The birth of virtual reality as an art form | Chris Milk

120,870 views ・ 2016-07-11

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: 易帆 余 審譯者: Jin Wu
00:14
When I was a kid,
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我小時候
00:15
I experienced something so powerful,
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經歷了一件很棒的事
00:17
I spent the rest of my life searching for it,
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我在接下來的人生中 一直在尋找它
00:20
and in all the wrong places.
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卻總在錯誤的地方尋找
00:23
What I experienced wasn't virtual reality.
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我經歷的不是虛擬實境
00:26
It was music.
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而是音樂
00:28
And this is where the story begins.
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故事是這樣開始的
00:31
That's me,
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這是我
00:33
listening to the Beatles' "White Album."
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正在聽披頭四的《白色專輯》
00:35
And the look on my face is the feeling
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而我臉上的表情
00:38
that I've been searching for ever since.
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就是我一直以來在尋找的感動
00:41
Music goes straight to the emotional vein,
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音樂觸動了我們情感的靜脈
00:44
into your bloodstream
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流進到你的血液裡
00:46
and right into your heart.
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直達你的內心
00:48
It deepens every experience.
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每次的感動都會深烙在你心中
00:51
Fellas?
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哥兒們?
00:53
(Music)
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(音樂)
這兩位是我們最厲害的 麥肯錫史塔伯特
00:59
This is the amazing McKenzie Stubbert
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01:01
and Joshua Roman.
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和約書亞羅曼
01:03
Music --
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(音樂)
01:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
01:05
Yeah.
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是的
01:08
Music makes everything have more emotional resonance.
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音樂讓每樣東西有了 更多情感上的共鳴
01:13
Let's see how it does for this talk.
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讓我們來看看音樂 在這次演講中如何呈現
01:15
The right piece of music at the right time fuses with us
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當我們在對的時間裡 聽到一段對的音樂
音樂彷彿會融入到我們的細胞中
01:19
on a cellular level.
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01:21
When I hear that one song
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當我聽著那首歌
01:24
from that one summer
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在那個夏天
01:26
with that one girl,
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與那個女孩
01:28
I'm instantly transported back there again.
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我彷彿又回到了過去
01:31
Hey, Stacey.
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嗨 史黛西
01:34
Here's a part of the story, though, where I got a little greedy.
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接下來是故事的一部分 雖然 我有點貪心
01:38
I thought if I added more layers on top of the music,
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我在想 如果我可以讓 音樂有更多的層次
01:42
I could make the feelings even more powerful.
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我可以讓那份感動更加的強烈
01:45
So I got into directing music videos.
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所以我開始投入音樂影片的製作
01:49
This is what they looked like.
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這是當時它們長的樣子
01:54
That's my brother, Jeff.
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那是我哥 傑夫
01:56
Sorry about this, Jeff.
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不好意思 傑夫
01:58
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:59
Here's me, just so we're even.
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這是我 所以我們扯平了
02:02
Incredible moves.
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跳的真好
我應該去當一位舞蹈家
02:04
Should've been a dancer.
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02:05
(Laughter)
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02:06
These experiments grew,
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(笑聲)
這些實驗 與時漸進
02:08
and in time, started to look more like this.
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最後 成為這樣
02:13
In both, I'm searching for the same thing, though,
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雖然 我仍在尋找那份感動
02:16
to capture that lightning in a bottle.
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渴望能把那份感動的曙光 裝到瓶子裡
02:20
Except, I'm not.
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但 我還是辦不到
02:21
Adding moving pictures over the music added narrative dimension, yes,
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在音樂上增加一些動畫 雖然可以增加它的故事性
02:26
but never quite equated the power
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卻永遠不能等同
02:28
that just raw music had for me on its own.
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純音樂本身所帶來的力量
02:32
This is not a great thing to realize when you've devoted your life
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意識到這種感受 並不是件很棒的事情
尤其當你已經全心地 把你的生活和職業生涯投入其中
02:35
and professional career to becoming a music video director.
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成為一名 MV 總監時
02:38
I kept asking myself, did I take the wrong path?
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我不斷地問自己 我是不是搞錯方向了?
02:42
So I started thinking: if I could involve you, the audience, more,
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所以我開始想 如果我可以讓 身為觀眾的你們更加地融入到音樂中
02:46
I might be able to make you feel something more as well.
