How shocking events can spark positive change | Naomi Klein

69,613 views ・ 2018-03-29

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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Yanyan Hong
00:12
There's a question I've been puzzling over and writing about
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有個問題我一直在傷腦筋, 也一直在寫相關書籍,
00:16
for pretty much all of my adult life.
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我成年後的人生幾乎都投入在此。
00:20
Why do some large-scale crises
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為什麼有一些大規模的危機
00:23
jolt us awake and inspire us to change and evolve
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會打醒我們 並鼓舞我們去改變和成長,
00:28
while others might jolt us a bit,
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但其他的則只稍微 讓我們震驚了一下,
00:31
but then it's back to sleep?
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然後一切就回復平靜了?
00:33
Now, the kind of shocks I'm talking about are big --
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我在談的震驚事件,是大型的──
00:37
a cataclysmic market crash, rising fascism,
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災難性的市場崩壞、 法西斯主義重新興起、
00:41
an industrial accident that poisons on a massive scale.
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造成大規模毒害的工業意外。
00:46
Now, events like this can act like a collective alarm bell.
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像這樣的事件, 可能會有集體警鈴的功用。
00:52
Suddenly, we see a threat, we get organized.
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突然間,我們遇到威脅, 我們就會組織起來。
00:55
We discover strength and resolve that was previously unimaginable.
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我們會發現先前 無法想像的力量和決心。
01:01
It's as if we're no longer walking, but leaping.
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彷彿我們不再用走的,而是用跳的。
01:06
Except, our collective alarm seems to be busted.
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不過,我們的集體警鈴似乎壞掉了。
01:11
Faced with a crisis, we often fall apart, regress
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面對危機時,我們通常 會四分五裂、會向後退,
01:15
and that becomes a window for antidemocratic forces
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那會為反民主勢力打開一扇窗,
01:19
to push societies backwards, to become more unequal and more unstable.
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讓它們把社會向後推, 變得更不平等、更不穩定。
01:26
Ten years ago, I wrote about this backwards process
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十年前,我寫了關於 這種倒退過程的書,
01:30
and I called it the "Shock Doctrine."
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我把書名取為《震撼主義》。
01:32
So what determines which road we navigate through crisis?
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我們會走哪條路來通過危機, 是由什麼決定的?
01:38
Whether we grow up fast and find those strengths
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不論我們是否快速成長 並找到那些力量,
01:41
or whether we get knocked back.
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或不論我們是否被打回來。
01:44
And I'd say this is a pressing question these days.
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我會說這是近期一個很迫切的問題。
01:48
Because things are pretty shocking out there.
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因為,外頭的狀況是挺震撼的。
01:51
Record-breaking storms, drowning cities,
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破記錄的暴風、被淹沒的城市、
01:54
record-breaking fires threatening to devour them,
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破記錄的大火威脅要將城市吞噬,
01:58
thousands of migrants disappearing beneath the waves.
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數以千計的移民者消失在大浪下。
02:03
And openly supremacist movements rising,
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公開的種族優越運動興起,
02:06
in many of our countries there are torches in the streets.
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許多國家都在發生, 甚至在街頭出現火炬。
02:11
And now there's no shortage of people who are sounding the alarm.
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一直都有人在響起警鈴。
02:16
But as a society, I don't think we can honestly say
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但我們這個社會, 我認為我們無法老實說
02:21
that we're responding with anything like the urgency
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我們的反應是帶著迫切性的,
02:25
that these overlapping crises demand from us.
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但這些部分重疊的危機 卻很需要我們的迫切反應。
02:29
And yet, we know from history
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然而,我們從歷史得知,
02:31
that it is possible for crisis to catalyze a kind of evolutionary leap.
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危機有可能催化一種進化的躍進。
02:38
And one of the most striking examples of this progressive power of crisis
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若要說明危機的革新力量, 最突出的例子之一
02:44
is the Great Crash of 1929.
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就是 1929 年的華爾街股災。
02:47
There was the shock of the sudden market collapse
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市場突然崩盤帶來震撼,
02:50
followed by all of the aftershocks,
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接著便是所有的餘震,
02:52
the millions who lost everything thrown onto breadlines.
