What a digital government looks like | Anna Piperal

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Val Zhang

Almost 30 years ago,

近三十年前，

my country was facing the need to rebuild everything from scratch.

我的國家面臨得 從零開始重建一切。

After years of Soviet occupation,

在被蘇聯併吞多年之後，

Estonia regained its independence, but we were left with nothing.

愛沙尼亞再次獨立， 但我們什麼都不剩。

No infrastructure, no administration, no legal code.

沒有基礎建設、政府或法典。

Organizational chaos.

組織完全混亂。

Out of necessity,

出於需求，當時的國家領導人

the state leaders back then had to make some daring choices.

必須做出一些大膽的選擇。

The ones that our country could afford.

我們國家負擔得起的選擇。

There was a lot of experimentation and uncertainty

那時有許多實驗和不確定性，

but also a bit of luck involved,

但也有點運氣，

particularly in the fact that we could count on a number

特別是我們能夠仰賴一些

of brilliant visionaries,

出色且有遠見的人、密碼專家，

cryptographers and engineers.

以及工程師。

I was just a kid back then.

那時我還小。

Today, we are called the most digital society on earth.

如今，我們被稱為 世上最數位化的社會。

I'm from Estonia,

我來自愛沙尼亞，

and we've been declaring taxes online since 2001.

從 2001 年起我們就在線上報稅。

We have been using digital identity and signature since 2002.

2002 年起我們就開始 用數位身分和簽章。

We've been voting online since 2005.

2005 年起我們就在線上投票。

And for today, pretty much the whole range of the public services

現今，大概你能想出的

各種公眾服務：

that you can imagine:

education, police, justice, starting a company,

教育、警政、司法、創立公司、

applying for benefits, looking at your health record

申請福利、查看你的健康記錄，

or challenging a parking ticket --

或者申訴停車罰單，

that's everything that is done online.

一切都透過線上完成。

In fact, it's much easier to tell you

事實上，比較容易的是告訴各位

what are the three things we cannot yet do online.

有哪三件事我們 還無法在線上做到。

We have to show up to pick up our ID documents,

我們必須親自領取的身分文件、

get married or divorced,

結婚或離婚，

or sell real estate.

或是買賣房地產。

That's pretty much it.

大致上就這樣。

So, that's why don't freak out

這就是為什麼大家不用太驚訝，

when I tell you that every year

聽到我說，每年我都

I can't wait to start doing my tax declaration.

等不及要開始報稅了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Because all I have to do

因為我需要做的就只有

is sit on my couch with a mobile phone,

坐在沙發上，拿著手機，

swipe a few pages with prefilled data on income and deductions

滑過幾個頁面，其中收入 和扣除額的資料都預填好了，

and hit submit.

按下「送出」即可。

After three minutes,

三分鐘之後，

I'm looking at the tax return amount.

我就可以看到退稅金額。

It actually feels like a quite rewarding experience.

這其實像是個很值得的體驗。

No tax advisors,

沒有稅務諮詢員，

no collecting receipts,

不用收集收據，

no doing the math.

不用計算。

And have I mentioned that I have not visited a state office

我剛有沒有提到，近七年來

我未曾踏入任何一間政府機關？

for almost seven years?

Indeed, one of the features of the modern life

的確，現代生活的其中一項特色，

that has no reason to exist anymore,

已經沒有存在的理由，

considering technological possibilities of today,

考量到現今的科技，

is the labyrinth of bureaucracy.

那就是官僚體系的繁雜。

We've almost got rid of it completely in Estonia,

在愛沙尼亞，我們幾乎 完全擺脫了這情況，

in an effort coordinated by the government that has also digitized itself.

本身就是數位化的政府 出手協調完成了這件事。

For instance, cabinet of ministers' work in e-Cabinet is absolutely paperless.

比如，內閣部長們 絕對是數位無紙化作業。

The central idea behind this development

這種發展背後的中心思想

is transformation of the state role

是轉換國家的角色，

and digitalization of trust.

並將信任數位化。

Think about it.

想想看。

In most countries, people don't trust their governments.

在大部分的國家裡， 人民不相信他們的政府。

And the governments don't trust them back.

相對的，政府也不相信人民。

And all the complicated paper-based formal procedures

所有複雜的紙本正式流程

are supposed to solve that problem.

