Lindsay Morcom: A history of Indigenous languages -- and how to revitalize them | TED

49,305 views ・ 2021-06-25

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譯者: Val Zhang 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:01
Dene Elder Paul Disain said,
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甸尼族長老──保羅迪桑說過:
00:03
"Our language and culture
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「人們看待世界的方式, 因語言和文化而異。」
00:04
is the window through which we see the world."
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在龜島,
00:07
And on Turtle Island,
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00:08
what is now known as North America,
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也就是現在大家熟知的北美,
00:10
there're so many unique and wonderful ways to see the world.
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有許多獨特而奇妙的觀點 去看待這個世界。
00:14
As a person of Indigenous heritage,
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作為原住民後裔,
00:16
I'm interested in learning Anishinaabemowin,
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我對學習家族傳統語言 奧傑布瓦語感興趣,
00:18
which is my heritage language,
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00:19
because it lets me see the world through that window.
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因為它讓我從那個角度去看世界。
00:22
It lets me connect with my family,
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它使我與家人、祖先、 社群和文化保持聯繫。
00:24
my ancestors, my community, my culture.
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00:25
And lets me think about how I can pass that on
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也讓我思考如何傳承給後代。
00:28
to future generations.
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00:30
As a linguist,
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作為一名語言學家,
我對語言的整體功能感興趣。
00:32
I'm interested in how language functions generally.
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00:35
I can look at phonetics and phonology --
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我可以鑽研語音和語音學。
00:37
speech sounds.
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00:38
I can look at morphology, or the structure of words.
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我可以鑽研形態或單詞的結構。
00:41
I can look at syntax,
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我可以鑽研語法,
00:42
which is the structure of sentences and phrases,
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也就是句子和短語中的結構,
00:44
to learn about how humans store language in our brains
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藉此瞭解大腦如何儲存語言,
00:48
and how we use it to communicate with one another.
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以及如何用它和別人交流。
00:52
For example,
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舉例來說,
奧傑布瓦語與多數原住民語言一樣,
00:54
Anishinaabemowin, like most Indigenous languages,
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00:57
is what's called polysynthetic,
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也是所謂的多元綜合語,
這意味著它有很長的單詞,
00:59
which means that there are very, very long words,
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01:02
composed of little tiny pieces called morphemes.
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由小片段的「語素」組成。
01:05
So I can say, in Anishinaabemowin, "niwiisin," "I eat,"
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因此,我可以用奧傑布瓦語
一個詞 niwiisin 說「我吃」。
01:09
which is one word.
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01:10
I can say "nimino-wiisin," "I eat well,"
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我也可以用一個詞 nimino-wiisin 來說「我吃得好」。
01:14
which is still one word.
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01:15
I can say "nimino-naawakwe-wiisin," "I eat a good lunch,"
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我可以用 nimino-naawakwe-wiisin 說「我吃一頓美好的午餐」,
01:21
which is how many words in English?
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這有多少個英語單詞呢?
01:24
Five words in English, a single word in Anishinaabemowin.
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5 個英文單詞, 1 個奧傑布瓦語的單詞。
01:28
Now, I've got a bit of a quiz for you.
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我為你們準備了一些測驗。
01:30
In a one-word answer, what color is that slide?
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用一個詞回答, 這張投影片是什麼顏色?
01:34
Audience: Green.
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觀眾:綠色。
01:35
Lindsay Morcom: What color is that slide?
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講者:這張投影片是什麼顏色?
觀眾:綠色。
01:37
Audience: Green.
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講者:這張投影片是什麼顏色?
01:38
LM: What color is that slide?
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01:39
Audience: Blue.
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觀眾:藍色
01:41
LM: And what color is that slide?
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講者:這張投影片是什麼顏色?
01:42
(Audience murmurs)
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(聽眾雜音)
01:44
Not trick questions, I promise.
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講者:保證沒有捉弄大家。
01:47
For you as English speakers,
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對於你們,作為英語使用者,
01:48
you saw two green slides and two blue slides.