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數百萬人失去一切, 被丟到等待救濟食物的隊伍中。
02:56
And this was taken by many as a message that the system itself was broken.
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許多人把這件事當作是個訊息: 體制本身就已經損壞。
03:02
And many people listened and they leapt into action.
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說多人聽進去了, 且他們跳出來採取行動。
03:06
In the United States and elsewhere, governments began to weave a safety net
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在美國和其他地方, 政府開始編織一張安全網,
03:12
so that the next time there was a crash
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這麼一來,下次再發生崩盤,
03:14
there would be programs like social security to catch people.
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會有像社會保障之類的計畫 來接住摔落的人。
03:18
There were huge job-creating public investments
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有大量能創造就業機會的公共投資,
03:21
in housing, electrification and transit.
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投入住房供給、電氣化,以及運輸。
03:25
And there was a wave of aggressive regulation
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還有一波積極強硬的規制,
03:29
to reign in the banks.
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在銀行中都可見到。
03:30
Now, these reforms were far from perfect.
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這些改革離完美還很遙遠。
03:33
In the US, African American workers, immigrants and women
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在美國,非裔美國工人、 移民者以及女性
03:37
were largely excluded.
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幾乎都被排除在外。
03:39
But the Depression period,
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但蕭條時期,
03:41
along with the transformation of allied nations and economies
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加上在二次大戰時努力造成的
結盟國家與經濟體的轉變,
03:45
during the World War II effort,
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03:47
show us that it is possible for complex societies
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讓我們看見,複雜的社會是有可能
03:51
to rapidly transform themselves in the face of a collective threat.
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在面臨集體威脅時 快速地轉變它們自己。
03:57
Now, when we tell this story of the 1929 Crash,
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當我們在訴說 1929 年 股災的故事時,
04:01
that's usually the formula that it follows --
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通常都會循著一條公式──
04:04
that there was a shock and it induced a wake-up call
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先有一個震撼事件發生, 它會導致一個警訊,
04:09
and that produced a leap to a safer place.
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那就會產生一次躍進, 進到一個更安全的地方。
04:13
Now, if that's really what it took,
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如果真的只要這樣就可以了,
04:15
then why isn't it working anymore?
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為什麼它不再有用了?
04:18
Why do today's non-stop shocks --
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為什麼現今不停歇地出現震撼事件──
04:21
why don't they spur us into action?
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為什麼它們不會鞭策我們採取行動?
04:24
Why don't they produce leaps?
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為什麼它們不會產生躍進?
04:26
Especially when it comes to climate change.
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特別是氣候變遷這個議題。
04:29
So I want to talk to you today
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所以,今天我想和各位談的,
04:31
about what I think is a much more complete recipe for deep transformation
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是我認為更完整的訣竅, 由震撼事件來催化
04:36
catalyzed by shocking events.
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深刻轉變的訣竅。
04:38
And I'm going to focus on two key ingredients
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我會把焦點放在兩個主要的要素上,
04:41
that usually get left out of the history books.
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這兩個要素通常 都會被史書給遺漏掉。
04:45
One has to do with imagination, the other with organization.
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第一個要素和想像有關, 另一個則和組織有關。
04:51
Because it's in the interplay between the two
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因為革命性的力量就位在
04:54
where revolutionary power lies.
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這兩者的相互影響中。
04:56
So let's start with imagination.
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讓我們從想像開始。
04:59
The victories of the New Deal didn't happen just because suddenly
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羅斯福新政之所以能成功, 並不是因為突然間
05:03
everybody understood the brutalities of laissez-faire.
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所有人都了解了放任政策的殘酷。
05:07
This was a time, let's remember, of tremendous ideological ferment,
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回想一下,那是個 意識形態騷動很嚴重的時期,
05:13
when many different ideas about how to organize societies
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許多關於如何組織社會的不同構想
05:16
did battle with one another in the public square.
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都在公開廣場上彼此對打。
05:19
A time when humanity dared to dream big
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那個時期,針對不同的未來,
05:22
about different kinds of futures,
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人類敢於大膽做夢,
05:24
many of them organized along radically egalitarian lines.
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其中有許多本質上是以 平等主義的方式組織而成的。
05:29
Now, not all of these ideas were good
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這些構想並非全都是好的,
05:31
but this was an era of explosive imagining.