為的就是要解決這個問題。

Except that they don't.

只是問題並沒有解決。

They just make life more complicated.

這些流程只讓生活變得更複雜。

I believe Estonian experience is showing that technology can be the remedy

我相信，愛沙尼亞的經驗說明了

科技可以是贏回彼此信任的解藥，

for getting the trust back,

while creating an efficient,

同時創造出一個有效率、

user-centric service delivery system

以使用者為中心的服務實作系統，

that actively responds to citizens' needs.

主動回應公民的需求。

We did not do it by digitizing bureaucracy as it is.

我們不是將官僚體制依樣數位化。

But by rather agreeing on a few strong, common principles,

而是協調出幾條 不可動搖的基本原則，

redesigning rules and procedures,

重新設計規則和流程，

getting rid of unnecessary data collection

捨掉不必要的資料收集

and task duplication,

和重複作業，

and becoming open and transparent.

變成開放且透明的。

Let me give you a glimpse

讓我帶大家一瞥

into some of the key e-Estonia design principles today.

現今設計「e 愛沙尼亞」時 採用的一些重要原則。

First, it is essential to guarantee privacy and confidentiality

首先，資料與資訊的隱私和保密性

是至關重要的。

of data and information.

This is achieved through a strong digital identity

藉由國家所發行的

that is issued by the state

完善的數位身分，

and compatible with everything.

並與一切相容。

In fact, every Estonian has one.

事實上，每位國民都擁有數位身分證。

The identity is doubled with a strong digital signature

這個證件的第二重保障 是完善的數位簽章，

that is accepted, used and legally binding

在愛沙尼亞和歐盟都被接受、

both in Estonia and the European Union.

都可使用，且都具有法律效力。

When the system can properly and securely identify who is using it,

當公民登入系統後，若系統能夠妥善、

安全地辨視出使用者身分， 就會讓該市民取得個人資料

after logging in, it will provide access to the personal data of the citizen

and all the public services within one tool,

以及所有公共服務， 只要用單一工具即可，

and allow to authorize anything by signing digitally.

還能夠透過數位簽署 來進行各種授權。

A second principle, and one of the most transformative,

第二條原則，也是 最具顛覆性的原則之一，

is called "Once only."

叫做「僅一次」。

It means that the state cannot ask for the same data

意思就是，國家不能

索取同樣的資料一次以上，

more than once,

nor can store it in more than one place.

也不能將資料儲存在 一個以上的地方。

For instance,

比如，

if you've already provided your birth or marital certificate

如果你已經提供過 出生或結婚證明

to the population registry,

給登記戶籍的機關，

this is the only place where this data is going to be held.

這些資料就只會儲存在這裡。

And no other institution will be ever asking for it again.

其他機關永遠不能 再跟你要這些資料。

Once only is a very powerful rule,

「僅一次」是非常強大的規則，

as it defines the whole structure of the data collection in a country,

因為它定義了國家的 整體資料結構，

what information is collected

要收集哪些資訊、

and who is responsible for maintaining it,

誰要負責維護這些資料，

making sure we avoid centralization of data,

確保我們能避免資料集中化、

duplication of data,

資料重複，

and guarantee that it's actually up to date.

並保證資料是最新的。

This distributed approach also avoids the problem

採用這種分散式的方法，

也能避免單點故障的問題。

of the single point of failure.

But since the data cannot be replicated,

但因為無法複製資料，

or collected more than once,

也不能收集第二次，

it means that the design has to keep in mind

那就表示，設計時要切記

secure and robust access to that information at all times,

要能隨時安全、穩定 強健地取得那些資訊，

so the public institution can offer a service.

讓公共機關能夠提供服務。

This is exactly the role of the data exchange platform

這正是資料交換平台的功能，

called the X-Road

這個平台叫做 X-Road，

that has been in use since 2001.

從 2001 年啟用。

Just like a highway,

它就像高速公路一樣，

it connects public sector databases and registries,

能連結公部門資料庫和登記名冊、

local municipalities and businesses,

當地的自治市和企業，

organizing a real-time, secure and regulated data exchange,

以整理出即時、安全、 受控管的資料交換，

saving an auditable trace after each move.