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你會看到綠、藍各 2 張投影片。
01:50
But the way that we categorize colors varies across languages,
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但人們分類顏色的方式,因語言而異,
01:54
so if you had been Russian speakers,
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因此,如果你說俄語,
01:56
you would have seen two slides that were different shades of green,
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你會看到 2 張投影片的 綠色深淺不同,
01:59
one that was "goluboy," which is light blue,
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1 張是 goluboy,是淺藍色,
02:01
one that is "siniy," dark blue.
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1 張是 siniy, 深藍。
02:03
And those are seen as different colors.
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這些被視為不同的顏色。
02:05
If you were speakers of Anishinaabemowin,
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如果你說奧傑布瓦語,
02:07
you would have seen slides that were Ozhaawashkwaa
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那麼您會看到 Ozhaawashkwaa
02:09
or Ozhaawashkozi, which means either green or blue.
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或 Ozhaawashkozi,即綠色或藍色。
02:13
It's not that speakers don't see the colors,
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並非他們看不見顏色的差異,
02:16
it's that the way they categorize them and the way that they understand shades
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而是他們以不同方式 分類顏色及深淺。
02:20
is different.
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02:21
At the same time,
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同時,
02:22
there are universals in the ways that humans categorize color,
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人類分類顏色的方式也存在共通性,
02:26
and that tells us about how human brains
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這告訴我們人腦如何理解和表達所見。
02:28
understand and express what they're seeing.
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02:32
Anishinaabemowin does another wonderful thing,
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奧傑布瓦語有另一項美好的特性,
02:34
which is animate, inanimate marking on all words.
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是在所有單詞上都標記 有或沒有生命。
02:38
So it's not unlike how French and Spanish
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這就像法語和西班牙語 把所有的名詞分成陰陽詞性。
02:40
mark all words as either masculine or feminine.
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02:43
Anishinaabemowin and other Algonquian languages
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奧傑布瓦語和其他阿岡昆語族的語言
02:45
mark all words as either animate or inanimate.
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將名詞分為:有生命或無生命。
02:48
The things that you would think to be animate are animate,
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有些與直覺相同──你認為 有生命、有脈搏的事物:
02:51
things that have a pulse: people, animals, growing plants.
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人類、動物、生長的植物。
02:55
But there are other things that are animate
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但還有些你不會想到 有生命的東西,例如岩石。
02:57
that you might not guess, like rocks.
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02:59
Rocks are marked as animate,
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岩石被標記為有生命,
03:00
and that tells us really interesting things about grammar,
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這告訴我們文法中的趣味,
03:03
and it also tells us really interesting things
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也讓我們知道有趣的事──
03:05
about how Anishinaabemowin speakers
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關於說奧傑布瓦語的人
03:07
relate to and understand the world around them.
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如何理解周遭世界並與之聯繫。
03:10
Now, the sad part of that
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現在,不幸的是,
03:12
is that Indigenous languages are in danger.
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原住民語正瀕臨滅絕。
原住民語擁有豐富的文化與歷史知識,
03:16
Indigenous languages that posses so much knowledge of culture,
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03:19
of history,
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03:20
of ways to relate to one another,
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和別人以及與環境互動的方式。
03:22
of ways to relate to our environment.
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03:24
Having been on this land since time immemorial,
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這些語言自古在這片土地上生活,
03:27
these languages have developed here
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它們在這裡發展,
03:29
and they contain priceless environmental knowledge
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它們包含無價的環境知識,
03:32
that helps us relate well to the land on which we live.
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可以幫助我們與所居住的土地 建立良好的聯繫。
但實際上,它們瀕臨滅絕。
03:37
But they are, in fact, in danger.
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03:39
The vast majority of Indigenous languages in North America
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北美大多數原住民語被列為瀕臨滅絕,
03:42
are considered endangered,
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03:44
and those that are not endangered are vulnerable.
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而未受到威脅的原住民語 則被列為「脆弱」的。
03:48
That is by design.
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這是人為導向使然。
03:50
In our laws, in our policies,
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在我們的法律、政策、管理機構中,
03:53
in our houses of governance,
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there have been stated attempts
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曾有人正式表明要消滅
03:58
to eliminate Indigenous languages and cultures in this country.