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但這個時代的確是 想像力爆發的時代。
05:36
This meant that the movements demanding change
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這意味著,訴求改變的那些運動
05:39
knew what they were against -- crushing poverty, widening inequality --
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知道它們在對抗的是什麼── 壓倒性的貧窮、越來越廣的不公平──
05:43
but just as important, they knew what they were for.
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但同樣重要的是, 它們也知道目的是為了什麼。
05:46
They had their "no" and they had their "yes," too.
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它們有它們的「不行」, 也有它們的「可以」。
05:51
They also had very different models of political organization
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至於它們的政治組織模型
也和我們現今的非常不同。
05:55
than we do today.
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05:56
For decades, social and labor movements
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數十年來,社會和勞工運動
05:59
had been building up their membership bases,
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一直在擴大它們的成員數,
06:01
linking their causes together and increasing their strength.
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將它們的理想連結在一起增加力量。
06:06
Which meant that by the time the Crash happened,
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這就表示,到了股災發生的時候,
06:08
there was already a movement that was large and broad enough
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已經有一個夠大、夠廣的運動,
06:12
to, for instance, stage strikes that didn't just shut down factories,
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可以比如,籌劃罷工, 且規模大到不只是讓工廠停擺,
06:17
but shut down entire cities.
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還能讓整個城市都停擺。
06:20
The big policy wins of the New Deal were actually offered as compromises.
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羅斯福新政在政策上的大勝利, 其實是提供出來的妥協。
06:25
Because the alternative seemed to be revolution.
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因為替代方案似乎就是革命了。
06:30
So, let's adjust that equation from earlier.
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讓我們調整先前提出的公式。
06:34
A shocking event plus utopian imagination
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震撼事件+烏托邦想像+
06:38
plus movement muscle,
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運動力量,
06:39
that's how we get a real leap.
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這樣我們就能得到真正的躍進。
06:43
So how does our present moment measure up?
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我們目前的狀況符合這個標準嗎?
06:46
We are living, once again, at a time of extraordinary political engagements.
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我們所處的時代也是個 政治參與度很驚人的時代。
06:50
Politics is a mass obsession.
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大眾對政治著迷。
06:53
Progressive movements are growing and resisting with tremendous courage.
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革新運動在成長, 帶著極大的勇氣在抵抗。
06:59
And yet, we know from history that "no" is not enough.
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然而,我們從歷史知道, 「不行」是不夠的。
07:03
Now, there are some "yeses" out there that are emerging.
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確實在外頭有一些「可以」正在浮現。
07:06
And they're actually getting a lot bolder quickly.
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它們其實以很快的速度 在變得更無畏。
07:10
Where climate activists used to talk about changing light bulbs,
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以前氣候激進分子談的是換電燈泡,
07:14
now we're pushing for 100 percent of our energy
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現在我們奮力追求的是 要讓我們的能源
07:16
to come from the sun, wind and waves,
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100% 來自太陽能、風力和海水,
07:20
and to do it fast.
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且要盡快實現。
07:22
Movements catalyzed by police violence against black bodies
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警察對黑人的暴力行為 所催化的時刻
07:26
are calling for an end to militarized police, mass incarceration
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在號召要終止警察的 軍事化、大規模監禁,
07:31
and even for reparations for slavery.
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甚至呼籲對奴隸制進行賠償。
07:34
Students are not just opposing tuition increases,
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學生不只是反對學費上漲,
07:37
but from Chile to Canada to the UK,
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從智利到加拿大,再到英國,
07:41
they are calling for free tuition and debt cancellation.
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他們還訴求免學費和免除還款。
07:46
And yet, this still doesn't add up
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然而,這仍然不符合
07:48
to the kind of holistic and universalist vision
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我們先人有的那種遠景,
希望有個不同世界的整體普救遠景。
07:52
of a different world than our predecessors had.
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07:55
So why is that?
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為什麼會這樣?
07:57
Well, very often we think about political change
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現在,通常當我們思考政治改變時,
08:00
in defined compartments these days.
