How I help free innocent people from prison | Ronald Sullivan

51,630 views ・ 2017-08-30

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Melody Tang
00:12
So, imagine that you take a 19-hour, very long drive
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想像一下, 你開了 19 個小時的超長車程
00:19
to Disney World,
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去迪士尼樂園。
00:21
with two kids in the back seat.
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你的兩個孩子坐在後座。
00:24
And 15 minutes into this 19-hour trip,
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在這 19 小時車程 開始的 15 分鐘左右,
00:30
the immutable laws of nature dictate
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很自然地,
00:33
that you get the question:
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你聽到孩子問:
00:35
"Are we there yet?"
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「到了沒?」
00:36
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:38
So you answer this question a hundred more times, easily,
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你還要回答這個問題至少一百次,
00:41
in the negative,
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且答案都是否定的。
00:43
but you finally arrive.
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你終於到了。
00:44
You have a wonderful, wonderful, wonderful trip.
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這個旅遊非常非常非常棒。
00:47
You drive 19 long hours back home.
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你再開了 19 小時的車回家。
00:53
And when you get there,
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當你回到家,
00:54
the police are waiting on you.
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警察在等著你。
00:57
They accuse you of committing a crime
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他們指控你犯了一項罪行,
00:59
that occurred while you were away in Florida.
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案發時間是你遠在佛羅里達的時候。
01:03
You tell anybody and everybody who will listen,
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你對所有肯聽的人說,
01:06
"I didn't do it!
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「不是我做的!
01:08
I couldn't have done it!
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不可能是我做的!
01:10
I was hanging out with Mickey and Minnie and my kids!"
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我當時和米奇、米妮 及我的孩子在一起啊!」
01:14
But no one believes you.
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但沒人相信你。
01:17
Ultimately, you're arrested,
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最終,你被逮捕了,
01:19
you're tried,
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你受了審判,
01:20
you're convicted
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你被定了罪,
01:22
and you are sentenced.
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然後你被判了刑。
01:24
And you spend 25 years in jail,
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你在牢裡待了 25 年,
01:28
until someone comes along and proves --
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直到有人出現並證明——
01:33
has the evidence to prove --
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有證據可以證明——
01:34
that you actually were in Florida
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其實當犯罪發生時,
你人在佛羅里達。
01:38
when this crime was committed.
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01:41
So.
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各位,
01:43
So, I'm a Harvard Law professor,
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我是哈佛的法律教授,
01:45
and the last several years, I have worked on
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在過去幾年,我致力於
01:50
winning the release of innocent people
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成功地釋放無辜的人,
01:53
who've been wrongfully convicted --
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他們被誤判而定罪——
01:56
people like Jonathan Fleming,
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像是強納森·佛萊明,
01:58
who spent 24 years, eight months in jail
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他坐了 24 年又 8 個月的牢,
02:01
for a murder that was committed in Brooklyn, New York,
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只因為一件在紐約 布魯克林犯下的謀殺案,
02:05
while he was in Disney World
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而當時他與孩子在迪士尼樂園,
02:09
with his kids.
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02:10
How do we know this?
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我們怎麼知道?
02:12
Because when he was arrested,
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因為當他被逮捕的時候,
02:15
among his property in his back pocket
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他後口袋裡的東西中,
02:18
was a receipt --
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有一張收據——
02:20
time-stamped receipt
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蓋有時間戳印的收據,
02:22
that showed that he was in Disney World.
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顯示他當時在迪士尼樂園。
02:26
That receipt was put in the police file,
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那張收據被放入警方的檔案中,
02:29
a copy of it was put in the prosecutor's file,
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一份複本被放在檢察官的檔案中,
02:31
and they never gave it to his public defender.
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但他們始終沒有將它 給予他的公設辯護人。
02:35
In fact, nobody even knew it was there.
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事實上,甚至沒人知道它存在。
02:37
It just sat there for 20-some-odd years.
