Khalil Ramadi: Electronic pills that could transform how we treat disease | TED Fellows

39,416 views ・ 2021-05-25

TED


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翻译人员: Wanting Zhong 校对人员: Jiasi Hao
00:02
[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]
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00:04
For decades, scientists have tried to use brain modulation
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to treat neurological disorders.
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00:11
Techniques usually involved sticking wires onto our head,
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00:14
then helmets that immobilized our head
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【塑造你的未来】
00:16
and zapping our brain with magnetic or electrical pulses.
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数十年以来,科学家们一直试图
使用脑调制来治疗神经系统疾病。
00:20
Given what we now know about the millions of circuits that our brain has,
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这些技术通常要 往我们头上插电线、
00:24
this was much like trying to fix a pothole by resurfacing the entire road.
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用头盔把头固定住,
然后用磁脉冲或电脉冲刺激大脑。
00:29
Brain modulation can actually come in different forms.
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鉴于我们现在 对大脑中数百万个回路的了解,
00:33
The brain connects with all organs in our bodies through neurons,
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00:36
much like an octopus' tentacles.
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这就像是试图通过重铺整条路 来修理一处坑洞。
00:38
This means that diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disorders can all be induced,
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脑调制其实有各种不同形式。
00:44
affected and exacerbated by the brain and the nervous system.
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大脑通过神经元 和我们身体中所有器官相连,
00:48
This also means that brain modulation can be achieved
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就像是章鱼的触手一样。
这意味着大脑和神经系统 有可能诱发、影响和加剧
00:51
through different parts of the body
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00:53
by zapping organs and limbs with electrodes
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糖尿病、癌症 和自身免疫性疾病。
00:55
that have usually been implanted with drills and scalpels.
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00:58
Today, however, brain modulation doesn't have to be so invasive.
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这也意味着大脑调制
01:02
Some of my colleagues at MIT
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可以通过身体的不同部位来实现——
01:04
have discovered that a potential therapy for Alzheimer's
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使用电极刺激器官和四肢,
01:07
could be watching light of a certain wavelength
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这些电极往往需要 用电钻和手术刀植入。
01:10
flash at a particular frequency.
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然而,今天的脑调制 创伤性已不必这么强了。
01:12
This is an example of something I like to call a bionudge --
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我在麻省理工大学的一些同事
01:16
simple techniques that target specific circuits in our bodies
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发现了阿茨海默症的一种潜在疗法
可以是观看某个特定波长
01:20
to achieve a certain outcome,
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01:22
like using light to slow degeneration and Alzheimer's.
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以特定频率闪烁的光。
我想把这样的例子 称为 “生物助推”——
01:25
Let me show you an example of a really simple bionudge.
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01:28
In 10 seconds, I'm going to cause neurons in your pretectal area to light up
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即,为了达到某个结果
而针对我们身体中 特定回路的简单技术。
01:32
and then I'll stimulate your amygdala and hippocampus to surprise you.
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例如使用光 来延缓神经退行和阿茨海默症。
01:36
Finally, your arcuate nucleus to make you feel hungry.
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让我给你展示一个 非常简单的生物助推的例子。
在十秒钟内,我会让你 前顶盖区域的神经元亮起来,
01:44
Bionudges don't need to be shocking or jarring,
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然后我会刺激你的杏仁体与海马体, 让你吓一跳。
01:47
They just need to be designed to activate or silence a specific brain circuit.
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最后,刺激你的弓状核, 让你感到饥饿。
01:53
Combining bionudges in a certain order
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01:55
can allow us to use them for a more targeted purpose.
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生物助推不必令人产生不适 (例如受到惊吓或是刺耳疼痛),
01:58
My team and I at MIT developed microdevices
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只需将它们设计得能激活 或抑制某个特定的脑回路。
02:01
similar in shape and size to a pill that can be swallowed like we do pills
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以一定顺序组合生物助推,
02:06
and contain electronics
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02:07
to deliver little bursts of electrical or chemical stimuli --
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就能让我们将其用于 更有针对性的目的。
我和我在麻省理工的团队 研发出了微型设备,
02:11
bionudges -- to our gut.
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形状大小都与药丸相仿, 可以像药丸一样吞下去。
02:14
Our gut is the largest interface of our body with the outside world.
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02:17
It has an incredible combination of tissues all working together.
