What a digital government looks like | Anna Piperal

174,440 views ・ 2020-01-28

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Val Zhang
00:13
Almost 30 years ago,
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近三十年前,
00:14
my country was facing the need to rebuild everything from scratch.
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我的國家面臨得 從零開始重建一切。
00:19
After years of Soviet occupation,
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在被蘇聯併吞多年之後,
00:21
Estonia regained its independence, but we were left with nothing.
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愛沙尼亞再次獨立, 但我們什麼都不剩。
00:25
No infrastructure, no administration, no legal code.
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沒有基礎建設、政府或法典。
00:30
Organizational chaos.
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組織完全混亂。
00:32
Out of necessity,
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出於需求,當時的國家領導人
00:34
the state leaders back then had to make some daring choices.
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必須做出一些大膽的選擇。
00:37
The ones that our country could afford.
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我們國家負擔得起的選擇。
00:40
There was a lot of experimentation and uncertainty
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那時有許多實驗和不確定性,
00:42
but also a bit of luck involved,
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但也有點運氣,
00:44
particularly in the fact that we could count on a number
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特別是我們能夠仰賴一些
00:47
of brilliant visionaries,
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出色且有遠見的人、密碼專家,
00:49
cryptographers and engineers.
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以及工程師。
00:52
I was just a kid back then.
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那時我還小。
00:54
Today, we are called the most digital society on earth.
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如今,我們被稱為 世上最數位化的社會。
01:00
I'm from Estonia,
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我來自愛沙尼亞,
01:01
and we've been declaring taxes online since 2001.
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從 2001 年起我們就在線上報稅。
01:05
We have been using digital identity and signature since 2002.
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2002 年起我們就開始 用數位身分和簽章。
01:10
We've been voting online since 2005.
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2005 年起我們就在線上投票。
01:13
And for today, pretty much the whole range of the public services
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現今,大概你能想出的
各種公眾服務:
01:17
that you can imagine:
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01:18
education, police, justice, starting a company,
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教育、警政、司法、創立公司、
01:23
applying for benefits, looking at your health record
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申請福利、查看你的健康記錄,
01:26
or challenging a parking ticket --
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或者申訴停車罰單,
01:28
that's everything that is done online.
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一切都透過線上完成。
01:31
In fact, it's much easier to tell you
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事實上,比較容易的是告訴各位
01:33
what are the three things we cannot yet do online.
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有哪三件事我們 還無法在線上做到。
01:37
We have to show up to pick up our ID documents,
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我們必須親自領取的身分文件、
01:40
get married or divorced,
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結婚或離婚,
01:42
or sell real estate.
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或是買賣房地產。
01:44
That's pretty much it.
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大致上就這樣。
01:48
So, that's why don't freak out
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這就是為什麼大家不用太驚訝,
01:51
when I tell you that every year
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聽到我說,每年我都
01:53
I can't wait to start doing my tax declaration.
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等不及要開始報稅了。
01:57
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:58
Because all I have to do
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因為我需要做的就只有
02:00
is sit on my couch with a mobile phone,
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坐在沙發上,拿著手機,
02:03
swipe a few pages with prefilled data on income and deductions
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滑過幾個頁面,其中收入 和扣除額的資料都預填好了,
02:07
and hit submit.
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按下「送出」即可。
02:08
After three minutes,
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三分鐘之後,
02:10
I'm looking at the tax return amount.
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我就可以看到退稅金額。
02:13
It actually feels like a quite rewarding experience.
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這其實像是個很值得的體驗。
02:17
No tax advisors,
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沒有稅務諮詢員,
02:19
no collecting receipts,
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不用收集收據,
02:21
no doing the math.
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不用計算。
02:24
And have I mentioned that I have not visited a state office
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我剛有沒有提到,近七年來
我未曾踏入任何一間政府機關?
02:27
for almost seven years?
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02:30
Indeed, one of the features of the modern life
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的確,現代生活的其中一項特色,
02:34
that has no reason to exist anymore,
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已經沒有存在的理由,
02:36
considering technological possibilities of today,
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考量到現今的科技,
02:39
is the labyrinth of bureaucracy.