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它就被放在那兒二十多年。
02:40
My team looked through the file, and we found it,
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我的團隊在檔案中尋找, 我們找到了它。
02:45
did the rest of the investigation,
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我們做了剩下的相關調查,
02:46
and figured out someone else committed the crime.
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認為是其他人犯下那個罪行。
02:49
Mr. Fleming was in Disney World,
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佛萊明先生那時確實在迪士尼樂園,
02:52
and he is now released.
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他現在已被釋放。
02:54
Let me give you a little bit of context.
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讓我為各位說明一下背景。
02:57
So about three years ago, I got a call from the Brooklyn District Attorney.
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約三年前,我接到一通來自 布魯克林區的地區檢察官的電話。
03:01
He asked whether I'd be interested in designing a program
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他問我是否有興趣設計一個專案,
03:05
called a "conviction review unit."
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叫做「定罪複審單位」。
03:07
So I said yes.
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我說好。
03:09
A conviction review unit is essentially a unit in a prosecutor's office
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定罪複審單位在本質上是 檢察官辦公室底下的一個單位,
03:13
where prosecutors look at their past cases
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在這個單位,檢察官會 審查他們過去的案件,
03:17
to determine whether or not they made mistakes.
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以判定他們當時是否犯了錯誤。
03:20
Over the course of the first year,
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在第一年,
03:22
we found about 13 wrongful convictions,
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我們找到了大約 13 件 誤判的案件,
03:25
people having been in jail for decades,
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這些被誤判的人 在監獄被關了數十年,
03:28
and we released all of them.
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我們把他們全釋放了。
03:29
It was the most in New York history.
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這是紐約史上的最高記錄。
03:32
The program is still going on,
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這個專案仍在運作,
03:33
and they're up to 21 releases now --
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目前已經協助釋放了 21 人——
03:37
21 people who spent significant time behind bars.
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21 個人在牢裡蹲了相當長的時間。
03:42
So let me tell you about a couple other of the men and women
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讓我告訴各位另外兩件,
與我參與專案過程中 互動過的當事人有關。
03:47
that I interacted with in the course of this program.
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03:50
One name is Roger Logan.
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有一位的名字叫羅傑·羅根。
03:54
Mr. Logan had been in jail 17 years
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羅根先生那時已經坐了 17 年牢,
03:57
and wrote me a letter.
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他寫了封信給我。
03:58
It was a simple letter; it basically said,
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信寫得很簡單;基本上,他說:
04:00
"Professor Sullivan, I'm innocent. I've been framed.
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「蘇利文教授, 我是無辜的,我被陷害了。
04:03
Can you look at my case?"
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你能否看看我的案件?」
04:06
At first blush, the case seemed like it was open and shut,
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乍看之下,這個案件似乎沒有疑點。
04:09
but my research had shown
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但我做過的研究顯示,
04:12
that single-witness identification cases
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由單一證人指證的案件
04:14
are prone to error.
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誤判的可能性很大。
04:17
It doesn't mean he was innocent,
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這不表示他是無辜的,
只表示我們應該要 更仔細一點看那類案件。
04:19
it just means we ought to look a little bit closer at those cases.
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04:22
So we did.
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我們的確這樣做了。
04:23
And the facts were relatively simple.
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事實相當簡單。
04:25
The eyewitness said she heard a shot,
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目擊證人說她聽到槍聲,
04:28
and she ran to the next building and turned around and looked,
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她跑到隔壁大樓,轉過身一看,
04:31
and there was Mr. Logan.
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看到羅根先生。
04:34
And he was tried and convicted and in jail for 17-some-odd years.
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他被審判並定罪, 在監獄待了 17 年以上。
04:38
But it was a single-witness case, so we took a look at it.
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這是單一證人的案件, 所以我們仔細地去看。
04:41
I sent some people to the scene, and there was an inconsistency.