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我國的原住民語和文化。
04:02
Duncan Campbell Scott
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鄧肯·坎貝爾·斯科特
04:03
was one of the architects of the residential school system.
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是寄宿制學校的創立者之一。
04:06
On tabling a bill that required mandatory residential school attendance
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在 1920 年提出法案: 要求原住民兒童強制住校,
04:11
for Indigenous children in 1920, he said,
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他說:「我想擺脫印第安人的問題。
04:14
"I want to get rid of the Indian problem.
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04:16
Our objective is to continue
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我們的目標是繼續進行下去,
04:18
until there is not a single Indian in Canada
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直到加拿大每位印第安人 都被政治機構接收,
04:20
that has not been absorbed into the body politic
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04:23
and there is no Indian question, and no Indian Department;
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沒有印第安人的問題, 也沒有印第安人的部門;
04:26
that is the whole object of this Bill."
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那是本條例草案的目的。」
04:30
The atrocities that occurred in residential schools were documented.
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有文件記載寄宿學校發生的暴行。
04:34
In 1907,
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在 1907 年,
04:35
P.H. Bryce, who was a doctor and an expert in tuberculosis,
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身為醫生的結核病專家 P.H. 布萊斯
04:39
published a report that found that in some schools,
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發表了一份報告, 他發現在某些學校中,
04:42
25 percent of children had died from tuberculosis epidemics
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25% 的兒童死於因學校條件 造成的結核病流行。
04:46
created by the conditions in the schools.
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04:48
In other schools, up to 75 percent of children had died.
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在部分學校,高達 75% 的兒童死亡。
04:54
He was defunded by federal government
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他因其發現而被聯邦政府停止資助,
04:56
for his findings,
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04:57
forced into retirement in 1921,
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並於 1921 年被迫退休,
04:59
and in 1922, published his findings widely.
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在 1922 年廣泛地發表了他的研究。
05:05
And through that time,
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在那段時間裡,
05:06
Indigenous children were taken from their homes,
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原住民兒童被從家中帶走,
05:09
taken from their communities
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從社區中帶走,
05:10
and forced into church-run residential schools
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被迫帶入教堂經營的寄宿學校,
05:12
where they suffered, in many cases,
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許多人遭受了不同面向的虐待, 包括:情感、身體、性
05:15
serious emotional, physical and sexual abuse,
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05:18
and in all cases, cultural abuse,
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及各種文化虐待,
05:20
as these schools were designed
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因為這些學校旨在 消除原住民語和文化。
05:21
to eliminate Indigenous language and culture.
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05:24
The last residential school closed in 1996.
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最後一所寄宿學校於 1996 年關閉。
05:29
Until that time, 150,000 children or more attended residential schools
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在那之前,全國 139 個機構中 15 萬名以上兒童就讀於寄宿學校。
05:34
at 139 institutions across the country.
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05:38
In 2007,
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在 2007 年,
05:40
the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement came into effect.
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《印第安人寄宿學校和解協議》生效。
05:43
It's the largest class action lawsuit in Canadian history.
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這是加拿大歷史上最大的集體訴訟。
05:47
It set aside 60 million dollars
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它撥出 6 千萬加元,成立加拿大 真相與和解委員會(TRC)。
05:49
for the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.
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05:54
The TRC gifted us with the ability to hear survivor stories,
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TRC 讓我們聽到倖存者的故事,
05:59
to hear impacts on communities and families
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聽到對社區和家庭的影響,
06:01
and to gain access to research
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並獲得研究的機會,
06:04
that explored the full effect of residential schools
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這些研究探討全面的影響,
對寄宿學校、
06:08
on Indigenous communities and on Canada as a whole.
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對原住民社區,
和對加拿大整體。
06:12
The TRC found that residential schools
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TRC 發現,寄宿學校構成了 所謂的「文化滅絕」。
06:14
constituted what's called cultural genocide.
