Can we stop climate change by removing CO2 from the air? | Tim Kruger

263,244 views ・ 2017-11-21

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Regina Chu
00:12
To avoid dangerous climate change,
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若要避免危險的氣候變遷,
00:15
we're going to need to cut emissions rapidly.
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我們需要快速地將排放縮減。
00:18
That should be a pretty uncontentious statement,
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這段聲明應該是不會引起爭論的,
00:21
certainly with this audience.
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對你們這些觀眾肯定是如此。
00:23
But here's something that's slightly more contentious:
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但,以下就稍微比較爭議一點了:
00:26
it's not going to be enough.
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這麼做還不夠。
00:29
We will munch our way through our remaining carbon budget
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我們會把剩餘的碳預算給用盡,
00:33
for one and a half degrees
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用在 1.5 度上,
00:34
in a few short years,
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只要短短幾年就會用盡,
00:37
and the two degree budget
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至於 2 度的預算,
00:38
in about two decades.
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大約會在二十年後用盡。
00:41
We need to not only cut emissions extremely rapidly,
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我們不僅需要極快速地將排放縮減,
00:45
we also need to take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.
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我們也需要把二氧化碳 從大氣中除去。
00:50
Thank you.
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謝謝你們。
00:52
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:53
I work assessing a whole range of these proposed techniques
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我的工作是在評估 各種這類的技術提案,
00:58
to see if they can work.
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判斷它們能否奏效。
01:00
We could use plants to take CO2 out,
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我們能用植物來除去二氧化碳,
01:04
and then store it in trees,
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把二氧化碳儲存在樹木中、
01:06
in the soil, deep underground or in the oceans.
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土壤中、地底深處,或海底深處。
01:09
We could build large machines, so-called artificial trees,
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我們能建立大型機器, 所謂的人工樹木,
01:14
that will scrub CO2 from the air.
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它們能把二氧化碳從空氣中清除。
01:16
For these ideas to be feasible,
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若要讓這些點子變成可行的,
01:18
we need to understand whether they can be applied
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我們得要了解它們是否能用
01:21
at a vast scale in a way that is safe, economic and socially acceptable.
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安全、經濟,且被社會 接受的方式,做大範圍應用。
01:27
All of these ideas come with tradeoffs.
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所有這些點子都有得失要權衡。
01:30
None of them are perfect,
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沒有一個是完美的,
01:32
but many have potential.
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但許多都有潛力。
01:35
It's unlikely that any one of them will solve it on its own.
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不太可能只用一個點子就解決問題。
01:38
There is no silver bullet,
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沒有銀子彈(無敵的殺手鐧),
01:40
but potentially together, they may form the silver buckshot
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但若把它們一併使用, 可能可以形成銀獵鹿霰彈,
01:43
that we need to stop climate change in its tracks.
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讓我們可以就地阻止氣候變遷。
01:48
I'm working independently on one particular idea
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我自己在獨立進行一個特別的點子,
01:52
which uses natural gas to generate electricity
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這個點子是用天然氣來發電,
01:55
in a way that takes carbon dioxide out of the air.
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這個方式可以把 二氧化碳從空氣中除去。
01:59
Huh? How does that work?
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啊?這是什麼原理?
02:01
So the Origen Power Process feeds natural gas into a fuel cell.
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Origen Power 處理程序是 將天然氣送入燃料電池中。
02:06
About half the chemical energy is converted into electricity,
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大約一半的化學能會被轉換成電力,
02:10
and the remainder into heat,
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剩下的部分轉換成熱能,
02:12
which is used to break down limestone
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熱能是要用來分解石灰石,
02:15
into lime and carbon dioxide.
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將之變成石灰和二氧化碳。
02:17
Now at this point, you're probably thinking that I'm nuts.
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在這個時點,你們可能認為我瘋了。
02:21
It's actually generating carbon dioxide.
