Lindsay Morcom: A history of Indigenous languages -- and how to revitalize them | TED

Prevoditelj: Nina Bassi Recezent: Sanda Liker

Starješina plemena Dene, Paul Disain, rekao je:

Dene Elder Paul Disain said,

"Our language and culture

"Naš jezik i kultura

is the window through which we see the world."

su način na koji vidimo svijet".

And on Turtle Island,

Na Kornjačinom Otoku,

what is now known as North America,

danas poznatom kao Sjeverna Amerika,

there're so many unique and wonderful ways to see the world.

postoji mnogo jedinstvenih i predivnih pogleda na svijet.

As a person of Indigenous heritage,

Kao osobu domorodačkog porijekla,

I'm interested in learning Anishinaabemowin,

zanima me učenje jezika Anishinaabemowin,

which is my heritage language,

jezika moje manjine,

because it lets me see the world through that window.

zato što mi pruža pogled na svijet na njihov način.

It lets me connect with my family,

Povezuje me s mojom obitelji,

mojim precima, zajednicom, kulturom.

my ancestors, my community, my culture.

And lets me think about how I can pass that on

I daje mi mogućnost razmišljati kako to mogu prenijeti

to future generations.

na buduće generacije.

As a linguist,

Kao lingvisticu,

zanima me kako jezik općenito funkcionira.

I'm interested in how language functions generally.

I can look at phonetics and phonology --

Mogu pogledati fonetiku i fonologiju --

speech sounds.

jezične glasove.

I can look at morphology, or the structure of words.

Mogu pogledati morfologiju, ili strukturu riječi.

I can look at syntax,

Mogu pogledati sintaksu,

which is the structure of sentences and phrases,

odnosno strukturu rečenica i fraza,

to learn about how humans store language in our brains

učiti kako ljudi pohranjuju jezik u mozgu

and how we use it to communicate with one another.

i kako ga upotrebljavamo u komunikaciji s drugima.

For example,

Na primjer,

Anishinaabemowin, like most Indigenous languages,

Anishinaabemowin, kao i većina domorodačkih jezika

is what's called polysynthetic,

je polisintetički,

which means that there are very, very long words,

što znači kako postoje jako, jako dugačke riječi,

composed of little tiny pieces called morphemes.

sastavljene od komadića zvanih morfemi.

So I can say, in Anishinaabemowin, "niwiisin," "I eat,"

Na Anishinaabemowin jeziku mogu reći "niwiisin", "jedem",

which is one word.

što je jedna riječ.

I can say "nimino-wiisin," "I eat well,"

Mogu reći "nimino-wiisin", "jedem dobro",

which is still one word.

što je još uvijek jedna riječ.

I can say "nimino-naawakwe-wiisin," "I eat a good lunch,"

Mogu reći "nimino-naawakwe-wiisin", "jedem dobar ručak".

which is how many words in English?

Što je koliko ono riječi u engleskom?

Five words in English, a single word in Anishinaabemowin.

Pet riječi u engleskom, jedna jedina riječ na jeziku Anishinaabemowin.

Now, I've got a bit of a quiz for you.

A sada, imam jedan kviz za vas.

In a one-word answer, what color is that slide?

U jednoj riječi opišite koje je boje ovaj slajd?

Audience: Green.

Publika: Zelene.

Lindsay Morcom: What color is that slide?

Morcom: Koje boje je ovaj slajd?

Publika: Zelene.

Audience: Green.

LM: What color is that slide?

LM: Koje boje je ovaj slajd?

Audience: Blue.

Publika: Plave.

LM: And what color is that slide?

LM: A koje boje je ovaj slajd?

(Audience murmurs)

(Mrmljanje publike)

Not trick questions, I promise.

Obećajem, ovo nije trik pitanje.

For you as English speakers,

Vi, kao govornici engleskog,

you saw two green slides and two blue slides.

vidjeli ste dva zelena slajda i dva plava slajda.