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06:17
They state that, "Physical genocide is the mass killing of the members
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他們指出:「種族滅絕── 是對目標群體成員的大規模殺害,
06:20
of a targeted group,
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生物滅絕──是對該群體 繁衍後代能力的迫害,
06:22
biological genocide is the destruction of that group's reproductive capacity.
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06:26
And cultural genocide is the destruction of those structures and practices
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文化滅絕──是使該族群 組織和習俗崩解離析的破壞。」
06:30
that allow the group to continue as a group."
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06:33
The stated goals of Duncan Campbell Scott.
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正是鄧肯·斯科特表明的目標。
06:36
So they find that it's cultural genocide,
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因此,他們發現這構成了文化滅絕,
06:38
although as children's author
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正如兒童作家和偉大的演講者 大衛·布沙德所說的,
06:40
and a great speaker David Bouchard points out,
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06:45
when you build a building,
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你蓋座建築物, 並在旁邊建造座墓地,
06:46
and you build a cemetery next to that building,
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because you know the people going into that building are going to die,
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因為你心知肚明 進入該建築物的人即將死亡,
06:54
what do you call that?
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你說這是什麼?
06:58
The TRC also gifted us with 94 calls to action,
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TRC 也分享了 94 個號召行動,
07:02
beacons that can lead the way forward as we work to reconciliation.
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引導我們努力實現和解。
07:06
Several of those pertain directly to language and culture.
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其中部分與語言和文化直接有關。
07:11
The TRC calls us to ensure adequate, funded education,
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TRC 要求我們確保提供 適當的、有經費的教育,
07:14
including language and culture.
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語言和文化包括在內。
07:16
To acknowledge Indigenous rights, including language rights.
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要承認原住民權利,包括語言權利。
07:19
To create an Aboriginal Languages Act
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制定《原住民語言法》,
07:21
aimed at acknowledging and preserving Indigenous languages,
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旨在承認和保護原住民語,
07:24
with attached funding.
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並提供經費。
07:26
To create a position for an Aboriginal Languages Commissioner
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要有推動原民語的委員職位,
07:29
and to develop postsecondary language programs
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並開立原住民語高等教育學程,
07:32
as well as to reclaim place names that have been changed
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以及收回在殖民期間已更改的地名。
07:35
through the course of colonization.
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07:39
At the same time as the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement
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《印第安寄宿學校和解協議》 生效的同時,
07:42
came into effect,
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07:43
the United Nations adopted
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聯合國於 2007 年通過了 《聯合國原住民族權利宣言》。
07:45
the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People
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07:48
in 2007.
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07:50
It states that Indigenous people have the right to establish and control
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它指出,原住民有權 建立和控制其教育系統和機構,
07:53
their own education systems and institutions
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07:56
providing education in their own languages,
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並以適合該語言的教學方式提供教育。
07:59
in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods
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08:01
of teaching and learning.
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08:04
In 2007,
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2007 年,該法案生效後, 4 個國家投了反對票。
08:05
when that was brought into effect,
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08:06
four countries voted against it.
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08:08
They were the United States, New Zealand, Australia
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分別是:美國、紐西蘭、 澳大利亞和加拿大。
08:11
and Canada.
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08:13
Canada adopted the United Nations
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加拿大於 2010 年採用了 《聯合國原住民族權利宣言》。
08:15
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in 2010.
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08:19
And in 2015, the government promised to bring it into effect.
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2015 年,加拿大政府承諾將其生效。
08:23
So how are we collectively going to respond?
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那麼,我們將如何共同應對?
08:29
Here's the situation that we're in.
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這是我們所處的現況。
08:31
Of the 60 currently spoken Indigenous languages in Canada,
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在加拿大目前使用的 60 種原住民語言中,
08:35
all but six are considered endangered by the United Nations.
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除 6 種外,其他語言 均被聯合國視為瀕臨滅絕。
08:40
So, the six that aren't are Cree, Anishinaabemowin,
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「安全」的 6 種語言分別是 克里語、奧傑布瓦語、
08:44
Stoney, Mi'kmaq,
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斯托尼语、密卡茂語、 甸尼語和伊努特語 。
08:47
Dene and Inuktitut.