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我們派了一些人到現場, 發現了不一致的地方。
04:44
And to put it politely:
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用禮貌的說詞:
04:49
Usain Bolt couldn't have run from where she said she was
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烏珊柏特不可能從她聲稱的所在地
04:53
to the other spot.
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跑到另一點去。
04:54
Right?
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對嗎?
04:55
So we knew that wasn't true.
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所以我們知道那不是真的。
04:58
So it still didn't mean that he didn't do it,
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但這仍然不意味著他沒有犯案,
05:00
but we knew something was maybe fishy about this witness.
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但我們知道這個證人 有些可疑的地方。
05:05
So we looked through the file,
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所以我們仔細地看了檔案,
05:07
a piece of paper in the file had a number on it.
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在檔案中有一張紙,上面有個數字。
05:09
The number indicated that this witness had a record.
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這個數字顯示這個證人有記錄在案。
05:12
We went back through 20 years of non-digitized papers
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我們找遍了 20 年份且 沒有電子化的紙本資料,
05:16
to figure out what this record was about,
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想找出這個記錄的內容是什麼,
05:19
and it turned out -- it turned out --
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結果發現,結果發現,
05:21
the eyewitness was in jail
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當目擊證人說她看到那些事的時候,
她其實在牢裡。
05:25
when she said she saw what she saw.
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05:29
The man spent 17 years behind bars.
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這個男人坐了 17 年牢。
05:33
The last one is a case about two boys,
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最後一個案件與兩個男孩有關,
05:38
Willie Stuckey, David McCallum.
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威利史塔奇、大衛麥卡倫。
05:40
They were arrested at 15,
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他們 15 歲時被捕,
05:43
and their conviction was vacated 29 years later.
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他們的定罪在 29 年後被撤消。
05:48
Now this was a case,
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這個案件,
05:50
once again -- first blush, it looked open and shut.
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同樣地,乍看之下似乎簡單明白,
05:53
They had confessed.
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他們認罪了。
05:55
But my research showed that juvenile confessions
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但我的研究顯示,少年在自白時,
05:58
without a parent present
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若沒有父母陪同,
05:59
are prone to error.
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經常有錯誤。
06:01
The DNA cases proved this several times.
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許多案件以 DNA 證明了這一點。
06:03
So we took a close look.
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所以我們仔細去看。
06:05
We looked at the confession,
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我們看了自白,
06:07
and it turned out,
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結果發現,
06:08
there was something in the confession
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在自白中有些內容
06:10
that those boys could not have known.
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是那些男孩不可能知道的。
06:12
The only people who knew it were police and prosecutors.
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唯一知道的人是警察和檢察官。
06:15
We knew what really happened;
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我們知道真正發生了什麼事;
06:17
someone told them to say this.
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有人叫他們這樣說的。
06:19
We don't exactly know who,
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我們並不知道是誰,
06:20
which person did,
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是誰這麼做,
06:22
but any rate, the confession was coerced,
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但不論如何, 他們的自白都是被強迫的,
06:25
we determined.
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我們這樣判斷。
06:27
We then went back and did forensics
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我們接著回去做法醫鑒定,
06:29
and did a fulsome investigation
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我們做了全面調查,
06:30
and found that two other,
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發現有另外兩個人,
06:32
much older, different heights, different hairstyle,
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年齡他們大一些, 不同身高,不同髮型,
06:35
two other people committed the crime,
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這兩個人犯下了罪行,
06:37
not these two boys.
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而非那兩個男孩。
06:39
I actually went to court that day,
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我那天去了法庭一趟,
06:41
for what's called a "vacatur hearing,"
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去參加所謂的「撤消聽證會」,
06:44
where the conviction is thrown out.
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在那裡,這項定罪被否決。
06:46
I went to court; I wanted to see
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我去了法庭;我想要看看
06:49
Mr. McCallum walk out of there.