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也許就可以讓你們感受到更多
02:49
So Aaron Koblin and I began auditioning new technologies
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所以 艾朗柯柏霖和我開始 嘗試新的技術
02:53
that could put more of you inside of the work,
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讓聽眾可以更加地 投入到作品中
02:56
like your childhood home in "The Wilderness Downtown,"
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就像各位童年時期 在《荒野城鎮》故事裡的家
03:00
your hand-drawn portraits, in "The Johnny Cash Project,"
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就像你在《 強尼現金專案》 中的手繪畫像
03:05
and your interactive dreams
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就像你在《 三個黑色夢想》 中
03:07
in "3 Dreams of Black."
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所互動出來的夢想
03:11
We were pushing beyond the screen,
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我們嘗試著突破螢幕
03:13
trying to connect more deeply
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嘗試地更加深人們的
03:15
to people's hearts and imaginations.
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內心與想像的連結
03:18
But it wasn't quite enough.
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但還是不夠
03:21
It still didn't have the raw experiential power of pure music for me.
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它還是沒有那種純音樂 帶給我的原始體驗的震撼
03:27
So I started chasing a new technology
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所以我開始尋找一種新的技術
03:29
that I only had read about in science fiction.
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一種我在科幻小說中 曾經讀到過的科技
03:32
And after years of searching, I found a prototype.
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在多年的探尋之後 我找到了一個雛形
03:35
It was a project from Nonny de la Peña in Mark Bolas's lab in USC.
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它是南加州大學馬克波蘿斯實驗室 羅尼德拉佩納的一個專案
03:41
And when I tried it, I knew I'd found it.
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當我嘗試到它的時候 我知道我找到了
03:45
I could taste the lightning.
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我像是被電到一樣
03:47
It was called virtual reality.
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它叫做虛擬實境
03:50
This was it five years ago when I ran into it.
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這是我五年前遇見它時的樣子
03:53
This is what it looks like now.
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它現在是這個樣子
03:56
I quickly started building things in this new medium,
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我迅速地開始在這個 新媒介裡建構事物
04:00
and through that process we realized something:
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在過程中 我們意識到了一些東西
04:03
that VR is going to play an incredibly important role
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虛擬實境將會在媒介的歷史中
04:07
in the history of mediums.
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扮演著不可思議的角色
04:09
In fact, it's going to be the last one.
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事實上 它將會是最後一種媒介
04:13
I mean this because it's the first medium that actually makes the jump
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我會這樣說的原因是因為 這是第一個
可以讓我們從作者第一手 身歷其境的表述
04:17
from our internalization of an author's expression
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04:20
of an experience,
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04:22
to our experiencing it firsthand.
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直接跳到我們主觀性經歷的媒介
04:25
You look confused. I'll explain. Don't worry.
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你看起來很迷惑 我待會解釋 別擔心
04:27
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:29
If we go back to the origins of mediums,
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如果我們回想傳播媒介的起源
04:33
by all best guesses,
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大家可能猜的到
04:34
it starts around a fire, with a good story.
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那就像我們圍繞在 營火邊聽故事一樣
04:37
Our clan leader is telling us
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我們部落的首領正在 向我們描述那一天
04:39
about how he hunted the woolly mammoth on the tundra that day.
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他是如何在寒漠上 捕獵到毛茸茸的猛瑪象的故事
04:44
We hear his words
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我們聽著他的英勇事蹟
04:46
and translate them into our own internal truths.
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然後把他的話轉譯成 我們所理解的事實
04:50
The same thing happens
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同樣的體驗也會發生在
04:52
when we look at the cave painting version of the story,
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我們看著刻畫在洞穴裡的故事一樣
04:56
the book about the mammoth hunt,
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有關捕獵猛瑪象的書籍
04:58
the play,
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戲劇
05:00
the radio broadcast,
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廣播
05:01
the television show
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電視劇
05:03
or the movie.
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或電影
05:05
All of these mediums require what we call "suspension of disbelief,"
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這些媒介都需要我們 暫時放下懷疑
05:09
because there's a translation gap between the reality of the story
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因為 故事裡的真實性
05:13
and our consciousness interpreting the story
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與我們意識裡所理解到的真實性
05:16
into our reality.
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有著相當的落差
05:19
I'm using the word "consciousness" as a feeling of reality that we get
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我是用「意識 」這個詞
來表示我們從周圍世界 對實境體驗到的感受
05:23
from our senses experiencing the world around us.
