The "opportunity gap" in US public education -- and how to close it | Anindya Kundu
126,525 views ・ 2020-01-23
请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: psjmz mz
校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:12
My first job out of college
was as an academic researcher
0
12500
3934
我大学毕业后的第一份工作是在
00:16
at one of the largest juvenile
detention centers in the country.
1
16458
4351
一所全国最大的青少年拘留所
做学术研究员。
00:20
And every day I would drive
to this building
2
20833
2101
每天我驾车来到这座
00:22
on the West Side of Chicago,
3
22958
1435
位于芝加哥西边的建筑,
00:24
go through the security checkpoint
4
24417
1809
穿过安全检查点,
00:26
and walk down these brown, brick hallways
as I made my way down to the basement
5
26250
4976
然后沿着棕色的砖砌走廊
往下走,去地下室
00:31
to observe the intake process.
6
31250
2518
观察录入的过程。
00:33
The kids coming in
were about 10 to 16 years old,
7
33792
3226
进来的孩子大约 10-16 岁,
00:37
usually always black and brown,
8
37042
2101
通常是黑色和棕色皮肤,
00:39
most likely from the same impoverished
South and West Sides of Chicago.
9
39167
4434
大部分来自芝加哥南部
和西部的贫困地区。
00:43
They should've been
in fifth to tenth grade,
10
43625
3059
他们本应该在上学
读 5-10 年级,
00:46
but instead they were here
for weeks on end
11
46708
2435
但现实是
他们要在这里呆上几周,
00:49
awaiting trial for various crimes.
12
49167
2767
等待各种罪行的审判。
00:51
Some of them came back to the facility
14 times before their 15th birthday.
13
51958
4709
有些人在 15 岁生日前
已经进出这里 14 次。
00:57
And as I sat there on the other side
of the glass from them,
14
57375
3101
隔着玻璃,
当我坐在他们的另一边,
01:00
idealistic with a college degree,
15
60500
2559
本科毕业的我带着一种理想主义,
01:03
I wondered to myself:
16
63083
1685
不禁纳闷:
01:04
Why didn't schools do something more
to prevent this from happening?
17
64792
4208
为什么学校不采取更多行动
去阻止这些事情的发生呢?
01:10
It's been about 10 years since then,
18
70042
1726
10 年后,
01:11
and I still think about how some kids
get tracked towards college
19
71792
3226
我仍在思考为何有些孩子能上大学,
01:15
and others towards detention,
20
75042
2726
而有些孩子却去了拘留所,
01:17
but I no longer think about schools'
abilities to solve these things.
21
77792
4392
但我不再去质疑学校
解决这些问题的能力。
01:22
You see, I've learned that so much
of this problem is systemic
22
82208
3560
我了解到,这个问题
在很大程度上是制度性的,
01:25
that often our school system
perpetuates the social divide.
23
85792
5059
是我们的学校制度
造成了社会分化。
01:30
It makes worse what it's supposed to fix.
24
90875
3226
它让本应解决的问题变得更糟了。
01:34
That's as crazy or controversial
25
94125
1768
这就像说我们的
01:35
as saying that our health care system
isn't preventative
26
95917
2642
医疗保健系统不是预防性的,
01:38
but somehow profits
off of keeping us sick ...
27
98583
2976
而是从让我们生病中获利
一样疯狂或有争议。
01:41
oops.
28
101583
1268
哎呀,好像不该这么说。
01:42
(Laughter)
29
102875
1018
(笑声)
01:43
I truly do believe though
that kids can achieve great things
30
103917
2851
我真心认为,尽管困难重重
01:46
despite the odds against them,
31
106792
1476
那些孩子依然可以有出色的表现,
01:48
and in fact, my own research shows that.
32
108292
2976
并且事实上,我自己
的研究也显示了这点。
01:51
But if we're serious about helping
more kids from across the board
33
111292
3892
但是如果我们真的想要
帮助更多的孩子
01:55
to achieve and make it in this world,
34
115208
2935
在这个世界上取得成功,
01:58
we're going to have to realize
that our gaps in student outcomes
35
118167
3101
我们就需要意识到学生
学习成果的差距
02:01
are not so much about achievement
as much as they are about opportunity.
