The "opportunity gap" in US public education -- and how to close it | Anindya Kundu

127,711 views ・ 2020-01-23

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: psjmz mz 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:12
My first job out of college was as an academic researcher
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我大学毕业后的第一份工作是在
00:16
at one of the largest juvenile detention centers in the country.
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一所全国最大的青少年拘留所 做学术研究员。
00:20
And every day I would drive to this building
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每天我驾车来到这座
00:22
on the West Side of Chicago,
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位于芝加哥西边的建筑,
00:24
go through the security checkpoint
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穿过安全检查点,
00:26
and walk down these brown, brick hallways as I made my way down to the basement
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然后沿着棕色的砖砌走廊 往下走,去地下室
00:31
to observe the intake process.
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观察录入的过程。
00:33
The kids coming in were about 10 to 16 years old,
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进来的孩子大约 10-16 岁,
00:37
usually always black and brown,
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通常是黑色和棕色皮肤,
00:39
most likely from the same impoverished South and West Sides of Chicago.
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大部分来自芝加哥南部 和西部的贫困地区。
00:43
They should've been in fifth to tenth grade,
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他们本应该在上学 读 5-10 年级,
00:46
but instead they were here for weeks on end
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但现实是 他们要在这里呆上几周,
00:49
awaiting trial for various crimes.
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等待各种罪行的审判。
00:51
Some of them came back to the facility 14 times before their 15th birthday.
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有些人在 15 岁生日前 已经进出这里 14 次。
00:57
And as I sat there on the other side of the glass from them,
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隔着玻璃, 当我坐在他们的另一边,
01:00
idealistic with a college degree,
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本科毕业的我带着一种理想主义,
01:03
I wondered to myself:
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不禁纳闷:
01:04
Why didn't schools do something more to prevent this from happening?
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为什么学校不采取更多行动 去阻止这些事情的发生呢?
01:10
It's been about 10 years since then,
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10 年后,
01:11
and I still think about how some kids get tracked towards college
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我仍在思考为何有些孩子能上大学,
01:15
and others towards detention,
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而有些孩子却去了拘留所,
01:17
but I no longer think about schools' abilities to solve these things.
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但我不再去质疑学校 解决这些问题的能力。
01:22
You see, I've learned that so much of this problem is systemic
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我了解到,这个问题 在很大程度上是制度性的,
01:25
that often our school system perpetuates the social divide.
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是我们的学校制度 造成了社会分化。
01:30
It makes worse what it's supposed to fix.
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它让本应解决的问题变得更糟了。
01:34
That's as crazy or controversial
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这就像说我们的
01:35
as saying that our health care system isn't preventative
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医疗保健系统不是预防性的,
01:38
but somehow profits off of keeping us sick ...
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而是从让我们生病中获利 一样疯狂或有争议。
01:41
oops.
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哎呀,好像不该这么说。
01:42
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:43
I truly do believe though that kids can achieve great things
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我真心认为,尽管困难重重
01:46
despite the odds against them,
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那些孩子依然可以有出色的表现,
01:48
and in fact, my own research shows that.
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并且事实上,我自己 的研究也显示了这点。
01:51
But if we're serious about helping more kids from across the board
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但是如果我们真的想要 帮助更多的孩子
01:55
to achieve and make it in this world,
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在这个世界上取得成功,
01:58
we're going to have to realize that our gaps in student outcomes
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我们就需要意识到学生 学习成果的差距
02:01
are not so much about achievement as much as they are about opportunity.
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与其说是在于成就, 不如说是来自于机会。
02:06
A 2019 EdBuild report showed
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一份 2019 年的 EdBuild 报告显示,
02:09
that majority-white districts receive about 23 billion dollars more
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白人为主的街区每年获得 的教育经费比非白人街区
02:13
in annual funding than nonwhite districts,
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要多 230 亿美元,
02:16
even though they serve about the same number of students.
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即便它们所服务的学生数量一样。
02:19
Lower resource schools are dealing with lower quality equipment,
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资源少的学校用低质量的设施,
02:22
obsolete technology
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陈旧的技术,
02:24
and paying teachers way less.
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并且教师的工资更低。
02:26
Here in New York,
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在纽约,
02:27
those are also the schools most likely to serve
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这些学校也是最有可能给
02:29
the one in 10 elementary school students
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今晚最有可能睡在收容所的
02:32
who will most likely have to sleep in a homeless shelter tonight.
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那十分之一的学生服务的。
02:36
The student, parent and teacher are dealing with a lot.
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学生,家长和教师要处理很多事情。
02:40
Sometimes places are misplacing the blame back on them.