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05:28
Virtual reality bridges that gap.
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虛擬實境填補了那個落差
05:31
Now, you are on the tundra hunting with the clan leader.
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現在 你就在凍原上與部落首領打獵
05:36
Or you are the clan leader.
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或者 你就是部落首領
05:38
Or maybe you're even the woolly mammoth.
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甚至 你可能就是那隻 毛絨絨的猛瑪象
05:41
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:46
So here's what special about VR.
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所以這就是虛擬實境特別的地方
05:48
In all other mediums,
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在其它媒介中
05:50
your consciousness interprets the medium.
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你的意識會轉譯這些媒介
05:53
In VR, your consciousness is the medium.
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在虛擬實境 你的意識就是媒介
05:58
So the potential for VR is enormous.
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所以虛擬實境的潛力是很大的
06:00
But where are we now?
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但 我們到甚麼程度了?
06:02
What is the current state of the art?
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這項藝術的當前狀況是怎樣呢?
06:06
Well,
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好的
06:08
we are here.
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我們到這兒了
06:10
We are the equivalent of year one of cinema.
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我們相當於在電影剛誕生的第一年
06:13
This is the Lumière Brothers film
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這是盧米埃爾兄弟的電影
06:15
that allegedly sent a theater full of people running for their lives
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據說這部電影讓一整間 電影院的人都逃命去了
06:18
as they thought a train was coming toward them.
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因為他們以為火車 朝著他們開了過來
06:22
Similar to this early stage of this medium,
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和電影早期的發展階段相似
06:25
in VR, we also have to move past the spectacle
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在虛擬實境中 我們也必須越過場景
06:29
and into the storytelling.
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進入到故事的情境中
06:30
It took this medium decades
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它花費了電影幾十年的時間
06:32
to figure out its preferred language of storytelling,
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才搞懂原來說故事最好的語言媒介
06:35
in the form of a feature film.
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就是虛擬實境
06:37
In VR today, we're more learning grammar
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目前在虛擬實境領域 我們更多的是在學習文法
06:40
than writing language.
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而不是寫故事
06:42
We've made 15 films in the last year at our VR company, Vrse,
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我們的虛擬實境公司 Vrse 在去年拍了 15 部電影
06:46
and we've learned a few things.
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我們從中學到了一些東西
06:48
We found that we have a unique, direct path into your senses,
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我們發現我們有一種獨特的方式 可以觸動到你的感官
06:52
your emotions, even your body.
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你的情緒 甚至身體
06:55
So let me show you some things.
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所以讓我向各位展示一些東西
06:57
For the purpose of this demo,
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這次展示的目的
06:59
we're going to take every direction that you could possibly look,
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我們準備把各位 可能看到的每個方向
07:02
and stretch it into this giant rectangle.
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都延伸進這個大螢幕框框內
07:05
OK, here we go.
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好的 我們開始吧!
07:09
So, first: camera movement is tricky in VR.
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首先 在虛擬實境裡 鏡頭的移動相當困難
07:13
Done wrong, it can actually make you sick.
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弄得不好 會讓你不舒服
07:16
We found if you move the camera at a constant speed in a straight line,
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我們發現如果你以一種穩定的速度 在一條直線上移動鏡頭
07:21
you can actually get away with it, though.
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你就不會覺得不舒服
07:23
The first day in film school,
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在電影學院的第一天
07:25
they told me you have to learn every single rule
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他們告訴我 在你打破規則前
07:28
before you can break one.
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你要先學會每一條規則
07:29
We have not learned every single rule.
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我們還沒有學會每一條規則
07:32
We've barely learned any at all,
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我們幾乎還沒學會什麽
07:33
but we're already trying to break them
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但是我們已經開始嘗試打破規則
07:35
to see what kind of creative things we can accomplish.
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去看看我們可以實現什麽樣 創造性的新事物
07:37
In this shot here, where we're moving up off the ground, I added acceleration.
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在這一次拍攝裡我們從 地面上升起的時候 我加快了速度
我這麽做是因為我想要給各位一種
07:41
I did that because I wanted to give you a physical sensation
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07:44
of moving up off the ground.
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從地面升起的實體感受
07:45
In VR, I can give that to you.