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08:50
And that sounds really dire.
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這聽起來令人絕望。
08:52
But if you go on to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
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但如果瀏覽聯合國教科文組織網站 「世界瀕危語言地圖集」,
08:55
through the UNESCO website,
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就會在一種語言旁邊看到一個小 r。
08:58
you'll see a little "r" right next to that language right there.
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09:01
That language is Mi'kmaq.
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這個語言是密卡茂語。
09:02
Mi'kmaq has undergone significant revitalization
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密卡茂語經歷了重大的復興,
09:05
because of the adoption of a self-government agreement
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由於通過了一項促成了文化 和基於語言的教育自治協定,
09:08
that led to culture and language-based education,
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09:10
and now there are Mi'kmaq children
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現在有些孩子以密卡茂語為母語。
09:12
who have Mi'kmaq as their first language.
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09:15
There's so much that we can do.
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我們還有很多可以做。
09:17
These children are students
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這些孩子是馬尼圖林島上的
09:18
in the Mnidoo Mnising Anishinabek Kinoomaage,
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沉浸學校 Mnidoo Mnising Anishinabek Kinoomaage 的學生,
09:21
an immersion school on Manitoulin island,
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09:23
where they learn in Anishinaabemowin.
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他們在此學習奧傑布瓦語。
09:26
They arrived at school in junior kindergarten
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他們剛入幼兒園時, 幾乎不會說奧傑布瓦語。
09:28
speaking very little, if any, Anishinaabemowin.
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09:30
And now, in grade three and grade four,
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如今,三、四年級的孩子們 已達語言學習的中級到流利水準。
09:33
they're testing at intermediate and fluent levels.
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09:36
At the same time,
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同時,他們適切地擁有 高度的自我認同。
09:38
they have beautifully high self-esteem.
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09:41
They are proud to be Anishinaabe people,
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以身為奧傑布瓦人而自豪,
09:43
and they have strong learning skills.
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擁有強大的學習能力。
09:47
Not all education has to be formal education either.
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並非所有的教育都必須是正規的教育。
09:50
In our local community,
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在我們當地社區
09:51
we have the Kingston Indigenous Language Nest.
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擁有京斯敦原住民語言之鄉(KILN)。
09:54
KILN is an organization now,
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KILN 現在是一個組織,
09:56
but it started six years ago with passionate community members
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它始於 6 年前,聚集在長者 餐桌旁的熱情社區成員。
10:00
gathered around an elder's kitchen table.
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10:03
Since then, we have created weekend learning experiences
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從那時起,我們創造了針對 跨世代學習的週末學習體驗,
10:07
aimed at multigenerational learning,
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10:09
where we focus on passing language and culture on to children.
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致力於將語言和文化傳授給孩子。
10:12
We use traditional games, songs, foods and activities to do that.
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我們透過傳統的遊戲、 歌曲、食物和活動來實踐。
10:16
We have classes
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我們在此提供初學和中級課程。
10:17
at both the beginner and intermediate levels
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10:20
offered right here.
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10:21
We've partnered with school boards and libraries
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我們已經與學校董事會和圖書館 建立了合作夥伴關係,
10:23
to have resources and language in place in formal education.
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以在正規教育中 提供適當的資源和語言。
10:28
The possibilities are just endless,
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可能性是永無止境的,
10:30
and I'm so grateful for the work that has been done
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我非常感謝前人的貢獻奠基,
10:33
to allow me to pass language and culture on to my son
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使我能夠將語言和文化
傳給兒子和社區中的其他孩子。
10:36
and to other children within our community.
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10:39
We've developed a strong, beautiful, vibrant community as well,
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透過共同努力,我們還建立了 強大、美麗、充滿活力的社區。
10:42
as a result of this shared effort.
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10:46
So what do we need moving forward?
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若想持續前進,我們還需要什麼?
10:49
First of all, we need policy.