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那就是官僚體系的繁雜。
02:41
We've almost got rid of it completely in Estonia,
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在愛沙尼亞,我們幾乎 完全擺脫了這情況,
02:44
in an effort coordinated by the government that has also digitized itself.
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本身就是數位化的政府 出手協調完成了這件事。
02:48
For instance, cabinet of ministers' work in e-Cabinet is absolutely paperless.
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比如,內閣部長們 絕對是數位無紙化作業。
02:55
The central idea behind this development
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這種發展背後的中心思想
02:58
is transformation of the state role
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是轉換國家的角色,
03:01
and digitalization of trust.
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並將信任數位化。
03:04
Think about it.
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想想看。
03:06
In most countries, people don't trust their governments.
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在大部分的國家裡, 人民不相信他們的政府。
03:10
And the governments don't trust them back.
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相對的,政府也不相信人民。
03:13
And all the complicated paper-based formal procedures
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所有複雜的紙本正式流程
03:16
are supposed to solve that problem.
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為的就是要解決這個問題。
03:18
Except that they don't.
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只是問題並沒有解決。
03:21
They just make life more complicated.
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這些流程只讓生活變得更複雜。
03:24
I believe Estonian experience is showing that technology can be the remedy
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我相信,愛沙尼亞的經驗說明了
科技可以是贏回彼此信任的解藥,
03:29
for getting the trust back,
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03:30
while creating an efficient,
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同時創造出一個有效率、
03:32
user-centric service delivery system
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以使用者為中心的服務實作系統,
03:37
that actively responds to citizens' needs.
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主動回應公民的需求。
03:41
We did not do it by digitizing bureaucracy as it is.
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我們不是將官僚體制依樣數位化。
03:45
But by rather agreeing on a few strong, common principles,
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而是協調出幾條 不可動搖的基本原則,
03:50
redesigning rules and procedures,
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重新設計規則和流程,
03:52
getting rid of unnecessary data collection
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捨掉不必要的資料收集
03:55
and task duplication,
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和重複作業,
03:57
and becoming open and transparent.
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變成開放且透明的。
04:00
Let me give you a glimpse
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讓我帶大家一瞥
04:02
into some of the key e-Estonia design principles today.
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現今設計「e 愛沙尼亞」時 採用的一些重要原則。
04:08
First, it is essential to guarantee privacy and confidentiality
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首先,資料與資訊的隱私和保密性
是至關重要的。
04:12
of data and information.
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04:15
This is achieved through a strong digital identity
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藉由國家所發行的
04:18
that is issued by the state
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完善的數位身分,
04:20
and compatible with everything.
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並與一切相容。
04:22
In fact, every Estonian has one.
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事實上,每位國民都擁有數位身分證。
04:26
The identity is doubled with a strong digital signature
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這個證件的第二重保障 是完善的數位簽章,
04:30
that is accepted, used and legally binding
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在愛沙尼亞和歐盟都被接受、
04:34
both in Estonia and the European Union.
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都可使用,且都具有法律效力。
04:38
When the system can properly and securely identify who is using it,
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當公民登入系統後,若系統能夠妥善、
安全地辨視出使用者身分, 就會讓該市民取得個人資料
04:44
after logging in, it will provide access to the personal data of the citizen
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04:49
and all the public services within one tool,
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以及所有公共服務, 只要用單一工具即可,
04:52
and allow to authorize anything by signing digitally.
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還能夠透過數位簽署 來進行各種授權。
04:58
A second principle, and one of the most transformative,
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第二條原則,也是 最具顛覆性的原則之一,
05:02
is called "Once only."
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叫做「僅一次」。
05:05
It means that the state cannot ask for the same data
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意思就是,國家不能
索取同樣的資料一次以上,
05:09
more than once,
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05:11
nor can store it in more than one place.