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它是在產生二氧化碳啊。
02:24
But the key point is, all of the carbon dioxide generated,
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重點是,所有產生出來的二氧化碳,
02:28
both from the fuel cell and from the lime kiln, is pure,
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包括來自燃料電池和石灰窯的 二氧化碳,都是純的,
02:31
and that's really important,
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這點非常重要,
02:33
because it means you can either use that carbon dioxide
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因為那意味著, 你可以用那些二氧化碳,
02:35
or you can store it away deep underground at low cost.
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或是你可以用低成本 將它們儲存在地底深處。
02:40
And then the lime that you produce can be used in industrial processes,
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而你產生的石灰就能被 用在工業生產過程中,
02:45
and in being used, it scrubs CO2 out of the air.
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在使用的時候,它們就會把 空氣中的二氧化碳清除。
02:50
Overall, the process is carbon negative.
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整體上,這個處理程序 產生的二氧化碳量是負值。
02:52
It removes carbon dioxide from the air.
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意即它會把二氧化碳從空氣中除去。
02:56
If you normally generate electricity from natural gas,
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一般來說如果你用天然氣來發電,
03:01
you emit about 400 grams of CO2 into the air
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每產生一千瓦小時的電力, 就會釋放出大約 400 公克的
03:04
for every kilowatt-hour.
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二氧化碳到空氣中。
03:07
With this process, that figure is minus 600.
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有了這個處理程序, 那個數字就變成了 -600 公克。
03:13
At the moment, power generation is responsible
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目前,所有的二氧化碳排放量
03:15
for about a quarter of all carbon dioxide emissions.
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當中大約四分之一 是由發電所造成的。
03:20
Hypothetically, if you replaced all power generation with this process,
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根據假設,如果把所有的 發電方式都換成這個處理程序,
03:25
then you would not only eliminate all of the emissions from power generation
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那麼不但所有發電產生的 二氧化碳都會被除去,
03:29
but you would start removing emissions from other sectors as well,
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還會開始除去其他部門 所排放的二氧化碳,
03:33
potentially cutting 60 percent of overall carbon emissions.
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可能可以縮減整體碳排放的 60%。
03:38
You could even use the lime
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你甚至可以使用石灰,
03:41
to add it directly to seawater to counteract ocean acidification,
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把它直接加到海水中, 來對抗海水酸化,
03:46
one of the other issues that is caused by CO2 in the atmosphere.
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這是大氣中的二氧化碳 會造成的另一個問題。
03:51
In fact, you get more bang for your buck.
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事實上,這是物超所值的。
03:54
You absorb about twice as much carbon dioxide when you add it to seawater
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比起把它用在工業上, 當你把它加到海水中時,
03:58
as when you use it industrially.
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可以吸收兩倍的二氧化碳。
04:01
But this is where it gets really complicated.
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但這就是複雜的地方了。
04:03
While counteracting ocean acidification is a good thing,
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雖然對抗海水酸化是好事,
04:08
we don't fully understand what the environmental consequences are,
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我們尚未完全了解這麼做 對於環境會造成什麼後果,
04:12
and so we need to assess whether this treatment
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所以我們得要評估這項處理方式是否
04:15
is actually better than the disease that it is seeking to cure.
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真的有比它所想要治療的疾病更好。
04:18
We need to put in place step-by-step governance
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我們需要準備好 按步就班的實驗管理,
04:22
for experiments to assess this safely.
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來安全地評估它。
04:25
And the scale:
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還有規模:
04:28
to avoid dangerous climate change,
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若要避免危險的氣候變遷,
04:29
we are going to need to remove trillions --
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我們會需要從大氣中除去數兆──
04:32
and yes, that's trillions with a T --
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是的,我說的是「兆」──
04:34
trillions of tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the decades ahead.
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數兆噸的二氧化碳, 且在接下來的數十年中要完成。
04:40
It will cost a few percent of GDP -- think defense-sized expenditure,
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會需要花上幾個百分點的 GDP ──想想國防等級的花費、
04:45
lots of industrial activity
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許多的工業活動,
04:47
and inevitably harmful side effects.