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有时候教育机构会把责任推给他们。
02:44
In Atlanta, we saw that teachers felt desperate enough
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在亚特兰大,我们发现, 教师已经绝望到
02:47
to have to help their students cheat on standardized tests
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去帮助他们的学生在 标准考试中作弊,
02:51
that would impact their funding.
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因为后者会影响教育资金。
02:53
Eight of them went to jail for that in 2015
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2015 年,有 8 个人为此进了监狱,
02:56
with some sentences as high as 20 years,
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有些被判处高达 20 年的刑期,
02:59
which is more than what many states give for second-degree murder.
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这比许多州二级谋杀的刑罚还久。
03:04
The thing is though, in places like Tulsa,
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问题是,在塔尔萨这样的地方,
03:07
teachers' pay has been so bad
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教师的薪酬非常糟糕,
03:09
that these people have had to go to food pantries
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他们不得不去免费食品分发处
03:11
or soup kitchens just to feed themselves.
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或施粥处讨饭,才能养活自己。
03:14
The same system will criminalize a parent who will use a relative's address
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同样的制度也会唆使父母犯罪, 使用位于好学区亲戚的地址
03:19
to send their child to a better school,
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帮助孩子上更好的学校,
03:22
but for who knows how long authorities have turned a blind eye
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但谁知道当局对那些 能够通过贿赂进入
03:25
to those who can bribe their way
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最优秀、最美丽的大学校园
03:27
onto the most elite and beautiful college campuses.
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的人视而不见多久了。
03:31
And a lot of this feels pretty heavy to be saying --
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这些话说起来让人感觉很沉重——
03:34
and maybe to be hearing --
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可能听起来也是如此——
03:36
and since there's nothing quite like economics talk to lighten the mood --
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因为没有什么比经济学演讲 更能让人放松心情了——
03:41
that's right, right?
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是吧?
03:42
Let me tell you about some of the costs
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让我们来告诉你们,
03:44
when we fail to tap into our students' potential.
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当我们不能挖掘学生的潜力时, 要付出怎样的代价。
03:47
A McKinsey study showed that if in 1998
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麦肯锡的一项研究表明, 如果在 1998 年,
03:50
we could've closed our long-standing student achievement gaps
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我们可以缩小长期 存在于不同种族
03:53
between students of different ethnic backgrounds
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或者不同收入水平
03:56
or students of different income levels,
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的学生之间的成就差距,
03:58
by 2008, our GDP --
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到 2008 年,我们的 GDP——
04:01
our untapped economic gains --
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我们未开发的经济收益——
04:03
could have gone up by more than 500 billion dollars.
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能够增长超过 5 千亿美元。
04:06
Those same gaps in 2008,
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2008年,美国的学生
04:09
between our students here in the US and those across the world,
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和世界其他地方的学生 之间同样的差距,
04:13
may have deprived our economy
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可能会剥夺我们
04:15
of up to 2.3 trillion dollars of economic output.
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高达 2.3 万亿美元的经济产出。
04:21
But beyond economics, numbers and figures,
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但除了经济学,数字和数量,
04:24
I think there's a simpler reason that this matters,
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我认为说这一点很重要, 还有一个更简单的原因,
04:26
a simpler reason for fixing our system.
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这一简单的原因就可以 修复我们的系统。
04:29
It's that in a true democracy,
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那就是在一个真正的民主社会,
04:31
like the one we pride ourselves on having --
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就如我们自豪所拥有的——
04:33
and sometimes rightfully so --
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有时候是理所当然的——
04:36
a child's future should not be predetermined
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孩子的未来不应该取决于
04:38
by the circumstances of their birth.
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他们出生的环境。
04:40
A public education system should not create a wider bottom and more narrow top.
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公共教育体系不应该 创造一个金字塔模式。
04:46
Some of us can sometimes think
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我们有些人可能会认为
04:48
that these things aren't that close to home,
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这些事情离我们不是特别近,
04:51
but they are if we broaden our view,
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但如果我们开拓视野, 就会发现它们近在咫尺,
04:53
because a leaky faucet in our kitchen,
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因为厨房的水龙头漏水,
04:56
broken radiator in our hallway,
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走廊的散热器坏了,
04:58
those parts of the house that we always say we're going to get to next week,
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我们总是说我们下周会进行维修,
05:02
they're devaluing our whole property.
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但它们正在让我们 的整个财产贬值。
05:05
Instead of constantly looking away to solutions like privatization
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与其总是寻找诸如私有化
05:09
or the charter school movement to solve our problems,
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或者特许学校运动来 解决我们的问题,
05:12
why don't we take a deeper look at public education,
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我们为什么不深入审视尝试去
05:15
try to take more pride in it
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引以为豪的公共教育,
05:17
and maybe use it to solve some of our social problems.
