The fundamental right to seek asylum | Melanie Nezer

45,210 views ・ 2019-08-28

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Melody Tang
00:12
Last summer, I got a call from a woman named Ellie.
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去年夏天,有位名叫 艾莉的女子打電話給我。
00:16
And she had heard about the family separations at the southern border
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她聽說了在南方邊境 家庭會被拆散的事情,
00:19
and wanted to know what she could do to help.
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她想要知道她能如何協助。
00:21
She told me the story of her grandfather and his father.
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她跟我說了她的祖父和父親的故事。
00:26
When they were kids in Poland,
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他們小時候,還在波蘭時,
00:28
their father,
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他們的父親,憂心兒子的安全,
00:29
fearing for his son's safety,
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00:31
gave them a little bit of money and told them to walk west,
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給了他們一點錢,叫他們向西行,
00:34
to just keep walking west across Europe.
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一直向西走,穿越歐洲。
00:37
And they did.
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他們照做了。
00:38
They walked all the way west across Europe,
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他們一路走到了西歐,
00:40
and they got on a boat and they got to America.
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他們搭上一艘船,到了美國。
00:44
Ellie said that when she heard the stories of the teens
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艾莉說,當她聽到青少年
00:48
walking up across Mexico,
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步行穿過墨西哥的故事,
00:50
all she could think about was her grandfather and his brother.
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她滿腦子都是她的祖父和兄弟。
00:55
She said that for her, the stories were exactly the same.
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她說,對她而言, 這些故事一模一樣。
00:59
Those brothers were the Hassenfeld Brothers --
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那些兄弟是海森費德兄弟——
01:03
the "Has" "bros" --
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「海氏」「兄弟」——
01:06
the Hasbro toy company,
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「孩之寶」玩具公司,
01:08
which, of course, brought us Mr. Potato Head.
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也就是帶給我們 「蛋頭先生」的玩具公司。
01:13
But that is not actually why I'm telling you this story.
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但這並不是我跟各位 分享這個故事的原因。
01:17
I'm telling you this story because it made me think
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我想分享這個故事,
是因為它讓我思考
01:20
about whether I would have the faith,
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我是否會有那樣的信心、
01:23
the courage,
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勇氣,
01:25
to send my teens -- and I have three of them --
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將我的青少年孩子—— 我有三個——
01:28
on a journey like that.
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送上那樣的旅程。
01:31
Knowing that they wouldn't be safe where we were,
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如果我知道他們待在 我們原本的地方並不安全,
01:34
would I be able to watch them go?
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我是否能目送著他們離開?
01:38
I started my career decades ago at the southern US border,
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數十年前,我在美國南方 邊境開始了我的職涯,
01:43
working with Central American asylum seekers.
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處理尋求庇護的中美人士。
01:46
And in the last 16 years, I've been at HIAS,
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在過去十六年間,我待在 希伯來移民援助協會(HIAS),
01:50
the Jewish organization that fights for refugee rights around the world,
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它是個猶太組織, 在全世界為難民權力而戰,
01:54
as a lawyer and an advocate.
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我的工作是律師及倡導者。
01:56
And one thing I've learned is that, sometimes,
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我學到的其中一件事就是,有時,
02:01
the things that we're told make us safer and stronger
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我們聽說能夠讓我們更安全、 更強壯的那些政策,
02:05
actually don't.
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並非這麼回事。
02:07
And, in fact, some of these policies have the opposite of the intended results
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事實上,這些政策當中, 有些會產生和本意相反的結果,
02:12
and in the meantime, cause tremendous and unnecessary suffering.
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同時,還會造成巨大 又不必要的痛苦。
02:18
So why are people showing up at our southern border?
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所以,為什麼會有人 出現在我們的南方邊境?
02:21
Most of the immigrants and refugees that are coming to our southern border
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大部分來到我們南方邊境的 外來移民或難民,
02:25
are fleeing three countries: Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador.
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都是從這三個國家逃出來的: 瓜地馬拉、宏都拉斯、薩爾瓦多。
02:29
These countries are consistently ranked
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這些國家一直都在
02:32
among the most violent countries in the world.
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世界上最暴力的國家的 排行榜上名列前茅。
02:35
It's very difficult to be safe in these countries,
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在這些國家裡很難求得安全,
02:38
let alone build a future for yourself and your family.
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更不可能為你自己 和你的家人建立一個未來。
02:42
And violence against women and girls is pervasive.