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在虛擬實境中 我可以給各位這種感受
07:49
(Music)
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(音樂)
07:55
Not surprisingly, music matters a lot in this medium as well.
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不意外地 音樂在這當中 扮演了很重要的角色
07:59
It guides us how to feel.
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它引導我們如何去感受
08:02
In this project we made with the New York Times, Zach Richter
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在這個和紐約時報合作的專案中
08:05
and our friend, JR,
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我和我們的朋友 JR
08:07
we take you up in a helicopter,
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帶各位坐上直升機
08:09
and even though you're flying 2,000 feet above Manhattan,
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即使你翱翔在曼哈頓 上空 2000 英呎的地方
08:13
you don't feel afraid.
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你也不會感到害怕
08:14
You feel triumphant for JR's character.
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你感受到的是 JR 心中的興奮
08:19
The music guides you there.
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音樂會引導你到那個地方
08:20
(Music)
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(音樂)
08:29
Contrary to popular belief,
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與大家想的不太一樣
08:30
there is composition in virtual reality,
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虛擬實境也有構圖
08:33
but it's completely different than in film,
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但是這個和你在一般影片上
08:35
where you have a rectangular frame.
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看到的方型框感覺完全不一樣
08:37
Composition is now where your consciousness exists
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虛擬實境的構圖 是你現在的意識
08:40
and how the world moves around you.
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和你的世界如何圍著你打轉
08:42
In this film, "Waves of Grace," which was a collaboration between Vrse,
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這部影片《恩澤之音》 是由 Vrse 聯合國
08:46
the United Nations, Gabo Arora, and Imraan Ismail,
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製片家 Gabo Arora 和虛擬實境作家 Imraan Ismail 合作出品
08:49
we also see the changing role of the close-up in virtual reality.
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我們了解到虛擬實境中 近距離拍攝的角色置換技巧
08:53
A close-up in VR means you're actually close up to someone.
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在虛擬實境中的近距離鏡頭 會讓你有很靠近某人的感覺
08:57
It brings that character inside of your personal space,
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它會把故事裡的主角 帶到你身邊的空間
09:00
a space that we'd usually reserve for the people that we love.
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一個你總是會預留給愛人的空間
09:04
And you feel an emotional closeness to the character
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你會近距離地感受到主角的情緒
09:07
because of what you feel to be a physical closeness.
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因為你會感覺主角就在你身邊
09:16
Directing VR is not like directing for the rectangle.
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虛擬實境的運鏡方式和 一般鏡頭的移動方式不同
09:21
It's more of a choreography of the viewer's attention.
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它比較像是觀眾注意力的舞蹈編排
09:24
One tool we can use to guide your attention
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有一個工具可以導引你的注意力
09:27
is called "spatialized sound."
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叫做空間化音效
09:28
I can put a sound anywhere in front of you, to left or right,
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我可以把聲音放在任何地方 放在你前面 左 右邊
09:31
even behind you,
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甚至是後面
09:33
and when you turn your head, the sound will rotate accordingly.
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而且當你轉頭的時候 聲音也會跟著轉
09:36
So I can use that to direct your attention to where I want you to see.
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所以我可以用音樂導引你的注意力 到我想讓你看的地方
09:40
Next time you hear someone singing over your shoulder,
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下在你可能會感受到 有人在你肩膀後面唱歌
09:42
it might be Bono.
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他可能就是波諾
09:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:50
VR makes us feel like we are part of something.
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虛擬實境讓我們感覺 自己就像影片中的一部分
09:54
For most of human history, we lived in small family units.
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在大部分的人類歷史中 我們都生活在小家庭單位裡
09:57
We started in caves,
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我們從山洞開始
09:59
then moved to clans and tribes, then villages and towns,
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然後搬到家族和部落 然後村莊和城鎮
10:02
and now we're all global citizens.
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而現在 我們都是世界公民
10:06
But I believe that we are still hardwired to care the most
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但我相信 我們最關心的仍然是
10:10
about the things that are local to us.
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那些我們身旁的事情
10:13
And VR makes anywhere and anyone feel local.
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虛擬實境讓每個地方 和每個人變的靠近
10:18
That's why it works as an empathy machine.
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這也是為什麼它像是一部 有感情的機器
10:20
Our film "Clouds Over Sidra" takes you to a Syrian refugee camp,
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我們的電影 敘利亞的天空 會帶你到敘利亞的一個難民營
10:24
and instead of watching a story about people over there,
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不是帶各位去看一個人的故事
10:28
it's now a story about us here.