36
121292
4708
与其说是在于成就,
不如说是来自于机会。
02:06
A 2019 EdBuild report showed
37
126667
2684
一份 2019 年的 EdBuild 报告显示,
02:09
that majority-white districts
receive about 23 billion dollars more
38
129375
4518
白人为主的街区每年获得
的教育经费比非白人街区
02:13
in annual funding than nonwhite districts,
39
133917
2601
要多 230 亿美元,
02:16
even though they serve
about the same number of students.
40
136542
2976
即便它们所服务的学生数量一样。
02:19
Lower resource schools are dealing
with lower quality equipment,
41
139542
3101
资源少的学校用低质量的设施,
02:22
obsolete technology
42
142667
1476
陈旧的技术,
02:24
and paying teachers way less.
43
144167
1851
并且教师的工资更低。
02:26
Here in New York,
44
146042
1517
在纽约,
02:27
those are also the schools
most likely to serve
45
147583
2226
这些学校也是最有可能给
02:29
the one in 10 elementary school students
46
149833
2476
今晚最有可能睡在收容所的
02:32
who will most likely have to sleep
in a homeless shelter tonight.
47
152333
3500
那十分之一的学生服务的。
02:36
The student, parent and teacher
are dealing with a lot.
48
156542
3851
学生,家长和教师要处理很多事情。
02:40
Sometimes places are misplacing
the blame back on them.
49
160417
4101
有时候教育机构会把责任推给他们。
02:44
In Atlanta, we saw that teachers
felt desperate enough
50
164542
3392
在亚特兰大,我们发现,
教师已经绝望到
02:47
to have to help their students
cheat on standardized tests
51
167958
3560
去帮助他们的学生在
标准考试中作弊,
02:51
that would impact their funding.
52
171542
1809
因为后者会影响教育资金。
02:53
Eight of them went
to jail for that in 2015
53
173375
2851
2015 年,有 8 个人为此进了监狱,
02:56
with some sentences as high as 20 years,
54
176250
3559
有些被判处高达 20 年的刑期,
02:59
which is more than what many states
give for second-degree murder.
55
179833
3417
这比许多州二级谋杀的刑罚还久。
03:04
The thing is though, in places like Tulsa,
56
184375
2684
问题是,在塔尔萨这样的地方,
03:07
teachers' pay has been so bad
57
187083
1976
教师的薪酬非常糟糕,
03:09
that these people have had
to go to food pantries
58
189083
2310
他们不得不去免费食品分发处
03:11
or soup kitchens just to feed themselves.
59
191417
2934
或施粥处讨饭,才能养活自己。
03:14
The same system will criminalize a parent
who will use a relative's address
60
194375
4893
同样的制度也会唆使父母犯罪,
使用位于好学区亲戚的地址
03:19
to send their child to a better school,
61
199292
2892
帮助孩子上更好的学校,
03:22
but for who knows how long
authorities have turned a blind eye
62
202208
2935
但谁知道当局对那些
能够通过贿赂进入
03:25
to those who can bribe their way
63
205167
1892
最优秀、最美丽的大学校园
03:27
onto the most elite and beautiful
college campuses.
64
207083
3667
的人视而不见多久了。
03:31
And a lot of this feels
pretty heavy to be saying --
65
211792
2642
这些话说起来让人感觉很沉重——
03:34
and maybe to be hearing --
66
214458
1768
可能听起来也是如此——
03:36
and since there's nothing quite like
economics talk to lighten the mood --
67
216250
4726
因为没有什么比经济学演讲
更能让人放松心情了——
03:41
that's right, right?
68
221000
1726
是吧?
03:42
Let me tell you about some of the costs
69
222750
1893
让我们来告诉你们,
03:44
when we fail to tap
into our students' potential.
70
224667
3017
当我们不能挖掘学生的潜力时,
要付出怎样的代价。
03:47
A McKinsey study showed that if in 1998
71
227708
2935
麦肯锡的一项研究表明,
如果在 1998 年,
03:50
we could've closed our long-standing
student achievement gaps
72
230667
3226
我们可以缩小长期
存在于不同种族
03:53
between students
of different ethnic backgrounds
73
233917
2267
或者不同收入水平
03:56
or students of different income levels,
74
236208
2560
的学生之间的成就差距,
03:58
by 2008, our GDP --
75
238792
2726
到 2008 年,我们的 GDP——
04:01
our untapped economic gains --
76
241542
1809
我们未开发的经济收益——
04:03
could have gone up
by more than 500 billion dollars.
