
2480
但永恆就在其中。」
09:45
If I were to charge
203
585723
1550
如果我要囑咐
09:47
each and every one of us,
204
587297
1633
我們每一個人,
09:49
I would want to say something like,
205
589754
2409
我會想說這樣的話:
09:53
"Every day,
206
593782
1152
「每天,
09:55
every day,
207
595688
1151
每天,
09:57
take just one extra minute
208
597755
2064
多花一分鐘的時間,
10:01
and do some justice.
209
601620
1376
來伸張一些正義。
10:04
You don't have to --
210
604752
1402
你並不需要——
10:06
I mean, some people spend their careers and their lives,
211
606178
4013
像有些人投入他們的職涯以及一生,
10:10
like public defenders,
212
610215
1238
就像公設辯護人,
10:11
doing justice every day.
213
611477
1240
每天都在伸張正義。
10:14
But in your professional lives, whatever you do,
214
614026
2320
但在你的職業生活中, 不論是什麼職業,
10:16
take time out
215
616370
1690
暫停一下,
10:18
to just
216
618084
1164
就只要…
10:20
do some justice.
217
620396
1287
伸張一些正義。
10:21
Make a colleague feel better.
218
621707
1714
讓一個同事感覺好一點。
10:23
If you hear something that's sexist,
219
623903
2551
如果你聽到性別歧視的話語,
10:27
don't laugh, speak up.
220
627208
2157
別笑,說出來。
10:30
If someone is down, lift them up,
221
630217
2320
如果有人很消沉,協助他振作,
10:32
one extra minute each day,
222
632561
2694
一天花一分鐘就好,
10:36
and it'll be a great, great place.
223
636073
2322
就能創造出一個很棒很棒的地方。
10:38
I want to show you something.
224
638419
1796
我想讓各位看一樣東西。
10:41
Now, above me is a picture
225
641777
2975
我上面這裡有一張照片,
10:44
of David McCallum.
226
644776
1421
那是大衛·麥卡倫。
10:47
This is the day he was released from prison.
227
647173
2880
這是他被從監獄釋放的那一天。
10:50
After 30 years, he got to hug a niece
228
650077
3057
30 年後,他得以擁抱他的姪女,
10:53
he had never been able to touch before.
229
653158
2792
他以前連碰觸到她的機會都沒有。
10:57
And I asked him then,
230
657198
1357
我那時問他:
10:59
I said, "What's the first thing you want to do?"
231
659383
2699
「你想做的第一件事是什麼?」
11:02
And he said, "I just want to walk on the sidewalk
232
662106
2379
他說:「我只想在人行道上走走,
11:04
without anybody telling me where to go."
233
664509
2181
而沒有人告訴我應該去哪裡。」
11:07
Wasn't bitter,
234
667290
1705
他沒懷恨,
11:09
just wanted to walk on the sidewalk.
235
669019
1906
只是想在人行道上走走。
11:11
I spoke to Mr. McCallum about two weeks ago.
236
671655
3007
大約兩週前我和麥卡倫先生談過話。
11:15
I went to New York.
237
675189
1174
我去了紐約。
11:16
It was on the two-year anniversary
238
676387
2763
那是他被釋放的
11:19
of his release.
239
679174
1570
兩週年紀念。
11:21
And we talked,
240
681100
1640
我們聊了,
11:22
we laughed, we hugged, we cried.
241
682764
2464
我們笑了,我們擁抱了,我們哭了。
11:25
And he's doing quite well.
242
685855
2205
他的狀況很好。
11:28
And one of the things he said when we met with him
243
688084
3886
見面時他說的其中一句話是:
11:31
is that he now has dedicated his life
244
691994
3130
現在他已投入他的人生、
11:35
and his career
245
695148
1369
及他的職涯,
11:36
to ensuring that nobody else is locked up unjustly.
246
696541
4159
來確保沒有其他人 會被不正義地關起來。
11:41
Justice, my friends,
247
701771
2002
各位朋友,正義
11:45
is a decision.
248
705416
1249
是一個決定。
11:47
Thank you very much.
249
707346
1207
非常謝謝。
11:48
(Applause)
250
708577
4140
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7