But the way that we categorize colors varies across languages,

Ali način na koji kategoriziramo boje razlikuje se od jezika do jezika,

so if you had been Russian speakers,

da ste govornici ruskoga jezika,

vidjeli biste dva slajda drugačije nijanse zelene.

you would have seen two slides that were different shades of green,

Jednu "goluboy" što je svijetlo plava,

one that was "goluboy," which is light blue,

one that is "siniy," dark blue.

i drugu "siniy", tamno plavu.

And those are seen as different colors.

One se shvaćaju kao različite boje.

If you were speakers of Anishinaabemowin,

Da ste Anishinaabemowin govornici,

vidjeli biste slajdove koji su Ozhaawashkwaa

you would have seen slides that were Ozhaawashkwaa

or Ozhaawashkozi, which means either green or blue.

ili Ozhaawashkozi, što znači ili zelena ili plava.

It's not that speakers don't see the colors,

Nije da govornici ne vide boje,

it's that the way they categorize them and the way that they understand shades

nego je način na koji kategoriziraju boje i razumiju njihove nijanse

is different.

drugačiji.

At the same time,

U isto vrijeme,

there are universals in the ways that humans categorize color,

postoje univerzalni načini na koji ljudi kategoriziraju boje,

and that tells us about how human brains

a to nam govori kako ljudski mozak

understand and express what they're seeing.

razumije i izražava ono što vidi.

Anishinaabemowin does another wonderful thing,

U jeziku Anishinaabemowin postoji još jedna divna stvar,

which is animate, inanimate marking on all words.

a to je označavanje riječi kao žive i nežive.

So it's not unlike how French and Spanish

Nije slučaj kao u francuskom i španjolskom

mark all words as either masculine or feminine.

koji označavaju riječi kao muški ili ženski rod.

Anishinaabemowin and other Algonquian languages

Anishinaabemowin i ostali jezici iz jezične porodice Algonquian

mark all words as either animate or inanimate.

označavaju sve riječi kao žive ili nežive.

The things that you would think to be animate are animate,

Stvari koje biste smatrali živima su žive,

things that have a pulse: people, animals, growing plants.

riječi koje opisuju nešto što ima puls: ljudi, životinje, biljke.

But there are other things that are animate

Ali postoje i druge stvari koje su žive

that you might not guess, like rocks.

na koje možda ne biste ni pomislili, kao kamenje.

Rocks are marked as animate,

Kamenje je obilježeno kao živo,

and that tells us really interesting things about grammar,

a to nam govori zanimljive stvari u vezi gramatike

and it also tells us really interesting things

kao i zanimljive stvari

about how Anishinaabemowin speakers

o tome kako se Anishinaabemowin govornici

relate to and understand the world around them.

poistovjećuju i kako razumiju svijet oko sebe.

Now, the sad part of that

Ali, negativna strana svega ovoga je ta

is that Indigenous languages are in danger.

što su domorodački jezici u opasnosti.

Indigenous languages that posses so much knowledge of culture,

Domorodački jezici koji posjeduju ogromno znanje o kulturi,

of history,

o povijesti,

of ways to relate to one another,

o načinima povezivanja s drugima,

of ways to relate to our environment.

o načinima povezivanja s okolišem.

Having been on this land since time immemorial,

Postojeći u ovoj zemlji od pamtivijeka,

these languages have developed here

ovi jezici razvili su se ovdje

and they contain priceless environmental knowledge

i sadrže neprocjenjivo znanje o okolini

that helps us relate well to the land on which we live.

koje nam pomaže da se poistovjetimo s tlom na kojem živimo.

But they are, in fact, in danger.

Ali oni zapravo jesu u opasnosti.

The vast majority of Indigenous languages in North America

Većina domorodačkih jezika Sjeverne Amerike

are considered endangered,

smatra se ugroženom,

and those that are not endangered are vulnerable.

a oni koji nisu ugroženi su u ranjivom stanju.

That is by design.

A to je namjerno.

In our laws, in our policies,

U našim zakonima, u politici,

in our houses of governance,

u vladinim domovima,

there have been stated attempts

postoje utvrđeni pokušaji

to eliminate Indigenous languages and cultures in this country.

eliminiranja domorodačkih jezika i kultura u ovoj zemlji.