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是用定義好的區隔分類來思考的。
08:03
Environment in one box, inequality in another,
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一類是環境,另一類是不公平,
08:07
racial and gender justice in a couple of other boxes,
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種族與性別正義則是屬於其他幾類,
08:11
education over here, health over there.
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教育在這裡,健康在那裡。
08:15
And within each compartment,
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在每一個分類當中,
08:16
there are thousands upon thousands of different groups and NGOs,
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有成千上萬個不同的 團體和非政府組織,
08:21
each competing with one another for credit, name recognition
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彼此競爭,爭功勞、知名度,
08:25
and of course, resources.
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當然也爭資源。
08:28
In other words, we act a lot like corporate brands.
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換言之,我們的行為 和企業品牌很像。
08:32
Now, this is often referred to as the problem of silos.
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通常,這被稱為是穀倉問題。 (註:過度分工成獨立小團體)
08:36
Now, silos are understandable.
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穀倉是可以理解的。
08:38
They carve up our complex world into manageable chunks.
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穀倉把我們的複雜世界 劃分成區塊,比較能處理得來。
08:42
They help us feel less overwhelmed.
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穀倉讓我們不會覺得那麼無法招架。
08:45
But in the process, they also train our brains to tune out
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但在過程中,穀倉同時 也訓練我們的大腦,
08:49
when somebody else's issue comes up
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在聽到其他人的問題時、
聽到他們的問題需要我們的 協助和支援時,要充耳不聞。
08:52
and when somebody else's issue needs our help and support.
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08:57
And they also keep us from seeing glaring connections between our issues.
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穀倉也讓我們無法看見 我們的問題之間有著明顯的連結。
09:03
So for instance, the people fighting poverty and inequality
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比如,對抗貧窮和不公平的人,
09:06
rarely talk about climate change.
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他們很少會談氣候變遷。
09:08
Even though we see time and again
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即使我們一而再、再而三地看到,
09:10
that it's the poorest of people
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在極端氣候威脅下,
09:12
who are the most vulnerable to extreme weather.
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最容易受傷的人是最貧窮的人。
09:16
The climate change people rarely talk about war and occupation.
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氣候變遷的人很少會談戰爭和職業。
09:20
Even though we know that the thirst for fossil fuels
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即使我們知道對於化石燃料的渴望
09:22
has been a major driver of conflict.
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一直都是主要的戰爭衝突起因。
09:26
The environmental movement has gotten better at pointing out
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環境運動也開始會點出
09:29
that the nations that are getting hit hardest by climate change
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受到氣候變遷影響最大的國家
09:33
are populated overwhelmingly by black and brown people.
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是擁有大量黑色和棕色人種的國家。
09:37
But when black lives are treated as disposable
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但當黑人的生命在監獄、學校
09:40
in prisons, in schools and on the streets,
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和街頭可被捨棄,
09:44
these connections are too rarely made.
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這些幾乎不被連結起來。
09:47
The walls between our silos
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穀倉之間有牆壁隔開,
09:49
also means that our solutions, when they emerge,
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也就表示當解決方案出現時,
09:53
are also disconnected from each other.
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也彼此互不連結。
09:55
So progressives now have this long list of demands that I was mentioning earlier,
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所以,進步分子現在有張很長的 需求清單,我剛剛已經提過,
10:00
those "yeses."
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就是那些「可以」。
10:02
But what we're still missing
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但對於我們在努力爭取的世界,
10:03
is that coherent picture of the world we're fighting for.
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我們仍然缺少一致相連的整體全景。
10:07
What it looks like, what it feels like, and most of all, what its core values are.
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它看起來、感覺起來是什麼樣子? 更重要的,它的核心價值是什麼?
10:12
And that really matters.
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那真的很要緊。
10:14
Because when large-scale crises hit us
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因為當我們遇到大規模危機,
10:17
and we are confronted with the need to leap somewhere safer,
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需要跳躍到更安全的地方時,
10:21
there isn't any agreement on what that place is.
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對於那個地方是哪裡, 卻無法取得一致意見。
10:25
And leaping without a destination
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而沒有目的就跳躍,
10:28
looks a lot like jumping up and down.