為每個動作存下可稽核的記錄。

Here's a screenshot of a live feed

這張螢幕截圖上的即時動態訊息

showing all the requests performed on the X-Road

呈現出 X-Road 上進行的所有請求

and all the services that it actually facilitates.

以及它促成的所有服務。

And this is the real picture

這張圖是真實資料，

of all the connections between public and private sector databases.

公、私部門資料庫間的所有連結。

As you can see,

各位可以看到，

there is no central database whatsoever.

圖上沒有所謂的中央資料庫。

Confidentiality and privacy are definitely very important.

保密性和隱私絕對非常重要。

But in the digital world,

但在數位世界裡，

reliability and integrity of information

資訊的可靠性和完整性

is just critical for operations.

對運作而言同樣重要。

For instance,

比如，若有人更改 你的醫療健康記錄，

if someone changes your medical health record,

let's say allergies,

假設改了過敏資料，

without you or your doctor knowing,

但你和你的醫生都不知情，

treatment could be deadly.

治療就可能會致命。

That's why in a digital society, a system like an Estonian one,

那就是為什麼，在像 愛沙尼亞這樣的數位社會，

when there's almost no paper originals,

幾乎完全沒有文件正本，

there's almost only digital originals,

幾乎只有數位正本時，

integrity of data,

資料完整性、

data exchange rules, software components

資料交換規則、軟體元件，

and log files is paramount.

以及紀錄檔案是至關重要的。

We use a form of blockchain that we invented back in 2007,

我們採用的是 2007 年 自行開發的區塊鏈，

way before blockchain even became a thing,

早在區塊鏈竄紅之前，

to check and guarantee the integrity of data in real time.

便將它用在即時檢核 及確認資料的完整性。

Blockchain is our auditor

區塊鏈是我們的稽核者，

and a promise that no access to the data

並保證所有的資料存取

or data manipulation remains unrecorded.

或資料操作都會留下記錄。

Data ownership is another key principle in the design of the system.

設計系統時的另一條 重要原則是：資料所有權。

Aren't you worried by the fact that governments, tech companies

你難道不會擔心，

政府、科技公司， 及世界各地的企業

and other businesses around the world

claim data they've collected about you is theirs,

宣稱他們擁有那些 收集到關於你的數據，

generally refuse to give access to that information,

他們通常都拒絕開放這些資訊，

and often fail to prove how it was used

且通常無法證實這些資料的用途

or shared with third parties?

或如何與第三方共享？

I don't know, for me it seems like a quite disturbing situation.

對我來說這種情況相當惱人。

The Estonian system is based on the principle

愛沙尼亞的系統有一條基礎原則，

that an individual is the owner of the data collected about him,

那就是收集到的資料如果 與你有關，其所有權就歸你，

thus has an absolute right to know what information is collected

因此你有權可以知道 你被收集的資料有哪些，

and who has been accessing it.

以及誰曾經取得這些資料。

Every time a policeman, a doctor or any state officer

每當有警察、醫生， 或任何公務員

is accessing personal information of the citizens online,

在線上存取公民的個人資訊時，

first they only get to access it after logging in

首先，他們必須登入，

才能存取那些被授權的相關作業資料。

to the information they're authorized to see to do their job.

And secondly, every time they're making requests,

第二，每當他們發出請求，

this is saved in a log file.

檔案都會留下記錄。

This detailed log file is part of the state public services

這詳細的紀錄檔案 是國家公共服務的一部分，

and allows real transparency,

能夠帶來公開透明，

making sure no privacy violation will remain unnoticed to the citizen.

確保若隱私被侵犯時， 該公民不會不知情。

Now, of course, this is only a simplified summary

當然，這只是針對 「e 愛沙尼亞」的

of all the design principles that e-Estonia is built on.

所有基礎設計原則 做的簡單摘要。

And now, government is building up

現在，政府在逐步著手

to get ready for use of artificial intelligence

準備使用人工智慧，

and building a whole new generation of public services --

並建立全新一代的公共服務——

proactive services

主動服務，

that would activate seamlessly

將流暢地啟動，依據

based on different life situations that people might be in,

人們可能遇到的不同生活狀況，

such as childbirth, unemployment or starting a business.