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而是帶你去感受我們內心的世界
10:34
But where do we go from here?
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但我們到甚麼程度了
10:36
The tricky thing is that with all previous mediums,
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棘手的事是 所有之前的媒介
10:38
the format is fixed at its birth.
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它們呈現的形式 在它們製造出來時就固定了
10:42
Film has been a sequence of rectangles,
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從邁布里奇和他的馬到現在 影片一直都是一系列的矩形
10:44
from Muybridge and his horses to now.
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10:47
The format has never changed.
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這種呈現的方式從來沒有改變
10:49
But VR as a format, as a medium,
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但虛擬實境作為一種格式 一種媒介
10:54
isn't complete yet.
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雖然還不夠完整
10:56
It's not using physical celluloid or paper or TV signals.
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但它不是用電影膠片 或是紙張 或者電視信號
10:59
It actually employs what we use to make sense of the world.
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它實際上是利用 我們的感官去感受這個世界
11:04
We're using your senses as the paints on the canvas,
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我們是用你的感官 作為畫布上的油彩
11:08
but only two right now.
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但是目前只有兩個(視覺及聽覺)
11:11
Eventually, we can see if we will have all of our human senses employed,
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最終,我們可以看看是否能 利用上我們人類身上所有的感官當作媒介
11:15
and we will have agency to live the story in any path we choose.
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去體驗任何一個我們想經歷的故事
11:20
And we call it virtual reality right now,
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我現在可以稱它做虛擬實境
11:23
but what happens when we move past simulated realities?
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但當我們超越虛擬現實的時候
11:27
What do we call it then?
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我們會叫它甚麼?
11:29
What if instead of verbally telling you about a dream,
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如果不是靠口說告訴你一個夢想
11:32
I could let you live inside that dream?
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而是讓你住進到這個夢裡呢?
11:35
What if instead of just experiencing visiting some reality on Earth,
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如果不是讓你只是體驗 參觀一下地球的一些實境
11:39
you could surf gravitational waves on the edge of a black hole,
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而是帶你到黑洞邊緣的重力波上衝浪
11:43
or create galaxies from scratch,
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或者描繪宇宙的緣起
11:46
or communicate with each other not using words
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或者不是用文字彼此溝通
11:49
but using our raw thoughts?
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而是用我們最初衷的想法溝通呢?
11:53
That's not a virtual reality anymore.
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這將不僅僅是虛擬實境而已
11:56
And honestly I don't know what that's called.
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坦白說,我也不知道那叫甚麼
11:58
But I hope you see where we're going.
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但我希望各位可以看看 我們到哪個程度了
12:02
But here I am, intellectualizing a medium I'm saying is experiential.
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但我今天來到這邊 是想讓各位 體驗一下我剛剛提的智能媒介
12:06
So let's experience it.
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所以 我們開始體驗吧!
12:08
In your hands, you hopefully hold a piece of cardboard.
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在各位手上 應該都有一片紙板
請各位把它打開
12:13
Let's open the flap.
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12:14
Tap on the power button to unlock the phone.
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按下開關按鈕 解鎖手機
12:18
For the people watching at home,
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對於家裡觀看的民眾
12:19
we're going to put up a card right now
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我們現在在螢幕上會顯示
12:21
to show you how to download this experience on your phone yourself,
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告訴你如何從手機上下載這次的體驗
12:24
and even get a Google cardboard of your own to try it with.
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甚至可以買到 Google 的紙板眼鏡
12:29
We played in cardboard boxes as kids,
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我們小時候,在紙箱裡玩
12:31
and as adults, I'm hoping we can all find a little bit of that lightning
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現在長大了 我希望我們 都能找回兒時的純真
12:36
by sticking our head in one again.
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把我們的頭 再次鑽到紙箱內
12:41
You're about to participate
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各位將參與到
12:43
in the largest collective VR viewing in history.
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史上最大型的集體觀賞虛擬實境秀
12:48
And in that classic old-timey style of yesteryear,
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並且在經典的懷舊風格中
12:51
we're all going to watch something
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我們將同一時刻 一起觀賞
12:54
at the exact same time, together.
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12:57
Let's hope it works.
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希望可以成功
12:58
What's the countdown look like? I can't see.