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麥卡倫先生走出那裡。
06:51
So I went to court,
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所以我去了法庭,
06:52
and the judge said something that judges say all the time,
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法官說了些法官總是會說的話,
06:55
but this took on a really special meaning.
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但這次的意義很特別。
06:58
He looked up after the arguments and said,
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在聽了辯論之後,法官抬起頭,說:
07:01
"Mr. McCallum,"
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「麥卡倫先生,」
07:02
he said five beautiful words:
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他說了五個美好的字:
07:05
"You are free to go."
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「你可以自由離開了。」 (註:英文原文是五個字)
07:10
Can you imagine?
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你們能想像嗎?
07:11
After just about 30 years:
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大約 30 年後,
07:15
"You are free to go."
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「你可以自由離開了。」
07:18
And he walked out of that courtroom.
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他走出了那間法庭。
07:21
Unfortunately, his codefendant, Mr. Stuckey,
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不幸的是, 他的共同被告,史塔奇先生,
07:24
didn't get the benefit of that.
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沒有得到這樣的好處。
07:27
You see, Mr. Stuckey died in prison
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史塔奇先生在獄中過世了,
07:30
at 34 years old,
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享年 34 歲。
07:32
and his mother sat at counsel table in his place.
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他的母親代替他坐在律師桌前。
07:36
I'll never forget this the rest of my life.
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我一生都不會忘記這一景。
07:39
She just rocked at the table, saying,
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她只是搖動著桌子,說:
07:42
"I knew my baby didn't do this.
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「我知道不是我的寶貝做的。
07:44
I knew my baby didn't do this."
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我知道不是我的寶貝做的。」
07:46
And her baby didn't do this.
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的確不是她的寶貝做的。
07:48
Two other guys did it.
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另外兩個人做的。
07:50
If there's anything that we've learned, anything that I've learned,
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如果我們有學到任何事, 如果我有學到任何事,
07:54
with this conviction integrity work,
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從這份確認定罪工作中學到的,
07:57
it's that justice doesn't happen.
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那就是:正義並不會自動發生。
08:01
People make justice happen.
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是「人」讓正義發生的。
08:08
Justice is not a thing that just descends from above
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正義不會自動從天而降,
08:12
and makes everything right.
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解決一切問題。
08:14
If it did, Mr. Stuckey wouldn't have died in prison.
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如果是這樣,史塔奇先生 就不會死在獄中了。
08:19
Justice is something
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正義,是有善意的人
08:21
that people of goodwill make happen.
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努力去讓它發生的。
08:25
Justice is a decision.
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正義是一個決定。
08:32
Justice is a decision.
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正義是一個決定。
08:35
We make justice happen.
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我們使正義發生。
08:38
You know, the scary thing is,
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可怕的是,
08:40
in each of these three cases I described,
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在我前述的三個案件中,
08:42
it would have only taken just an extra minute --
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都只需要多花一分鐘的時間,
08:45
an extra minute --
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多花一分鐘的時間,
08:46
for someone to look through the file
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只要有人去看過檔案,
08:49
and find this receipt.
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找到收據。
08:51
Just one -- to look through the file, find the receipt,
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只要一分鐘—— 去看過檔案,找到收據,
08:55
give it to the public defender.
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把它拿給公設辯護人。
08:58
It would have taken someone just a minute
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只要有個人願花一分鐘,
09:01
to look at the video confession and say, "That cannot be."
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去看自白影片, 並說:「不可能這樣。」
09:06
Just a minute.
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只要一分鐘。
09:09
And perhaps Mr. Stuckey would be alive today.
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也許史塔奇先生現在可能還活著。
09:13
It reminds me of one of my favorite poems.
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這讓我想起我最愛的詩之一。
09:16
It's a poem that Benjamin Elijah Mays would always recite,
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它是班傑明·以利亞·梅斯 經常背誦的一首詩。
09:20
and he called it "God's Minute."