比如生孩子、失業，或創業。

Now, of course,

當然，

running a digital society with no paper backup

營運數位社會，沒有紙本備份

can be an issue, right?

可能會是個問題，對吧？

Even though we trust our systems to be solid,

雖然我們相信系統很穩固，

but one can never be too cautious as we experienced back in 2007,

太小心永遠不為過，就像 我們在 2007 年經歷了

when the first cyberincident happened,

第一起網路資安事件，

and it literally blocked part of our networks,

它真的阻斷了我們的部分網路，

making access to the services impossible for hours.

數小時都無法取得服務。

We survived.

我們度過了。

But this event put cybersecurity at the very top of agenda,

但這個事件之後， 網路安全成為首要議題，

both in terms of strengthening the platform and backing it up.

包括強化與備份這個平台。

So how do you back up a country-wide system in a small state

你要如何在一切都 相距不遠的小國家中

where everything is super close?

備份全國的系統？

Well for instance, you can export a copy of the data

比如，你可以把資料的複本匯出

outside the country territory

到國家領土以外，

to an extraterritorial space of an embassy.

到境外的大使館。

Today, we have those data embassies

現今，我們有這些資料大使館，

that are holding the most critical digital assets of Estonia,

存有愛沙尼亞最重要的數位資產，

guaranteeing continuity of operations,

將確保系統正常運作， 我們的資料受到保護，

protection of our data,

and most importantly, our sovereignty.

及最重要的，確保我們的主權，

Even in case of a physical attack on our territory.

若有天國家領土受到實體攻擊。

Some of you might be thinking by now:

在座有些人可能在想：

Where are the downsides?

這麼做有哪些缺點呢？

Well, going all digital

全部數位化

is administratively, and let's be honest, financially more efficient.

在行政上會更有效率， 老實說，在財務上亦是如此。

Interfacing primarily with computer systems

主要接觸的介面都是電腦系統，

might create an impression that the human factor,

可能會塑造一種印象， 認為人為因素、

elected politicians

民選政治人物，

and participating in democratic processes

以及參與民主過程

is somehow less important.

似乎沒那麼重要。

And there are also some people

也有一些人

who feel threatened by pervasive technology

覺得受到科技普及的威脅，

that might make their skills obsolete.

他們的技能可能會被淘汰。

So all in all, unfortunately,

總之，不幸地，

running a country on a digital platform

在數位平台上經營國家

has not saved us from political power struggles

並無法讓我們免於政治權力鬥爭

and polarization in the society,

和社會的兩極化，

as we have seen in the last elections.

從上次選舉就可以看出這一點，

Well, until there are humans involved.

因為人為的介入。

One last question.

最後一個問題。

If everything is location-independent

如果一切都和所在位置無關，

and I can access all of the services from anywhere in the world,

我可以從世界上任何 一個角落取得服務，

why cannot others tap into some of these services,

何不讓愛沙尼亞境外的人

even if they don't reside within Estonian borders?

利用這些服務？

Five years ago,

五年前，

we launched a governmental start-up called e-Residency program

我們推出「 e 住所專案」 這個政府新創計畫，

that for today joins tens of thousands of people.

至今已經結合了數萬人。

These are businessmen and women from 136 different countries,

這些人是商人，男女都有，

來自 136 個不同國家，

who establish their businesses digitally,

以數位的方式 建立他們的事業，

who do their banking online,

在線上做理財，

and who run their companies virtually over e-Estonia platform,

並在「e 愛沙尼亞」平台上 以遠端的方式經營公司，

within European Union legal framework,

在歐盟的法律框架之下，

using an e-identity card similar to mine

使用的電子身分證和我的很類似，

and all of that from anywhere in the world.

及世界上任何地方的電子身分證。

The Estonian system is location-independent

愛沙尼亞的系統與所在位置無關，

and user-centric.

以使用者為中心。

It prioritizes inclusiveness, openness and reliability.

它最重視的是：無所不包、 開放，以及可靠。

It puts security and transparency at its center.

它的核心是安全及透明度。

And the data into the hands of the rightful owner,

資料也交到具有 正當性的擁有者手上，

the person they refer to.

即，資料所指稱的人。

Don't take my word for it.

不用就此聽信我的片面之詞。

Try it.

請親自試試看。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）