Duncan Campbell Scott

Duncan Campbell Scott

was one of the architects of the residential school system.

bio je jedan od začetnika obrazovanja u internatima.

On tabling a bill that required mandatory residential school attendance

Dok je podnosio prijedlog koji je zahtijevao obavezno pohađanje internata

for Indigenous children in 1920, he said,

za domorodačku djecu 1920., rekao je:

"I want to get rid of the Indian problem.

"Želim se riješiti indijanskog problema.

Our objective is to continue

Naš cilj je nastaviti

until there is not a single Indian in Canada

dok ne bude bilo nijednog Indijanca u Kanadi

that has not been absorbed into the body politic

koji nije prilagođen političkom tijelu;

and there is no Indian question, and no Indian Department;

i ne postoji indijansko pitanje i nijedan Indijanski odjel;

that is the whole object of this Bill."

i to je sav predmet ovog zakona".

The atrocities that occurred in residential schools were documented.

Užasi koji su se događali u internatima su zabilježeni.

In 1907,

Godine 1907.,

P.H. Bryce, who was a doctor and an expert in tuberculosis,

P. H. Bryce, doktor i stručnjak za tuberkulozu,

published a report that found that in some schools,

objavio je izvještaj koji je govorio kako je u nekim školama

25 percent of children had died from tuberculosis epidemics

25 posto djece umrlo od epidemije tuberkuloze

created by the conditions in the schools.

koja je nastala zbog uvjeta u školama.

In other schools, up to 75 percent of children had died.

U drugim školama umrlo je do 75 posto djece.

He was defunded by federal government

Savezna vlada mu je oduzela sredstva

for his findings,

za istraživanja,

forced into retirement in 1921,

poslala u prisilnu mirovinu 1921.,

and in 1922, published his findings widely.

i 1922. objavila rezultate njegovog rada.

And through that time,

Cijelo to vrijeme

Indigenous children were taken from their homes,

domorodačku su djecu uzimali iz njihovih domova,

taken from their communities

iz njihovih zajednica,

and forced into church-run residential schools

i prisiljavali u internate koje je vodila crkva

where they suffered, in many cases,

gdje su trpjeli, u mnogim slučajevima,

serious emotional, physical and sexual abuse,

ozbiljna emocionalna, fizička i seksualna zlostavljanja,

and in all cases, cultural abuse,

a u svim slučajevima, kulturna zlostavljanja,

as these schools were designed

jer su škole bile organizirane

to eliminate Indigenous language and culture.

da istrijebe domorodački jezik i kulturu.

The last residential school closed in 1996.

Zadnji internat zatvoren je 1996.

Until that time, 150,000 children or more attended residential schools

Do tada ga je pohađalo 150 000 djece, i više,

at 139 institutions across the country.

u 139 institucija u cijeloj zemlji.

In 2007,

Godine 2007.

the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement came into effect.

u praksu je ušao Sporazum o nagodbi indijanskih internata.

It's the largest class action lawsuit in Canadian history.

To je najveća zajednička parnica u kanadskoj povijesti.

It set aside 60 million dollars

Uložilo se 60 milijuna dolara

for the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada.

za osnivanje Komisije za istinu i povjerenje u Kanadi.

The TRC gifted us with the ability to hear survivor stories,

Komisija nam je dala mogućnost da poslušamo priče preživjelih,

to hear impacts on communities and families

da čujemo utjecaje na zajednice i obitelji

and to gain access to research

i dobijemo pristup istraživanjima

that explored the full effect of residential schools

koja su istražila puni utjecaj koji su internati imali

on Indigenous communities and on Canada as a whole.

na domorodačke zajednice i na Kanadu u cjelini.

The TRC found that residential schools

Komisija je zaključila kako internati

constituted what's called cultural genocide.

predstavljaju nešto što se naziva kulturni genocid.

They state that, "Physical genocide is the mass killing of the members

Navode: "Fizički genocid je masovno ubijanje članova

of a targeted group,

ciljane grupe,

biološki genocid je uništavanje reproduktivnog kapaciteta te grupe.

biological genocide is the destruction of that group's reproductive capacity.