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以及無可避免的有害副作用。
04:51
But if the scale seems enormous,
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但,如果覺得這個規模似乎很巨大,
04:53
it is only because of the scale of the problem
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那也是因為我們打算要解決的 問題本身的規模。
04:55
that we are seeking to solve.
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04:57
It's enormous as well.
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它的規模也是很巨大的。
05:00
We can no longer avoid these thorny issues.
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我們無法再繼續避開這些棘手議題。
05:03
We face risks whichever way we turn:
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不論我們轉向哪一邊, 都會面對風險:
05:06
a world changed by climate change
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一個被氣候變遷改變的世界,
05:08
or a world changed by climate change and our efforts to counter climate change.
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或是一個被氣候變遷改變的世界加上 我們為了反擊氣候變遷所做的努力。
05:14
Would that it were not so,
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希望情況不是那樣,
05:16
but we can no longer afford to close our eyes, block our ears,
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但我們沒有本錢再 閉上眼睛、關上耳朵,
05:19
and say la-la-la.
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然後說啦啦啦(表示不想聽)。
05:21
We need to grow up and face the consequences of our actions.
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我們得要長大,並面對 我們的行為造成的後果。
05:25
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:30
Does talk of curing climate change undermine the will to cut emissions?
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談論消除氣候變遷是否 低估了想要縮減排放的意願?
05:37
This is a real concern,
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這是真正該關心的事,
05:38
so we need to emphasize the paramount importance of reducing emissions
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所以我們得要強調 排放減量的重要性有多高,
05:43
and how speculative these ideas are.
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以及這些點子是多麼推測性的。
05:46
But having done so, we still need to examine them.
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但這麼做了之後, 我們仍然得要檢驗它們。
05:50
Can we cure climate change?
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我們能夠消除氣候變遷嗎?
05:52
I don't know, but we certainly can't if we don't try.
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我不知道,但如果 我們不試肯定就不行。
05:56
We need ambition without arrogance.
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我們需要有野心但不能自大。
05:59
We need the ambition to restore the atmosphere,
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我們需要野心來恢復大氣,
06:03
to draw down carbon dioxide
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減少二氧化碳,
06:05
back to a level that is compatible with a stable climate and healthy oceans.
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減回到一個能配合 穩定氣候和健康海洋的量。
06:10
This will be an enormous undertaking.
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這會是一項龐大的工作。
06:12
You could describe it as a cathedral project.
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你們可以把它形容是 一個大教堂專案計畫。
06:16
Those involved at the outset
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一開始就涉入的人,
06:18
may draft the plans and dig the foundations,
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可以擬草圖、挖地基,
06:21
but they will not raise the spire to its full height.
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但他們無法把尖塔建到最高。
06:24
That task, that privilege,
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那項工作任務,那項特權,
06:26
belongs to our descendants.
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屬於我們的後代子孫。
06:28
None of us will see that day, but we must start in the hope
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我們都無法看見那一天, 但我們必須要帶著希望開始進行,
06:32
that future generations will be able to finish the job.
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希望未來的世代能夠完成這項工作。
06:36
So, do you want to change the world?
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所以,你們想要改變世界嗎?
06:40
I don't.
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我不想。
06:41
I do not seek the change the world,
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我尋求的不是改變世界,
06:44
but rather keep it as it's meant to be.
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而是讓它保持它該有的樣子。
06:47
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:48
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
06:54
Chris Anderson: Thanks. I just want to ask you a couple of other questions.
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克里斯安德森:謝謝。 我想要問你幾個其他的問題。
06:57
Tell us a bit more about this idea of putting lime in the ocean.