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倒數計時器長怎麼樣?我看不到
13:04
Audience: ...15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9,
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觀眾:...15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9,
13:11
8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
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8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
13:22
(Birds singing)
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(鳥鳴)
13:34
(Train engine)
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(火車引擎聲)
13:45
Audience: (Shreiks)
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觀眾:(尖叫)
14:03
(Video) JR: Let me tell you
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(影片) JR:讓我告訴各位
14:04
how I shot the cover of the New York Times Magazine,
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我是怎麽拍攝紐約時報的封面
14:07
"Walking New York."
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《行走的紐約》
14:18
I just got strapped on outside the helicopter,
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我當時被綁在直升機的外側
14:22
and I had to be perfectly vertical so I could grab it.
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因為我需要最佳的垂直拍攝角度
14:26
And when I was perfectly above --
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當我準備要拍攝的時候
14:27
you know, with the wind, we had to redo it a few times --
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你知道 有時候會有風 我們就需要重拍
14:30
then I kept shooting.
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一直拍
14:39
(Video) Woman's voice: Dear Lord,
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(影片)女人的聲音:親愛的上帝
14:41
protect us from evil,
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保守我們遠離災難
14:44
for you are the Lord,
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因為你是我們的上帝
14:47
the light.
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我們的光
14:53
You who gave us life took it away.
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你賦予我們生命卻又把它帶走
14:58
Let your will be done.
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願你的旨意成就
15:00
Please bring peace to the many who have lost loved ones.
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請將和平帶給那些失去愛人的人
15:05
Help us to live again.
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協助我們重生
15:10
(Music)
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(音樂)
15:29
(Video) (Children's voices)
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(影片)(小孩聲音)
15:31
Child's voice: There are more kids in Zaatari than adults right now.
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小孩聲音:現在在扎塔里 大人比小孩子多
15:41
Sometimes I think
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有時候我在想
15:43
we are the ones in charge.
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我們就是扛起責任的那個人
15:51
Chris Milk: How was it?
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克里斯.邁克:感受如何?
15:52
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
15:56
That was a cheap way of getting you to do a standing ovation.
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這是一個便宜又可以讓各位 站起來喝彩的方法
15:59
I just made you all stand. I knew you'd applaud at the end.
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剛剛我讓各位都站起來了 我知道你們一定會在結束的時候鼓掌
16:02
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
16:03
I believe that everyone on Earth needs to experience
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我相信地球上每一個人 都需要去體驗
16:07
what you just experienced.
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各位剛剛所體驗到的
16:10
That way we can collectively start to shape this,
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這樣我們就可以一起 開始雕塑虛擬實境
16:13
not as a tech platform
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讓它不再只是個技術平台
16:15
but as a humanity platform.
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而是一個人性的平台
16:17
And to that end, in November of last year,
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為此起見 去年 11 月份
16:20
the New York Times and Vrse made a VR project called "The Displaced."
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紐約時報和 Vrse 公司合作了 一項專案 叫做《The Displaced》
16:24
It launched with one million Google Cardboards
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他們發送了一百萬個 Google 硬紙板
16:26
sent out to every Sunday subscriber with their newspaper.
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給每一個訂閱周日版報紙的讀者
16:29
But a funny thing happened that Sunday morning.
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但那一個禮拜天的早上 發生了一件有趣的事
16:32
A lot of people got them
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有很多人拿到它
16:33
that were not the intended recipients on the mailing label.
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他們很多人並不是 郵件地址上的收件人
16:38
And we started seeing this all over Instagram.
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然後我們開始在 Instagram 大量的看到這些
16:45
Look familiar?
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看起來很眼熟吧?
16:48
Music led me on a path
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音樂帶領我走上了這條路
16:50
of searching for what seemed like the unattainable
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我花了很長的時間
在尋找那當初找不到的感動
16:53
for a very long time.
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16:55
Now, millions of kids just had the same formative experience
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現在,有幾百萬個小朋友
16:59
in their childhood
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在他們童年的時候
17:01
that I had in mine.
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也能同樣體驗到我內心的感動
17:04
Only I think this one
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這是唯一一個我認為
17:06
surpasses it.
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超越過去媒介的科技
17:08
Let's see
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讓我們拭目以待
17:09
where this
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這個將會
17:11
leads them.
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帶領他們去向何處
17:13
Thank you.
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謝謝各位
17:14
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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