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也不能將資料儲存在 一個以上的地方。
05:14
For instance,
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比如,
05:16
if you've already provided your birth or marital certificate
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如果你已經提供過 出生或結婚證明
05:19
to the population registry,
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給登記戶籍的機關,
05:21
this is the only place where this data is going to be held.
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這些資料就只會儲存在這裡。
05:24
And no other institution will be ever asking for it again.
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其他機關永遠不能 再跟你要這些資料。
05:29
Once only is a very powerful rule,
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「僅一次」是非常強大的規則,
05:32
as it defines the whole structure of the data collection in a country,
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因為它定義了國家的 整體資料結構,
05:36
what information is collected
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要收集哪些資訊、
05:38
and who is responsible for maintaining it,
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誰要負責維護這些資料,
05:41
making sure we avoid centralization of data,
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確保我們能避免資料集中化、
05:44
duplication of data,
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資料重複,
05:46
and guarantee that it's actually up to date.
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並保證資料是最新的。
05:50
This distributed approach also avoids the problem
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採用這種分散式的方法,
也能避免單點故障的問題。
05:54
of the single point of failure.
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05:57
But since the data cannot be replicated,
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但因為無法複製資料,
06:00
or collected more than once,
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也不能收集第二次,
06:02
it means that the design has to keep in mind
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那就表示,設計時要切記
06:05
secure and robust access to that information at all times,
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要能隨時安全、穩定 強健地取得那些資訊,
06:08
so the public institution can offer a service.
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讓公共機關能夠提供服務。
06:13
This is exactly the role of the data exchange platform
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這正是資料交換平台的功能,
06:17
called the X-Road
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這個平台叫做 X-Road,
06:19
that has been in use since 2001.
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從 2001 年啟用。
06:23
Just like a highway,
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它就像高速公路一樣,
06:25
it connects public sector databases and registries,
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能連結公部門資料庫和登記名冊、
06:29
local municipalities and businesses,
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當地的自治市和企業,
06:31
organizing a real-time, secure and regulated data exchange,
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以整理出即時、安全、 受控管的資料交換,
06:37
saving an auditable trace after each move.
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為每個動作存下可稽核的記錄。
06:43
Here's a screenshot of a live feed
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這張螢幕截圖上的即時動態訊息
06:46
showing all the requests performed on the X-Road
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呈現出 X-Road 上進行的所有請求
06:49
and all the services that it actually facilitates.
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以及它促成的所有服務。
06:53
And this is the real picture
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這張圖是真實資料,
06:56
of all the connections between public and private sector databases.
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公、私部門資料庫間的所有連結。
07:01
As you can see,
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各位可以看到,
07:02
there is no central database whatsoever.
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圖上沒有所謂的中央資料庫。
07:05
Confidentiality and privacy are definitely very important.
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保密性和隱私絕對非常重要。
07:09
But in the digital world,
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但在數位世界裡,
07:11
reliability and integrity of information
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資訊的可靠性和完整性
07:14
is just critical for operations.
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對運作而言同樣重要。
07:17
For instance,
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比如,若有人更改 你的醫療健康記錄,
07:18
if someone changes your medical health record,
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07:21
let's say allergies,
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假設改了過敏資料,
07:23
without you or your doctor knowing,
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但你和你的醫生都不知情,
07:25
treatment could be deadly.
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治療就可能會致命。
07:28
That's why in a digital society, a system like an Estonian one,
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那就是為什麼,在像 愛沙尼亞這樣的數位社會,
07:32
when there's almost no paper originals,
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幾乎完全沒有文件正本,
07:35
there's almost only digital originals,
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幾乎只有數位正本時,
07:38
integrity of data,
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資料完整性、
07:41
data exchange rules, software components
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資料交換規則、軟體元件,
07:43
and log files is paramount.
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以及紀錄檔案是至關重要的。
07:47
We use a form of blockchain that we invented back in 2007,
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我們採用的是 2007 年 自行開發的區塊鏈,
07:52
way before blockchain even became a thing,
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早在區塊鏈竄紅之前,
07:56
to check and guarantee the integrity of data in real time.