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多告訴我們一點關於 將石灰放進海洋的這個點子。
07:01
I mean, on the face of it, it's pretty compelling --
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我的意思是,乍聽之下, 它蠻引人入勝的──
07:03
anti-ocean acidification --
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抗海洋酸化──
07:05
and it absorbs more CO2.
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且它會吸收更多二氧化碳。
07:08
You talked about, we need to do an experiment on this.
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你剛談到我們需要對此進行實驗。
07:11
What would a responsible experiment look like?
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負責的實驗應該是什麼樣子的?
07:13
Tim Kruger: So I think you need to do a series of experiments,
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提姆庫格:我想, 你需要做一系列的實驗,
07:16
but you need to do them just very small stage-by-stage.
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但做法上需要以非常 細微的階段式進行。
07:18
In the same way, when you're trialing a new drug,
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和試驗新藥物時用的方法相同,
07:21
you wouldn't just go into human trials straight off.
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你不會直接去做人體實驗。
07:23
You would do a small experiment.
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你會先做一些小實驗。
07:25
And so the first things to do are experiments entirely on land,
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所以,最先要做的 是完全在陸地上的實驗,
07:29
in special containers, away from the environment.
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在遠離環境的特殊容器中進行。
07:33
And then once you are confident that that can be done safely,
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等到你有信心能夠安全進行,
07:36
you move to the next stage.
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你再進入下一個階段。
07:37
If you're not confident, you don't.
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如果你沒信心,就不要。
07:39
But step by step.
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要一步一步來。
07:41
CA: And who would fund such experiments?
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克里斯:誰會資助這樣的實驗?
07:43
Because they kind of impact the whole planet at some level.
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因為在某種層面來說, 這些實驗是對整個地球有影響的。
07:47
Is that why nothing is happening on this?
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這是不是它還沒有發生的原因?
07:50
TK: So I think you can do small-scale experiments in national waters,
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提姆:我認為你可以在國家 水域內先做一些小規模的實驗,
07:53
and then it's probably the requirement of national funders to do that.
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這可能會需要國家級的 資助者才能辦到。
07:59
But ultimately, if you wanted to counter ocean acidification in this way
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但,最終,如果你想要 用這種方式對抗海洋酸化,
08:04
on a global scale,
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要做到全球的規模,
08:05
you would need to do it in international waters,
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你就會需要在國際水域上進行,
08:07
and then you would need to have an international community working on it.
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那麼你就會需要 國際社會來協助進行。
08:11
CA: Even in national waters, you know, the ocean's all connected.
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克里斯:在國際水域, 你知道的,海洋都是相連的。
08:14
That lime is going to get out there.
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石灰會跑出去。
08:16
And people feel outraged about doing experiments on the planet,
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人們對於對地球做實驗感到憤慨,
08:19
as we've heard.
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我們聽過這樣的事。
08:21
How do you counter that?
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你要如何對付那樣的問題?
08:23
TK: I think you touch on something which is really important.
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提姆:我想,你提到了很重要的事。
08:26
It's about a social license to operate.
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就是執行上的社會執照。
08:28
And I think it may be that it is impossible to do,
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我想,也許不可能做到,
08:32
but we need to have the courage to try,
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但我們得要有勇氣去嘗試,
08:34
to move this forward,
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來把這件事向前推進,
08:36
to see what we can do,
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看看我們能什麼,
08:37
and to engage openly.
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並且公開進行。
08:38
And we need to engage with people in a transparent way.
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我們需要用透明的方式讓人們參與。
08:41
We need to ask them beforehand.
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我們需要事先詢問他們。
08:43
And I think if we ask them,
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我想,如果我們詢問他們,
08:45
we have to be open to the possibility that the answer will come back,
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我們就得要開放接受 有可能會得到這樣的答案:
08:49
"No, don't do it."
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「不,不要做。」
08:50
CA: Thanks so much. That was really fascinating.
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克里斯:非常謝謝。很棒的演說。
08:53
TK: Thank you. (Applause)
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提姆:謝謝你。(掌聲)
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