77
243375
3518
能够增长超过 5 千亿美元。
04:06
Those same gaps in 2008,
78
246917
2517
2008年,美国的学生
04:09
between our students here in the US
and those across the world,
79
249458
4185
和世界其他地方的学生
之间同样的差距,
04:13
may have deprived our economy
80
253667
1642
可能会剥夺我们
04:15
of up to 2.3 trillion dollars
of economic output.
81
255333
5084
高达 2.3 万亿美元的经济产出。
04:21
But beyond economics, numbers and figures,
82
261375
2601
但除了经济学,数字和数量,
04:24
I think there's a simpler reason
that this matters,
83
264000
2601
我认为说这一点很重要,
还有一个更简单的原因,
04:26
a simpler reason for fixing our system.
84
266625
2809
这一简单的原因就可以
修复我们的系统。
04:29
It's that in a true democracy,
85
269458
2143
那就是在一个真正的民主社会,
04:31
like the one we pride
ourselves on having --
86
271625
2101
就如我们自豪所拥有的——
04:33
and sometimes rightfully so --
87
273750
2643
有时候是理所当然的——
04:36
a child's future
should not be predetermined
88
276417
2101
孩子的未来不应该取决于
04:38
by the circumstances of their birth.
89
278542
2142
他们出生的环境。
04:40
A public education system should not
create a wider bottom and more narrow top.
90
280708
6226
公共教育体系不应该
创造一个金字塔模式。
04:46
Some of us can sometimes think
91
286958
1518
我们有些人可能会认为
04:48
that these things
aren't that close to home,
92
288500
2476
这些事情离我们不是特别近,
04:51
but they are if we broaden our view,
93
291000
2268
但如果我们开拓视野,
就会发现它们近在咫尺,
04:53
because a leaky faucet in our kitchen,
94
293292
2726
因为厨房的水龙头漏水,
04:56
broken radiator in our hallway,
95
296042
2517
走廊的散热器坏了,
04:58
those parts of the house that we always
say we're going to get to next week,
96
298583
3893
我们总是说我们下周会进行维修,
05:02
they're devaluing our whole property.
97
302500
2042
但它们正在让我们
的整个财产贬值。
05:05
Instead of constantly looking away
to solutions like privatization
98
305250
4684
与其总是寻找诸如私有化
05:09
or the charter school movement
to solve our problems,
99
309958
2976
或者特许学校运动来
解决我们的问题,
05:12
why don't we take a deeper look
at public education,
100
312958
2685
我们为什么不深入审视尝试去
05:15
try to take more pride in it
101
315667
2017
引以为豪的公共教育,
05:17
and maybe use it to solve
some of our social problems.
102
317708
4435
并且用它来解决
我们的一部分社会问题呢?
05:22
Why don't we try to reclaim
the promise of public education
103
322167
4226
我们为什么不重申公共教育的愿景
05:26
and remember that it's
our greatest collective responsibility?
104
326417
3625
并牢记这是我们最重要的集体责任呢?
05:30
Luckily some of our communities
are doing just that.
105
330917
3476
幸运的是,我们有些社团正在这样做。
05:34
The huge teacher strikes
in the spring of 2019 in Denver and LA --
106
334417
4976
2019 年春天,在丹佛和洛杉矶
的大型教师罢工——
05:39
they were successful
because of community support
107
339417
3101
这些运动之所以成功,
是因为社区支持这些诉求:
05:42
for things like smaller class sizes
108
342542
2059
例如更小的班级,
05:44
and getting things into schools
like more counselors
109
344625
3018
招募更多的辅导员,
05:47
in addition to teacher pay.
110
347667
2101
还有提高教师的工资。
05:49
And sometimes for the student,
111
349792
1892
有时候对于学生而言,
05:51
innovation is just daring
to implement common sense.