And cultural genocide is the destruction of those structures and practices

A kulturni genocid je uništavanje struktura i praksi

that allow the group to continue as a group."

koje dopuštaju grupi da postoji kao grupa".

The stated goals of Duncan Campbell Scott.

Naveli su ciljeve Duncana Campbella Scotta.

So they find that it's cultural genocide,

Stoga su zaključili kako je to kulturni genocid.

although as children's author

Iako, kako dječji autor

and a great speaker David Bouchard points out,

i govornik David Bouchard ističe,

when you build a building,

kada gradiš zgradu

and you build a cemetery next to that building,

i praviš groblje pored te zgrade,

because you know the people going into that building are going to die,

zato što znaš da će ljudi koji idu u tu zgradu umrijeti,

what do you call that?

kako nazivaš to?

The TRC also gifted us with 94 calls to action,

Komisija je također doprinijela s 94 poziva na djelovanje,

beacons that can lead the way forward as we work to reconciliation.

putokazima koji nas mogu voditi naprijed prema pomirenju.

Several of those pertain directly to language and culture.

Nekoliko akcija osobito se tiču jezika i kulture.

The TRC calls us to ensure adequate, funded education,

Komisija poziva da osiguramo primjereno, financirano obrazovanje,

including language and culture.

uključujući jezik i kulturu.

To acknowledge Indigenous rights, including language rights.

Da priznamo domorodačka prava, uključujući i jezična prava.

To create an Aboriginal Languages Act

Da napravimo Zakon o domorodačkim jezicima

aimed at acknowledging and preserving Indigenous languages,

koji za cilj ima priznavanje i očuvanje domorodačkih jezika,

with attached funding.

s uključenim financiranjem.

To create a position for an Aboriginal Languages Commissioner

Da stvorimo položaj Povjerenika za domorodačke jezike

and to develop postsecondary language programs

i razvijemo jezične programe nakon srednje škole,

as well as to reclaim place names that have been changed

kao i da vratimo imena mjesta koja su izmijenjena

through the course of colonization.

kroz proces kolonizacije.

At the same time as the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement

U isto vrijeme kada je Sporazum o nagodbi indijanskih internata

came into effect,

stupio na snagu,

the United Nations adopted

Ujedinjeni narodi usvojili su

the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People

Deklaraciju o pravima starosjedilačkih naroda

in 2007.

2007. godine.

It states that Indigenous people have the right to establish and control

On navodi kako domoroci imaju pravo ustanoviti i kontrolirati

their own education systems and institutions

vlastite obrazovne sustave i institucije,

providing education in their own languages,

organizirajući nastavu na svojim jezicima,

in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods

u skladu s njihovim kulturnim praksama

of teaching and learning.

učenja i podučavanja.

In 2007,

Godine 2007.,

kada je ovo stupilo na snagu,

when that was brought into effect,

four countries voted against it.

četiri zemlje su glasale protiv.

They were the United States, New Zealand, Australia

To su bile SAD, Novi Zeland, Australija

and Canada.

i Kanada.

Canada adopted the United Nations

Kanada je usvojila

Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in 2010.

Deklaraciju o pravima starosjedilačkih naroda 2010.

And in 2015, the government promised to bring it into effect.

A 2015. vlada je obećala kako će stupiti na snagu.

So how are we collectively going to respond?

Dakle, kako ćemo kolektivno odgovoriti?

Here's the situation that we're in.

Evo pregleda situacije u kojoj se nalazimo.

Of the 60 currently spoken Indigenous languages in Canada,

Od 60 domorodačkih jezika koji se trenutno govore u Kanadi,

all but six are considered endangered by the United Nations.

UN smatra kako se svi osim njih šest smatraju ugroženima.

So, the six that aren't are Cree, Anishinaabemowin,

Dakle, šest koji nisu ugroženi su Cree, Anishinaabemowin,

Stoney, Mi'kmaq,

Stoney, Mi'kmaq,

Dene and Inuktitut.

Dene i Inuktitut.

And that sounds really dire.

A to zvuči grozno.