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看起來很像就只是上下跳而已。
10:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:32
Fortunately, there are all kinds of conversations and experiments going on
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幸運的是,目前還是有各種 正在進行中的對話和實驗,
10:36
to try to overcome these divisions that are holding us back.
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在試圖克服這些 讓我們無法向前行的分隔。
10:39
And I want to finish by talking about one of them.
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我想談其中一種, 當作這場演說的結尾。
10:42
A couple of years ago, a group of us in Canada
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幾年前,在加拿大,我們有一群人
10:45
decided that we were hitting the limits
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認定我們在各式各樣的穀倉中,
10:47
of what we could accomplish in our various silos.
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成就都已經達到了能達到的極限。
10:50
So we locked ourselves in a room for two days,
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所以我們把自己 鎖在一間房間中兩天,
10:53
and we tried to figure out what bound us together.
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我們試圖想出有什麼辦法 可以讓我們團結在一起。
10:57
In that room were people who rarely get face to face.
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在那間房間中的人, 是很少面對面的人。
11:01
There were indigenous elders with hipsters working on transit.
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有原住民長老和消息靈通的人 一起努力解決運輸問題。
11:05
There was the head of Greenpeace
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有綠色和平的領導人
11:07
with a union leader representing oil workers and loggers.
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和石油工人與伐木工人的工會代表。
11:11
There were faith leaders and feminist icons and many more.
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有宗教領袖及女性主義 代表人物,及許多其他的。
11:15
And we gave ourselves a pretty ambitious assignment:
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我們給自己訂了一個 很有野心的任務:
11:18
agreeing on a short statement describing the world after we win.
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取得一致的意見,用一段簡短陳述 來描述我們獲勝之後的世界。
11:24
The world after we've already made the transition to a clean economy
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在我們已經轉換到乾淨經濟
並讓社會更公平之後的世界。
11:29
and a much fairer society.
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11:31
In other words,
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也就是說,
11:33
instead of trying to scare people about what will happen if we don't act,
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不再用「若我們不採取行動會怎樣」 來恐嚇人們了,
11:37
we decided to try to inspire them with what could happen if we did act.
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我們決定要試著用 「若我們採取行動會怎樣」來鼓舞他們。
11:43
Sensible people are always telling us
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理性的人總是會告訴我們,
11:46
that change needs to come in small increments.
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改變要能成功,必須要一點一點改。
11:50
That politics is the art of the possible
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政治是可能性的藝術,
11:52
and that we can't let the perfect be the enemy of the good.
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我們不能讓「完美」成為「好」的敵人。
11:56
Well, we rejected all of that.
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我們摒棄那一切。
11:58
We wrote a manifesto, and we called it "The Leap."
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我們寫了一份宣言, 我們叫它「躍進」。
12:02
I have to tell you that agreeing on our common "yes"
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我得告訴各位,要對於我們 共同的「可以」取得共識,
12:06
across such diversity of experiences
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在大家的經驗都很不一樣的情況下,
12:08
and against a backdrop of a lot of painful history
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且都有許多痛苦往事的背景之下,
12:12
was not easy work.
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真的很不容易。
12:14
But it was also pretty thrilling.
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但它也非常令人興奮。
12:16
Because as soon as we gave ourselves permission to dream,
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因為一旦我們允許我們自己去夢想,
12:20
those threads connecting much of our work became self-evident.
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將我們的努力結合起來的 連結線就會不證自明。
12:24
We realized, for instance,
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比如,我們知道
12:25
that the bottomless quest for profits
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對於利益的無窮盡追求
12:28
that is forcing so many people to work more than 50 hours a week,
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迫使許多人必須要 每週工作超過五十小時,
12:32
without security,
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沒有保障,
12:34
and that is fueling this epidemic of despair
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助長絕望的傳播。
12:37
is the same quest for bottomless profits and endless growth
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而我們的生態危機的核心,
正是這種對於利益 與成長的無窮盡追求,
12:42
that is at the heart of our ecological crisis
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12:45
and is destabilizing our planet.
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它是地球動盪的元兇。
12:48
It also became clear what we need to do.
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我們需要做什麼?答案變得很清楚。
12:51
We need to create a culture of care-taking.
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我們需要創造一種照顧的文化。
12:55
In which no one and nowhere is thrown away.