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他稱之為「神的一分鐘。」
09:22
And it goes something like this:
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內容是像這樣的:
09:24
"I have only just a minute,
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「我只有一分鐘,
09:26
only 60 seconds in it,
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那分鐘裡只有六十秒,
09:28
forced upon me, can't refuse it,
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那是我被強迫給的,我無法拒絕它,
09:30
didn't seek it, didn't choose it.
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我沒有去尋求它、沒有選擇它。
09:33
But it's up to me to use it.
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但我可以決定怎麼用它。
09:34
I must suffer if I lose it, give account if I abuse it.
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如果我失去它,我得要受苦;
如果我濫用它,我必須要說明。
09:38
Just a tiny little minute,
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只是短短的一分鐘,
09:41
but eternity is in it."
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但永恆就在其中。」
09:45
If I were to charge
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如果我要囑咐
09:47
each and every one of us,
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我們每一個人,
09:49
I would want to say something like,
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我會想說這樣的話:
09:53
"Every day,
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「每天,
09:55
every day,
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每天,
09:57
take just one extra minute
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多花一分鐘的時間,
10:01
and do some justice.
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來伸張一些正義。
10:04
You don't have to --
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你並不需要——
10:06
I mean, some people spend their careers and their lives,
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像有些人投入他們的職涯以及一生,
10:10
like public defenders,
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就像公設辯護人,
10:11
doing justice every day.
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每天都在伸張正義。
10:14
But in your professional lives, whatever you do,
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但在你的職業生活中, 不論是什麼職業,
10:16
take time out
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暫停一下,
10:18
to just
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就只要…
10:20
do some justice.
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伸張一些正義。
10:21
Make a colleague feel better.
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讓一個同事感覺好一點。
10:23
If you hear something that's sexist,
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如果你聽到性別歧視的話語,
10:27
don't laugh, speak up.
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別笑,說出來。
10:30
If someone is down, lift them up,
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如果有人很消沉,協助他振作,
10:32
one extra minute each day,
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一天花一分鐘就好,
10:36
and it'll be a great, great place.
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就能創造出一個很棒很棒的地方。
10:38
I want to show you something.
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我想讓各位看一樣東西。
10:41
Now, above me is a picture
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我上面這裡有一張照片,
10:44
of David McCallum.
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那是大衛·麥卡倫。
10:47
This is the day he was released from prison.
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這是他被從監獄釋放的那一天。
10:50
After 30 years, he got to hug a niece
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30 年後,他得以擁抱他的姪女,
10:53
he had never been able to touch before.
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他以前連碰觸到她的機會都沒有。
10:57
And I asked him then,
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我那時問他:
10:59
I said, "What's the first thing you want to do?"
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「你想做的第一件事是什麼?」
11:02
And he said, "I just want to walk on the sidewalk
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他說:「我只想在人行道上走走,
11:04
without anybody telling me where to go."
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而沒有人告訴我應該去哪裡。」
11:07
Wasn't bitter,
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他沒懷恨,
11:09
just wanted to walk on the sidewalk.
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只是想在人行道上走走。
11:11
I spoke to Mr. McCallum about two weeks ago.
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大約兩週前我和麥卡倫先生談過話。
11:15
I went to New York.
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我去了紐約。
11:16
It was on the two-year anniversary
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那是他被釋放的
11:19
of his release.
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兩週年紀念。
11:21
And we talked,
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我們聊了,
11:22
we laughed, we hugged, we cried.
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我們笑了,我們擁抱了,我們哭了。
11:25
And he's doing quite well.
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他的狀況很好。
11:28
And one of the things he said when we met with him
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見面時他說的其中一句話是:
11:31
is that he now has dedicated his life
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現在他已投入他的人生、
11:35
and his career
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及他的職涯,
11:36
to ensuring that nobody else is locked up unjustly.
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來確保沒有其他人 會被不正義地關起來。
11:41
Justice, my friends,
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各位朋友,正義
11:45
is a decision.
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是一個決定。
11:47
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝。
11:48
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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