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其中含有电子元件
能将少量电或化学刺激——
02:21
It houses enteroendocrine cells
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02:23
that sense what we eat
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生物助推——传递到我们的肠道中。
02:24
and induce the release of hormones that can regulate hunger and metabolism.
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消化道是我们身体对外界最大的接口。
02:28
It houses immune cells that sense the microbiome
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其中有很多难以置信的组织 共同协作运转:
02:31
while preventing bacteria from entering our body.
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例如肠内分泌细胞,
02:34
And neurons -- lots and lots of neurons.
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能感知我们吃了什么,
并促使释放 能调节饥饿感和代谢的激素。
02:38
This is why certain sugary or salty foods can ramp up dopamine levels in our brain
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再例如免疫细胞,能感知微生物组,
02:43
and make us feel quite good after eating them.
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同时防止细菌进入体内。
02:46
Our electronic pills can be designed to reside in the gut for days to weeks,
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还有神经元——很多很多神经元。
02:50
delivering bionudges to neurons along the GI tract.
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这就是为什么某些甜味或咸味食物 能提升大脑中的多巴胺浓度,
02:54
Depending on the shape and strength of these electrical impulses,
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让我们在食用之后感觉良好。
02:58
they can either affect hormone levels in our blood
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我们的电子药丸被设计成 可在消化道内停留数日到数周,
03:00
or travel up to our brain
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03:02
where they can activate or silence specific brain circuits
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期间对沿消化道的神经元 提供生物助推。
03:05
that control hunger, metabolism and arousal.
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根据这些电脉冲的形状和强度,
03:08
Much like we did just a few minutes ago.
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它们可以影响血液中的激素浓度,
03:11
Using our devices, we could stimulate the stomach
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或是被传递至大脑,
03:13
to tackle nausea or influence satiety
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在那里激活或抑制
03:15
or the intestine to change the way we digest things like glucose
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能控制饥饿、代谢与唤起的 特定脑回路。
03:19
by affecting absorption of nutrients in food.
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就像我们几分钟前展示的那样。
03:22
This could mean new, noninvasive therapies for the 34 million diabetics in the US
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我们可以使用这种设备刺激胃部
以解决恶心或影响饱腹感;
03:27
and 650 million obese population worldwide.
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或刺激肠道,通过影响 对食物中营养成分的吸收
03:31
We could even affect things like inflammation in the brain,
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改变我们对葡萄糖等物质的消化方式。
03:34
slowing down degeneration for the almost 60 million patients
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这意味着该新型无创式疗法 有望使美国 3400 万糖尿病患者
03:38
with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's around the world.
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和全世界 6.5 亿肥胖人口受益。
03:41
By being super specific, we can avoid side effects,
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我们甚至能影响大脑炎症这类问题,
03:44
unlike most of our drugs.
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03:46
And in this way we can control appetite, nutrient digestion, hormone levels,
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为全世界近 6000 万名 帕金森症或阿茨海默症患者
03:51
even happiness and reward.
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减缓神经退行进程。
03:53
This is exciting.
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和大多数药物截然不同,
03:54
Bionudges are more targeted than medicines and less invasive than surgery.
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该疗法极高的特异性能避免副作用。
通过这种方法,我们可以控制食欲、 营养消化、激素水平,
04:00
Neuromodulation therapies could be a new gold standard in health care.
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甚至幸福感和奖励。
04:05
I'd like to leave you with an image:
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这很激动人心。
生物助推的针对性比药物更强, 创伤性比手术更低。
04:07
a single pill, not filled with drugs or chemicals,
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04:12
but with electronics and microdevices
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神经调制疗法可以成为 医疗领域新的黄金标准。
04:14
that deliver little bursts of energy to our gut.
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我想为大家留下这幅图景:
04:18
This pill can treat Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes or obesity,
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一颗药丸,里面填充的 不是药物或化学物质,
04:24
all without any chronic drugs, completely noninvasively.
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而是电子元件和微型设备,
能向肠道传递小型能量脉冲。
04:29
No drill, no surgery, no hospital stay.
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这颗药丸能治疗帕金森症、 阿茨海默症、糖尿病或肥胖症,
04:33
This is how medicine could be.
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04:36
This is how medicine should be.
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全部不需要任何长期药物 且彻底无创。
04:38
Thank you.
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不需要电钻、手术、住院。
这是医学可能成为的模样。
这也是医学应当成为的模样。
谢谢。
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