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而且針對女人和女孩的暴力非常普遍。
02:46
People have been fleeing Central America
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數世代以來,
一直有人試圖逃離中美洲。
02:49
for generations.
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02:50
Generations of refugees have been coming to our shores,
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數個世代的難民不斷 來到我們的海岸,
02:53
fleeing the civil wars of the 1980s,
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躲避 1980 年代的內戰,
02:58
in which the United States was deeply involved.
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而美國和這些內戰有很深的關聯。
03:01
This is nothing new.
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這不是新聞。
03:03
What's new is that recently, there's been a spike in families,
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新聞是,最近突然有大量的家庭,
03:07
children and families, showing up at checkpoints
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孩童和家庭,出現在檢查站,
03:10
and presenting themselves to seek asylum.
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自稱要尋求庇護。
03:14
Now, this has been in the news lately,
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這是這陣子的新聞,
03:16
so I want you to remember a few things as you see those images.
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我希望各位在看這些影像時, 能記住幾件事。
03:19
One, this is not a historically high level of interceptions at the southern border,
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第一,在南方邊境,這不是 歷史上屬於大規模的攔截行動。
03:25
and, in fact, people are presenting themselves at checkpoints.
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事實上,大家是自己出現在檢查站。
03:29
Two, people are showing up with the clothes on their backs;
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第二,大家會背著衣物現身,
03:34
some of them are literally in flip-flops.
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有些人還真的穿著人字拖。
03:36
And three, we're the most powerful country in the world.
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第三,我們是世界上最強大的國家。
03:40
It's not a time to panic.
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不是我們需要慌張的時候。
03:42
It's easy from the safety of the destination country
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從目的地國家的安全角度,
來做黑白分明的思考是很容易的:
03:45
to think in terms of absolutes:
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03:47
Is it legal, or is it illegal?
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它是合法的或者不合法的?
03:49
But the people who are wrestling with these questions
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但在努力解決這些問題,
03:52
and making these decisions about their families
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並做出攸關家人之決定的這些人,
03:56
are thinking about very different questions:
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腦袋裡想的問題非常不同:
03:58
How do I keep my daughter safe?
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我要如何確保我的女兒安全?
04:01
How do I protect my son?
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我要如何保護我的兒子?
04:04
And if you want absolutes,
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如果我們要黑白分明的答案,
04:06
it's absolutely legal to seek asylum.
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尋求庇護是絕對合法的。
04:09
It is a fundamental right in our own laws and in international law.
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在我們自己的法律及國際法中, 它都是一項基本權利。
04:14
And, in fact --
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且,事實上——
04:15
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:22
it stems from the 1951 Refugee Convention,
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它源自 1951 年的難民地位公約,
04:26
which was the world's response to the Holocaust
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該公約是世界對於 猶太人大屠殺做出的回應,
04:29
and a way for countries to say never again would we return people to countries
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它也是這些國家的聲明, 表示我們不會把人送回到
04:33
where they would harmed or killed.
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會讓他們被傷害或殺害的國家。
04:36
There are several ways refugees come to this country.
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難民要到美國,有好幾種方式。
04:38
One is through the US Refugee Admissions Program.
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其一是透過美國難民接納計畫。
04:41
Through that program, the US identifies and selects refugees abroad
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美國透過該計畫來找出、 選擇國外的難民,
04:45
and brings them to the United States.
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並將他們帶到美國。
04:48
Last year, the US resettled fewer refugees
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去年,美國安頓的難民人數
04:52
than at any time since the program began in 1980.
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是 1980 年該計畫 啟動以來最低的人數。
04:55
And this year, it'll probably be less.
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今年,可能還會更低。
04:58
And this is at a time when we have more refugees in the world
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現在這個時候, 全世界難民數超過了
05:01
than at any other time in recorded history,
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有歷史記錄的任何年代, 甚至二次大戰之後的。
05:03
even since World War II.
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05:06
Another way that refugees come to this country is by seeking asylum.
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難民要進入美國的 另一個方式,就是尋求庇護。
05:09
Asylum seekers are people who present themselves at a border
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要尋求庇護的人,會直接到邊境去,
05:13
and say that they'll be persecuted if they're sent back home.
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宣稱如果他們被遣送 回家就會被迫害。
05:16
An asylum seeker is simply somebody who's going through the process
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尋求庇護的人,
就只是在美國要跑完整個流程的人,
05:19
in the United States
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05:20
to prove that they meet the refugee definition.