But if you go on to the Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Ali ako pogledate Atlas ugroženih jezika svijeta

through the UNESCO website,

na stranici UNESCO-a,

you'll see a little "r" right next to that language right there.

vidjet ćete malo "r" odmah pokraj ovog jezika tu.

That language is Mi'kmaq.

Taj jezik je Mi'kmaq.

Mi'kmaq has undergone significant revitalization

Mi'kmaq je prošao kroz značajnu obnovu

because of the adoption of a self-government agreement

zbog usvajanja ugovora o samoupravi

that led to culture and language-based education,

koji je doveo do obrazovanja temeljenog na jeziku i kulturi;

and now there are Mi'kmaq children

tako da sada ima djece plemena Mi'kmaq

who have Mi'kmaq as their first language.

kojima je Mi'kmaq prvi jezik.

There's so much that we can do.

Toliko je toga što možemo napraviti.

These children are students

Ta djeca su učenici

in the Mnidoo Mnising Anishinabek Kinoomaage,

u Mnidoo Mnising Anishinabek Kinoomaage,

an immersion school on Manitoulin island,

"uranjajuće" škole na otoku Manitoulin,

where they learn in Anishinaabemowin.

gdje uče na jeziku Anishinaabemowin.

They arrived at school in junior kindergarten

U školu su krenuli u sklopu produženog boravka

speaking very little, if any, Anishinaabemowin.

govoreći vrlo malo, ako išta, Anishinaabemowin.

And now, in grade three and grade four,

A sada, u trećem i četvrtom razredu,

they're testing at intermediate and fluent levels.

polažu testove na naprednoj razini i razini tečnog govorenja.

At the same time,

U isto vrijeme,

they have beautifully high self-esteem.

imaju predivno visoko samopoštovanje.

They are proud to be Anishinaabe people,

Ponosni su što pripadaju Anishinaabe porodici

and they have strong learning skills.

i imaju jake vještine učenja.

Not all education has to be formal education either.

Ne mora svo obrazovanje biti formalno.

In our local community,

U našoj lokalnoj zajednici,

we have the Kingston Indigenous Language Nest.

postoji Kingston Indigenous Language Nest.

KILN is an organization now,

KILN je sada organizacija,

but it started six years ago with passionate community members

ali je započela prije šest godina sa strastvenim članovima zajednice

gathered around an elder's kitchen table.

okupljenima oko kuhinjskog stola starješine.

Since then, we have created weekend learning experiences

Od tada smo pokrenuli iskustva učenja vikendom

aimed at multigenerational learning,

ciljajući na multigeneracijsko učenje

gdje se baziramo na prenošenje jezika i kulture na djecu.

where we focus on passing language and culture on to children.

We use traditional games, songs, foods and activities to do that.

Upotrebljavamo tradicionalne igre, pjesme, hranu i aktivnosti.

We have classes

Imamo nastavu

at both the beginner and intermediate levels

na početničkoj i naprednoj razini

offered right here.

ponuđenu baš ovdje.

We've partnered with school boards and libraries

Partneri smo sa školskim odborima i knjižnicama

to have resources and language in place in formal education.

kako bi imali izvore i jezik prisutne u formalnom obrazovanju.

The possibilities are just endless,

Mogućnosti su bezbrojne

and I'm so grateful for the work that has been done

i zahvalna sam na radu koji je napravljen

to allow me to pass language and culture on to my son

kako bi mi omogućio da prenesem jezik i kulturu mom sinu

and to other children within our community.

i ostaloj djeci unutar naše zajednice.

We've developed a strong, beautiful, vibrant community as well,

Također smo razvili snažnu, prekrasnu, živu zajednicu

as a result of this shared effort.

kao rezultat zajedničkog truda.

Što onda trebamo za dalje?

So what do we need moving forward?

First of all, we need policy.

Prvo, trebamo politiku.

We need enacted policy with attached funding

Trebamo donijeti političke odluke vezane za financiranje

that will ensure that Indigenous language

koje će osigurati kako će domorodački jezik

is incorporated meaningfully into education,

biti smisleno uklopljen u obrazovanje,

both on and off reserve.

unutar i izvan rezervata.