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首先,我們需要政策。
10:51
We need enacted policy with attached funding
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我們需要制定具有附加資金的政策,
10:55
that will ensure that Indigenous language
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以確保將原住民語有效地 納入原住民保留區的教育,
10:57
is incorporated meaningfully into education,
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11:00
both on and off reserve.
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區內區外皆然。
11:02
On reserve, education is funded at significantly lower levels
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保留區內的教育補助遠低於非保留區。
11:05
than it is off reserve.
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11:07
And off reserve,
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保留區外,原住民語教育通常被忽略,
11:08
Indigenous language education is often neglected,
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11:11
because people assume
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因為人們假設原住民不在省區學校裡,
11:12
that Indigenous people are not present in provincial schools,
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11:15
when actually, around 70 percent of Indigenous people in Canada today
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而實際上,如今加拿大 70% 的 原住民生活在非保留區。
11:18
live off reserve.
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11:20
Those children have equal right to access their language and culture.
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這些孩子有平等權利接觸 他們的語言和文化。
11:25
Beyond policy, we need support.
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除了政策,我們需要支援。
11:27
And that doesn't just mean financial support.
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這不僅僅意味著經濟支持。
11:30
We need space where we can carry out activities,
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我們需要有空間可以開辦活動、 課程,並與非原住民互動。
11:33
classes and interaction with nonindigenous populations as well.
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11:39
We need support
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我們需要人們展現學習的意願。
11:41
that looks like people wanting to learn the language.
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11:43
We need support where people talk about why these languages are important.
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當談論這些語言為何重要時, 我們需要人們的支援。
11:48
And to achieve that, we need education.
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為了實現這一目標,我們需要教育。
11:50
We need access to immersion education primarily,
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我們主要需要接受沉浸式教育,
11:53
as that is most certainly the most effective way
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因為這無疑是傳承原住民語 最有效的方法。
11:56
to ensure the transmission of Indigenous languages.
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11:58
But we also need education in provincial schools,
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但是我們也需要在省區學校接受教育,
12:01
we need education for the nonindigenous populations
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我們需要對非原住民人口進行教育,
12:04
so that we can come to a better mutual understanding
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以便我們能夠更好地相互瞭解, 並以更好的方式共同前進。
12:06
and move forward in a better way together.
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12:10
I have this quote hanging in a framed picture on my office wall.
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我把這句話掛在辦公室牆上。
12:13
It was a gift from a settler ally student that I taught a few years ago,
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這是幾年前我教授 移居者同盟的學生送我的禮物,
12:17
and it reminds me every day
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它每天都在提醒我,
12:18
that we can achieve great things if we work together.
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如果我們一起努力, 就可以取得偉大的成就。
12:23
But if we're going to talk about reconciliation,
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但是,如果我們要談和解,
12:25
we need to acknowledge
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我們必須體認:
12:26
that a reconciliation that does not result
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無法延續原住民語和文化的和解,
12:29
in the survivance and continuation of Indigenous languages and cultures
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12:33
is no reconciliation at all.
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並不算和解,而是同化,
12:35
It is assimilation,
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12:37
and it shouldn't be acceptable to any of us.
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沒有人應該接受。
12:40
But what we can do is look to the calls to action,
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但是我們能期待號召行動,
12:43
we can look to the United Nations Declaration
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我們能期待 《聯合國原住民族權利宣言》,
12:45
on the Rights of Indigenous People
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我們能達成共識,
12:47
and we can come to a mutual understanding
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12:49
that what we have,
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那就是我國擁有的
12:50
in terms of linguistic and cultural heritage
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原住民語和文化遺產值得保存。
12:52
for Indigenous people in this country,
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12:54
is worth saving.
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12:56
Based on that, we can step forward,
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在此基礎上,我們可以共同向前邁進,
12:59
together,
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13:01
to ensure that Indigenous languages are passed on
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以確保原住民語言的傳承
13:03
beyond 2050, beyond the next generation,
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得以延續到 2050 年之後,
超過下一代和下七代人。
13:06
into the next seven generations.
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13:09
Miigwech. Niawen’kó:wa. Thank you.
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Miigwech. Niawen’kó:wa.
謝謝。
13:12
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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