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便將它用在即時檢核 及確認資料的完整性。
08:01
Blockchain is our auditor
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區塊鏈是我們的稽核者,
08:03
and a promise that no access to the data
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並保證所有的資料存取
08:07
or data manipulation remains unrecorded.
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或資料操作都會留下記錄。
08:14
Data ownership is another key principle in the design of the system.
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設計系統時的另一條 重要原則是:資料所有權。
08:19
Aren't you worried by the fact that governments, tech companies
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你難道不會擔心,
政府、科技公司, 及世界各地的企業
08:24
and other businesses around the world
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08:26
claim data they've collected about you is theirs,
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宣稱他們擁有那些 收集到關於你的數據,
08:29
generally refuse to give access to that information,
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他們通常都拒絕開放這些資訊,
08:33
and often fail to prove how it was used
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且通常無法證實這些資料的用途
08:37
or shared with third parties?
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或如何與第三方共享?
08:40
I don't know, for me it seems like a quite disturbing situation.
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對我來說這種情況相當惱人。
08:46
The Estonian system is based on the principle
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愛沙尼亞的系統有一條基礎原則,
08:49
that an individual is the owner of the data collected about him,
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那就是收集到的資料如果 與你有關,其所有權就歸你,
08:54
thus has an absolute right to know what information is collected
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因此你有權可以知道 你被收集的資料有哪些,
08:59
and who has been accessing it.
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以及誰曾經取得這些資料。
09:02
Every time a policeman, a doctor or any state officer
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每當有警察、醫生, 或任何公務員
09:06
is accessing personal information of the citizens online,
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在線上存取公民的個人資訊時,
09:09
first they only get to access it after logging in
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首先,他們必須登入,
才能存取那些被授權的相關作業資料。
09:14
to the information they're authorized to see to do their job.
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09:17
And secondly, every time they're making requests,
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第二,每當他們發出請求,
09:21
this is saved in a log file.
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檔案都會留下記錄。
09:26
This detailed log file is part of the state public services
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這詳細的紀錄檔案 是國家公共服務的一部分,
09:31
and allows real transparency,
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能夠帶來公開透明,
09:33
making sure no privacy violation will remain unnoticed to the citizen.
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確保若隱私被侵犯時, 該公民不會不知情。
09:40
Now, of course, this is only a simplified summary
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當然,這只是針對 「e 愛沙尼亞」的
09:43
of all the design principles that e-Estonia is built on.
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所有基礎設計原則 做的簡單摘要。
09:49
And now, government is building up
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現在,政府在逐步著手
09:53
to get ready for use of artificial intelligence
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準備使用人工智慧,
09:57
and building a whole new generation of public services --
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並建立全新一代的公共服務——
10:01
proactive services
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主動服務,
10:02
that would activate seamlessly
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將流暢地啟動,依據
10:04
based on different life situations that people might be in,
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人們可能遇到的不同生活狀況,
10:08
such as childbirth, unemployment or starting a business.
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比如生孩子、失業,或創業。
10:15
Now, of course,
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當然,
10:16
running a digital society with no paper backup
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營運數位社會,沒有紙本備份
10:19
can be an issue, right?
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可能會是個問題,對吧?
10:22
Even though we trust our systems to be solid,
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雖然我們相信系統很穩固,
10:25
but one can never be too cautious as we experienced back in 2007,
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太小心永遠不為過,就像 我們在 2007 年經歷了
10:30
when the first cyberincident happened,
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第一起網路資安事件,
10:34
and it literally blocked part of our networks,
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它真的阻斷了我們的部分網路,
10:37
making access to the services impossible for hours.
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數小時都無法取得服務。
10:41
We survived.
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我們度過了。
10:43
But this event put cybersecurity at the very top of agenda,
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但這個事件之後, 網路安全成為首要議題,
10:48
both in terms of strengthening the platform and backing it up.
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包括強化與備份這個平台。
10:53
So how do you back up a country-wide system in a small state
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你要如何在一切都 相距不遠的小國家中
10:58
where everything is super close?