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證明他們符合難民的定義。
05:25
And it's never been more difficult to seek asylum.
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以前要尋求庇護沒有這麼困難。
05:28
Border guards are telling people when they show up at our borders
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當難民到達邊境時, 邊境巡警就只是告訴他們,
05:31
that our country's full, that they simply can't apply.
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我們的國家滿了,不接受申請。
05:34
This is unprecedented and illegal.
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這是史無前例且不合法的。
05:36
Under a new program,
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現在有一個新計畫,
05:39
with the kind of Orwellian title "Migrant Protection Protocols,"
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名稱很歐威爾式, 叫做「移民保護協定」,
05:44
refugees are told they have to wait in Mexico
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難民被告知他們得要在墨西哥
05:47
while their cases make their way through the courts in the United States,
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等待他們的案子 通過美國法庭的審核,
05:50
and this can take months or years.
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可能要花上數個月甚至數年。
05:52
Meanwhile, they're not safe,
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在這期間,他們並不安全,
05:54
and they have no access to lawyers.
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且他們沒有任何律師協助。
05:57
Our country, our government, has detained over 3,000 children,
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我們的國家、我們的政府 拘留了超過三千名孩童,
06:02
separating them from their parents' arms,
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將他們從父母的懷抱中奪走,
06:04
as a deterrent from seeking asylum.
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當作遏制尋求庇護的籌碼。
06:07
Many were toddlers,
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許多孩童還在學步年齡,
06:09
and at least one was a six-year-old blind girl.
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至少還有一位六歲的視障女孩。
06:12
And this is still going on.
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這種事仍然在發生。
06:14
We spend billions to detain people in what are virtually prisons
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我們花數十億美元去把人 拘留在幾乎像是監獄的地方,
06:18
who have committed no crime.
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而他們都沒有犯罪。
06:22
And family separation has become the hallmark of our immigration system.
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拆散家庭已經成了我們 移民體制的招牌特色。
06:28
That's a far cry from a shining city on a hill or a beacon of hope
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那根本就不是在山丘上的 閃亮都市或是希望之光,
06:33
or all of the other ways we like to talk about ourselves and our values.
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或是我們用來訴說我們自身 及我們價值觀的任何方式。
06:38
Migration has always been with us, and it always will be.
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我們一直與移民共存, 這點將來也不會變。
06:41
The reasons why people flee -- persecution, war, violence,
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讓人們逃離的原因—— 迫害、戰爭、暴力、
06:45
climate change
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氣候變遷,
06:47
and the ability now to see on your phone what life is like in other places --
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以及現在用手機就能夠看到 其他地方的生活是什麼樣子的技術——
06:51
those pressures are only growing.
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那些壓力只會增長。
06:54
But there are ways that we can have policies that reflect our values
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但我們還是有辦法可以制訂出 反映我們價值觀的政策,
07:00
and actually make sense, given the reality in the world.
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且在這個現實世界上 算是合理的政策。
07:03
The first thing we need to do is dial back the toxic rhetoric
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我們得要做的第一件事, 就是要減少有害的言論,
07:10
that has been the basis of our national debate on this issue for too long.
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我們全國長久以來 針對這個議題做辯論時
都是以這些言論為基礎。
07:15
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
07:22
I am not an immigrant or a refugee myself,
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我自己並非移民或難民,
07:25
but I take these attacks personally, because my grandparents were.
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但我都覺得這些攻擊感同身受, 因為我的祖父母是難民。
07:31
My great-grandmother Rose didn't see her kids for seven years,
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我的曾祖母蘿絲試著把 她的孩子從波蘭帶到紐約時,
07:35
as she tried to bring them from Poland to New York.
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有七年都沒有見到他們。
07:38
She left my grandfather when he was seven
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她在我祖父七歲時離開他, 直到他十四歲時才再度相見。
07:40
and didn't see him again until he was 14.
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07:42
On the other side of my family,
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至於我母親那一邊,
07:43
my grandmother Aliza left Poland in the 1930s
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我的外婆艾莉莎 在 1930 年代離開波蘭,
07:47
and left for what was then the British Mandate of Palestine,
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前往當時的英屬巴勒斯坦託管地,
07:50
and she never saw her family and friends again.
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她從此沒有再見過她的家人和朋友。
07:53
Global cooperation as a response to global migration and displacement
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用全球合作來回應全球移民和流亡
07:58
would go a long way towards making migration something that isn't a crisis
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需要很長的時間,才能讓移民變成
不是一種危機, 而單純就只是移民,
08:03
but something that just is,
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08:04
and that we deal with as a global community.