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并且用它来解决 我们的一部分社会问题呢?
05:22
Why don't we try to reclaim the promise of public education
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我们为什么不重申公共教育的愿景
05:26
and remember that it's our greatest collective responsibility?
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并牢记这是我们最重要的集体责任呢?
05:30
Luckily some of our communities are doing just that.
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幸运的是,我们有些社团正在这样做。
05:34
The huge teacher strikes in the spring of 2019 in Denver and LA --
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2019 年春天,在丹佛和洛杉矶 的大型教师罢工——
05:39
they were successful because of community support
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这些运动之所以成功, 是因为社区支持这些诉求:
05:42
for things like smaller class sizes
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例如更小的班级,
05:44
and getting things into schools like more counselors
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招募更多的辅导员,
05:47
in addition to teacher pay.
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还有提高教师的工资。
05:49
And sometimes for the student,
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有时候对于学生而言,
05:51
innovation is just daring to implement common sense.
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创新就是敢于实践常识。
05:55
In Baltimore a few years ago,
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几年前在巴尔的摩,
05:57
they enacted a free breakfast and lunch program,
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他们制定了一个免费 的早餐和午餐计划,
06:00
taking away the stigma of poverty and hunger
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为一些学生消除贫穷
06:02
for some students
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和饥饿的耻辱,
06:03
but increasing achievement in attendance for many others.
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但也增加了其他人的出勤率。
06:08
And in Memphis,
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在孟菲斯,
06:09
the university is recruiting local, passionate high school students
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大学正在招募当地热情的高中生,
06:12
and giving them scholarships to go teach in the inner city
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给他们奖学金, 让他们去市中心教书,
06:16
without the burden of college debt.
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而不用承担大学的债务。
06:18
And north of here in The Bronx,
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在布朗克斯的北边,
06:20
I recently researched these partnerships being built
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我最近研究了在高中,社区学院
06:22
between high schools, community colleges and local businesses
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和本地商家之间建立 的合作伙伴关系,
06:26
who are creating internships in finance, health care and technology
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他们为那些没有黄金人脉 的学生创造金融、
06:30
for students without "silver spoon" connections
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医疗和科技方面的实习机会,
06:33
to gain important skills
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去获得重要技能,
06:35
and contribute to the communities that they come from.
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并为他们所在的社区做贡献。
06:39
So today I don't necessarily have the same questions about education
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所以今天,我不再抱有曾经 那种我还在看守所地下室工作时
06:43
that I did when I was an idealistic, perhaps naïve college grad
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充满理想主义,可能还有些
06:47
working in a detention center basement.
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学生气的关于教育的问题。
06:50
It's not: Can schools save more of our students?
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问题不再是关于:学校可以 拯救更多的学生吗?
06:54
Because I think we have the answer to that --
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因为我认为我们已经有了答案——
06:56
and it's yes they can, if we save our schools first.
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是的,可以,如果我们 首先拯救我们的学校。
07:00
We can start by caring about the education of other people's children ...
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我们可以从关心别人孩子 的教育开始…
07:05
And I'm saying that as someone who doesn't have kids yet
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虽然我还没有小孩,
07:08
but wants to worry a little bit less about the future when I do.
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但我这样说,也是希望 在未来不必那么担心。
07:13
Cultivating as much talent as possible,
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培养尽可能多的人才,
07:15
getting as many girls as we can from all over
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从各地吸引尽可能多的女孩子进入
07:18
into science and engineering,
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科学和工程领域,
07:20
as many boys as we can into teaching --
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就如我们可以 让男孩们从事教育一样——
07:24
those are investments for our future.
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这些是对我们未来的投资。
07:27
Our students are like our most valuable resource,
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我们的学生就像我们 最有价值的资源,
07:30
and when you put it that way,
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当你把他们放在那个位置时,
07:32
our teachers are like our modern-day diamond and gold miners,
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我们的老师就像现代 的钻石和黄金矿工,
07:36
hoping to help make them shine.
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希望帮助学生们发光。
07:38
Let's contribute our voices,
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让我们发出自己的声音,
07:40
our votes and our support
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不再吝啬我们的投票和支持,
07:42
to giving them the resources that they will need
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给予他们所需的资源,
07:45
not just to survive
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不仅是为了生存,
07:47
but hopefully thrive,
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更是为了繁荣,
07:49
allowing all of us to do so as well.
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让我们所有人都能这样做。
07:52
Thank you.
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谢谢。
07:53
(Applause and cheers)
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(鼓掌和欢呼)
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