112
351708
4101
创新就是敢于实践常识。
05:55
In Baltimore a few years ago,
113
355833
1435
几年前在巴尔的摩,
05:57
they enacted a free breakfast
and lunch program,
114
357292
2809
他们制定了一个免费
的早餐和午餐计划,
06:00
taking away the stigma
of poverty and hunger
115
360125
2268
为一些学生消除贫穷
06:02
for some students
116
362417
1517
和饥饿的耻辱,
06:03
but increasing achievement
in attendance for many others.
117
363958
4060
但也增加了其他人的出勤率。
06:08
And in Memphis,
118
368042
1267
在孟菲斯,
06:09
the university is recruiting
local, passionate high school students
119
369333
3393
大学正在招募当地热情的高中生,
06:12
and giving them scholarships
to go teach in the inner city
120
372750
3268
给他们奖学金,
让他们去市中心教书,
06:16
without the burden of college debt.
121
376042
2851
而不用承担大学的债务。
06:18
And north of here in The Bronx,
122
378917
1517
在布朗克斯的北边,
06:20
I recently researched
these partnerships being built
123
380458
2476
我最近研究了在高中,社区学院
06:22
between high schools,
community colleges and local businesses
124
382958
3268
和本地商家之间建立
的合作伙伴关系,
06:26
who are creating internships
in finance, health care and technology
125
386250
4393
他们为那些没有黄金人脉
的学生创造金融、
06:30
for students without
"silver spoon" connections
126
390667
2851
医疗和科技方面的实习机会,
06:33
to gain important skills
127
393542
1934
去获得重要技能,
06:35
and contribute to the communities
that they come from.
128
395500
2625
并为他们所在的社区做贡献。
06:39
So today I don't necessarily have
the same questions about education
129
399500
4018
所以今天,我不再抱有曾经
那种我还在看守所地下室工作时
06:43
that I did when I was an idealistic,
perhaps naïve college grad
130
403542
4351
充满理想主义,可能还有些
06:47
working in a detention center basement.
131
407917
2434
学生气的关于教育的问题。
06:50
It's not: Can schools
save more of our students?
132
410375
3893
问题不再是关于:学校可以
拯救更多的学生吗?
06:54
Because I think
we have the answer to that --
133
414292
2209
因为我认为我们已经有了答案——
06:56
and it's yes they can,
if we save our schools first.
134
416535
4191
是的,可以,如果我们
首先拯救我们的学校。
07:00
We can start by caring about the education
of other people's children ...
135
420750
3625
我们可以从关心别人孩子
的教育开始…
07:05
And I'm saying that
as someone who doesn't have kids yet
136
425750
2726
虽然我还没有小孩,
07:08
but wants to worry a little bit less
about the future when I do.
137
428500
3292
但我这样说,也是希望
在未来不必那么担心。
07:13
Cultivating as much talent as possible,
138
433000
2476
培养尽可能多的人才,
07:15
getting as many girls
as we can from all over
139
435500
2851
从各地吸引尽可能多的女孩子进入
07:18
into science and engineering,
140
438375
2018
科学和工程领域,
07:20
as many boys as we can
into teaching --
141
440417
3767
就如我们可以
让男孩们从事教育一样——
07:24
those are investments for our future.
142
444208
3143
这些是对我们未来的投资。
07:27
Our students are like
our most valuable resource,
143
447375
3434
我们的学生就像我们
最有价值的资源,
07:30
and when you put it that way,
144
450833
1768
当你把他们放在那个位置时,
07:32
our teachers are like our modern-day
diamond and gold miners,
145
452625
3434
我们的老师就像现代
的钻石和黄金矿工,
07:36
hoping to help make them shine.
146
456083
2226
希望帮助学生们发光。
07:38
Let's contribute our voices,
147
458333
1976
让我们发出自己的声音,
07:40
our votes and our support
148
460333
2435
不再吝啬我们的投票和支持,
07:42
to giving them the resources
that they will need
149
462792
2642
给予他们所需的资源,
07:45
not just to survive
150
465458
2185
不仅是为了生存,
07:47
but hopefully thrive,
151
467667
1476
更是为了繁荣,
07:49
allowing all of us to do so as well.
152
469167
3059
让我们所有人都能这样做。
07:52
Thank you.
153
472250
1268
谢谢。
07:53
(Applause and cheers)
154
473542
3291
(鼓掌和欢呼)
New videos
Original video on YouTube.com
关于本网站
这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。