On reserve, education is funded at significantly lower levels

U rezervatu obrazovanje je puno manje financirano

than it is off reserve.

nego izvan rezervata.

And off reserve,

A izvan rezervata

Indigenous language education is often neglected,

učenje domorodačkih jezika često je zanemareno,

because people assume

zato što ljudi pretpostavljaju

that Indigenous people are not present in provincial schools,

kako domoroci nisu prisutni u provincijskim školama,

when actually, around 70 percent of Indigenous people in Canada today

a zapravo oko 70 posto domorodaca u Kanadi danas

live off reserve.

živi izvan rezervata.

Those children have equal right to access their language and culture.

Ta djeca imaju jednaka prava pristupanju njihovom jeziku i kulturi.

Beyond policy, we need support.

Osim politike, trebamo i potporu.

And that doesn't just mean financial support.

To ne znači samo financijsku potporu.

We need space where we can carry out activities,

Trebamo prostor gdje možemo obavljati aktivnosti,

classes and interaction with nonindigenous populations as well.

kao i nastavu i interakciju s ljudima koji nisu domoroci.

We need support

Trebamo potporu

that looks like people wanting to learn the language.

u smislu ljudi koji žele naučiti jezik.

We need support where people talk about why these languages are important.

Trebamo potporu gdje ljudi pričaju o tome zašto su ti jezici bitni.

And to achieve that, we need education.

A da bismo to postigli, trebamo obrazovanje.

We need access to immersion education primarily,

Prvenstveno trebamo pristup obrazovanju "uranjanjem",

as that is most certainly the most effective way

zato što je to najučinkovitiji način

to ensure the transmission of Indigenous languages.

za osigurati prijenos domorodačkih jezika.

But we also need education in provincial schools,

Također trebamo i obrazovanje u školama u provincijama,

we need education for the nonindigenous populations

trebamo obrazovanje populacija koje nisu domorodačke

so that we can come to a better mutual understanding

kako bismo postigli bolje uzajamno razumijevanje

and move forward in a better way together.

i krenuli naprijed zajedno na bolji način.

I have this quote hanging in a framed picture on my office wall.

Imam citat koji uramljen visi na zidu u mom uredu.

It was a gift from a settler ally student that I taught a few years ago,

To je dar "settler ally" studenta kojeg sam podučavala prije par godina.

and it reminds me every day

I svaki dan me podsjeća

that we can achieve great things if we work together.

kako možemo ostvariti velike stvari ako radimo zajedno.

But if we're going to talk about reconciliation,

Ali ako ćemo govoriti o pomirenju,

we need to acknowledge

trebamo shvatiti

that a reconciliation that does not result

da pomirenje koje ne završava

in the survivance and continuation of Indigenous languages and cultures

opstankom i kontinuitetom domorodačkih jezika i kultura

is no reconciliation at all.

nije uopće pomirenje.

It is assimilation,

To je pripajanje,

and it shouldn't be acceptable to any of us.

a to ne bi trebalo biti prihvatljivo nikome od nas.

But what we can do is look to the calls to action,

Ali ono što možemo napraviti je obratiti pozornost na akcije,

we can look to the United Nations Declaration

na Deklaraciju Ujedinjenih naroda,

on the Rights of Indigenous People

na Prava domorodačkog stanovništva

and we can come to a mutual understanding

i možemo doći do uzajamnog dogovora

that what we have,

kako je ono što imamo,

in terms of linguistic and cultural heritage

u okvirima jezičnog i kulturnog nasljeđa

for Indigenous people in this country,

domorodačkog stanovništva u ovoj zemlji,

is worth saving.

vrijedno spašavanja.

Based on that, we can step forward,

Prema tome, možemo krenuti naprijed,

together,

zajedno,

to ensure that Indigenous languages are passed on

kako bismo osigurali da se domorodački jezici prenose

beyond 2050, beyond the next generation,

i nakon 2050., i nakon sljedeće generacije,

into the next seven generations.

na sljedećih sedam generacija.

Miigwech. Niawen’kó:wa. Thank you.

Miigwech. Niawen’kó:wa. Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)