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在這種文化中,沒有任何人、 任何地方會被拋棄。
12:59
In which the inherent value of all people and every ecosystem is foundational.
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這種文化中的基礎,是所有人 及每個生態系統的固有價值。
所以我們提出了 這個屬於人民的平台,
13:06
So we came up with this people's platform,
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13:08
and don't worry, I'm not going to read the whole thing to you out loud --
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別擔心,我不會把全部內容 都大聲讀給各位聽──
13:11
if you're interested, you can read it at theleap.org.
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如果你有興趣,可以到 theleap.org 去看全文。
13:14
But I will give you a taste of what we came up with.
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但我會讓各位淺嚐一下, 了解我們提出的是什麼。
13:18
So we call for that 100 percent renewable economy in a hurry,
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我們訴求 100% 的可再生經濟, 且要盡快達成,
13:23
but we went further.
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我們還再進了一步。
13:25
Calls for new kinds of trade deals,
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我們也訴求要有新的貿易協定、
13:27
a robust debate on a guaranteed annual income,
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針對年收入保障做健全的辯論、
13:30
full rights for immigrant workers,
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移民工人要有所有的權利、
13:32
getting corporate money out of politics,
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不要再讓企業的錢進入政治、
13:35
free universal day care, electoral reform and more.
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提供免費日間托兒給所有人、 選舉改革,以及其他的。
13:39
What we discovered is that a great many of us
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我們發現很多人希望能得到允許,
13:43
are looking for permission to act less like brands and more like movements.
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以更像運動而不是品牌的方式 來採取行動。
13:49
Because movements don't care about credit.
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因為運動不在意功勞歸誰。
13:51
They want good ideas to spread far and wide.
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運動要的是把好想法 傳播出去,越廣越好。
13:55
What I love about The Leap
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我很喜歡「躍進」的一點,
13:56
is that it rejects the idea that there is this hierarchy of crisis,
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就是它不認為危機要有等級制度,
14:00
and it doesn't ask anyone to prioritize one struggle over another
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它不會要求任何人 優先處理某項難題,
14:04
or wait their turn.
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或等著輪到他們。
14:07
And though it was birthed in Canada,
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雖然它是在加拿大誕生,
14:09
we've discovered that it travels well.
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但我們發現它也推廣世界。
14:11
Since we launched, The Leap has been picked up around the world
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我們推出「躍進」之後, 世界各地都注意到了它,
14:14
with similar platforms,
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推出類似的平台,
14:16
being written from Nunavut to Australia,
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從努納福特地區到澳洲,
14:19
to Norway to the UK and the US,
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到挪威,到英國以及美國,
14:22
where it's gaining a lot of traction in cities like Los Angeles,
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在像洛杉磯這類城市中 產生很大的牽引力,
14:25
where it's being localized.
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因為它在那裡已被地區化。
14:27
And also in rural communities that are traditionally very conservative,
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此外,它也進到一些傳統上 相當保守的鄉村社區,
14:31
but where politics is failing the vast majority of people.
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因為在那些地方, 政治讓大多數的人失望。
14:37
Here's what I've learned from studying shocks and disasters for two decades.
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在我研究震撼事件和災難的 二十年裏,從中學到的是,
14:44
Crises test us.
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危機在考驗我們。
14:47
We either fall apart or we grow up fast.
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我們要不四分五裂,要不快速成長。
14:51
Finding new reserves of strength and capacity that we never knew we had.
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發現我們從來不知道自己 擁有那麼多力量和能力,
14:57
The shocking events that fill us with dread today
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現今,讓我們充滿恐懼的震撼事件
15:00
can transform us, and they can transform the world for the better.
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能夠轉變我們, 也能把世界轉變得更好。
15:06
But first we need to picture the world that we're fighting for.
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但首先,我們得要先想像出 我們努力想打造的世界。
15:10
And we have to dream it up together.
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我們得一起把它構想出來。
15:13
Right now, every alarm in our house is going off simultaneously.
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現在,我們房子裡的 各種警報同時一起響起。
15:19
It's time to listen.
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該是傾聽的時候了。
15:21
It's time to leap.
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該是躍進的時候了。
15:23
Thank you.
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謝謝。
15:24
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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