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我們要以全球共同體來處理它。
08:08
Humanitarian aid is also critical.
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人道援助也很重要。
08:10
The amount of support we provide to countries in Central America
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我們提供給那些造成難民和移民的
08:13
that are sending refugees and migrants
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中美洲國家的援助金額,
08:16
is a tiny fraction of the amount we spend on enforcement and detention.
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比起我們花在強制執行 和拘留上的金額,根本微不足道。
08:22
And we can absolutely have an asylum system that works.
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我們絕對可以找到 一種行得通的庇護體制。
08:27
For a tiny fraction of the cost of a wall,
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只要用建造圍牆的費用的一小部分,
08:30
we could hire more judges,
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我們就可以僱用更多法官, 確保尋求庇護者能有律師,
08:31
make sure asylum seekers have lawyers
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08:33
and commit to a humane asylum system.
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以及致力於創造 一個人道的庇護系統。
08:36
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
08:45
And we could resettle more refugees.
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我們能夠安置更多難民。
08:48
To give you a sense of the decline in the refugee program:
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關於難民計畫安置人數的下降, 給大家一點概念:
08:51
three years ago, the US resettled 15,000 Syrian refugees
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三年前,美國安置了 一萬五千名敘利亞的難民,
08:55
in response to the largest refugee crisis on earth.
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這是美國對地球上最大的 難民危機做出的回應。
08:58
A year later, that number was 3,000.
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一年後,數字變為三千。
09:01
And last year, that number was 62 people.
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去年,數字是六十二人。
09:06
62 people.
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六十二人。
09:08
Despite the harsh rhetoric and efforts to block immigration,
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儘管有嚴苛的言論 和行動來阻擋移民,
09:12
keep refugees out of the country,
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讓難民無法進入美國,
09:14
support for refugees and immigrants in this country, according to polls,
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根據民調,在美國,
對於難民和移民的支持 比以往都還要高。
09:18
has never been higher.
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09:19
Organizations like HIAS, where I work,
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像我服務的 HIAS 這類組織,
09:21
and other humanitarian and faith-based organizations,
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以及其他人道和宗教組織,
09:23
make it easy for you to take a stand
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讓你很容易採取堅定的立場,
09:26
when there's a law that's worth opposing
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不論是當有值得反對的法律、
09:28
or a law that's worth supporting or a policy that needs oversight.
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有值得支援的法律, 或需要監督的政策。
09:32
If you have a phone,
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如果你有手機,你就能做點什麼,
09:33
you can do something,
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09:35
and if you want to do more, you can.
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如果你想做更多也行。
09:36
I will tell you that if you see one of these detention centers
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我可以告訴各位,如果你們 在邊境看過其中一個拘留中心,
09:40
along the border
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09:41
with children in them -- they're jails --
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裡面關著孩子—— 這些地方是監獄——
09:43
you will never be the same.
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你的感覺會截然不同。
09:47
What I loved so much about my call with Ellie
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我很喜歡我和艾莉的那通電話,
09:50
was that she knew in her core that the stories of her grandparents
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是因為她打從內心深處就知道, 她祖父母的故事
09:55
were no different than today's stories,
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和現今的故事沒有什麼不同,
09:57
and she wanted to do something about it.
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且她想要採取行動。
10:00
If I leave you with one thing,
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如果今天我要留給各位什麼,
10:03
beyond the backstory for Mr. Potato Head,
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除了蛋頭先生的幕後花絮,
10:05
which is, of course, a good story to leave with,
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它的確是個可以留給大家的好故事,
10:09
it's that a country shows strength
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但我要留給各位的是, 這個國家透過
10:14
through compassion and pragmatism,
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同情心和實用主義來展現力量,
10:16
not through force and through fear.
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而不是透過武力和恐懼。
10:19
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:29
These stories of the Hassenfelds and my relatives and your relatives
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海森費德的故事、 我的親戚和你的親戚的故事,
10:33
are still happening today; they're all the same.
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至今仍然在發生; 都是一樣的故事。
10:37
A country is strong when it says to the refugee,
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一個強壯的國家,對難民
10:40
not, "Go away," but,
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不會說「走開」,而會說
10:43
"It's OK, we've got you, you're safe."
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「沒事了,有我們罩你, 你安全了。」
10:47
Thank you.
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謝謝。
10:48
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
10:51
Thanks.
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謝謝。
10:52
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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