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備份全國的系統?
11:01
Well for instance, you can export a copy of the data
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比如,你可以把資料的複本匯出
11:05
outside the country territory
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到國家領土以外,
11:07
to an extraterritorial space of an embassy.
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到境外的大使館。
11:12
Today, we have those data embassies
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現今,我們有這些資料大使館,
11:15
that are holding the most critical digital assets of Estonia,
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存有愛沙尼亞最重要的數位資產,
11:20
guaranteeing continuity of operations,
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將確保系統正常運作, 我們的資料受到保護,
11:23
protection of our data,
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11:24
and most importantly, our sovereignty.
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及最重要的,確保我們的主權,
11:28
Even in case of a physical attack on our territory.
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若有天國家領土受到實體攻擊。
11:34
Some of you might be thinking by now:
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在座有些人可能在想:
11:36
Where are the downsides?
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這麼做有哪些缺點呢?
11:39
Well, going all digital
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全部數位化
11:41
is administratively, and let's be honest, financially more efficient.
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在行政上會更有效率, 老實說,在財務上亦是如此。
11:46
Interfacing primarily with computer systems
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主要接觸的介面都是電腦系統,
11:49
might create an impression that the human factor,
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可能會塑造一種印象, 認為人為因素、
11:52
elected politicians
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民選政治人物,
11:54
and participating in democratic processes
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以及參與民主過程
11:56
is somehow less important.
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似乎沒那麼重要。
11:59
And there are also some people
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也有一些人
12:00
who feel threatened by pervasive technology
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覺得受到科技普及的威脅,
12:03
that might make their skills obsolete.
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他們的技能可能會被淘汰。
12:07
So all in all, unfortunately,
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總之,不幸地,
12:10
running a country on a digital platform
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在數位平台上經營國家
12:12
has not saved us from political power struggles
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並無法讓我們免於政治權力鬥爭
12:15
and polarization in the society,
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和社會的兩極化,
12:18
as we have seen in the last elections.
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從上次選舉就可以看出這一點,
12:21
Well, until there are humans involved.
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因為人為的介入。
12:25
One last question.
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最後一個問題。
12:28
If everything is location-independent
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如果一切都和所在位置無關,
12:31
and I can access all of the services from anywhere in the world,
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我可以從世界上任何 一個角落取得服務,
12:34
why cannot others tap into some of these services,
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何不讓愛沙尼亞境外的人
12:37
even if they don't reside within Estonian borders?
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利用這些服務?
12:42
Five years ago,
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五年前,
12:43
we launched a governmental start-up called e-Residency program
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我們推出「 e 住所專案」 這個政府新創計畫,
12:47
that for today joins tens of thousands of people.
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至今已經結合了數萬人。
12:52
These are businessmen and women from 136 different countries,
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這些人是商人,男女都有,
來自 136 個不同國家,
12:57
who establish their businesses digitally,
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以數位的方式 建立他們的事業,
13:00
who do their banking online,
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在線上做理財,
13:03
and who run their companies virtually over e-Estonia platform,
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並在「e 愛沙尼亞」平台上 以遠端的方式經營公司,
13:09
within European Union legal framework,
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在歐盟的法律框架之下,
13:13
using an e-identity card similar to mine
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使用的電子身分證和我的很類似,
13:16
and all of that from anywhere in the world.
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及世界上任何地方的電子身分證。
13:21
The Estonian system is location-independent
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愛沙尼亞的系統與所在位置無關,
13:25
and user-centric.
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以使用者為中心。
13:26
It prioritizes inclusiveness, openness and reliability.
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它最重視的是:無所不包、 開放,以及可靠。
13:32
It puts security and transparency at its center.
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它的核心是安全及透明度。
13:36
And the data into the hands of the rightful owner,
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資料也交到具有 正當性的擁有者手上,
13:40
the person they refer to.
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即,資料所指稱的人。
13:42
Don't take my word for it.
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不用就此聽信我的片面之詞。
13:44
Try it.
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請親自試試看。
13:46
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:47
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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