Khalil Ramadi: Electronic pills that could transform how we treat disease | TED Fellows

40,120 views ใƒป 2021-05-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Naama Lieberman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:02
[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]
0
2787
1626
00:04
For decades, scientists have tried to use brain modulation
1
4913
4000
00:08
to treat neurological disorders.
2
8954
2709
00:11
Techniques usually involved sticking wires onto our head,
3
11704
2959
00:14
then helmets that immobilized our head
4
14704
2250
[ืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื]
00:16
and zapping our brain with magnetic or electrical pulses.
5
16996
3542
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื ื™ืกื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืคื ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
00:20
Given what we now know about the millions of circuits that our brain has,
6
20579
4209
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœืœื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืœืจืืฉ,
00:24
this was much like trying to fix a pothole by resurfacing the entire road.
7
24829
4959
ื•ืื– ืงืกื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืืฉ
ื•โ€œืžื›ื•ืชโ€ ืฉืœ ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื—.
00:29
Brain modulation can actually come in different forms.
8
29829
3167
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
00:33
The brain connects with all organs in our bodies through neurons,
9
33037
3709
00:36
much like an octopus' tentacles.
10
36787
1917
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:38
This means that diabetes, cancer, autoimmune disorders can all be induced,
11
38746
5541
ืœืืคื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
00:44
affected and exacerbated by the brain and the nervous system.
12
44329
4375
ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื,
00:48
This also means that brain modulation can be achieved
13
48746
2625
ื›ืžื• ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืžื ื•ืŸ.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื,
00:51
through different parts of the body
14
51412
1709
00:53
by zapping organs and limbs with electrodes
15
53162
2750
00:55
that have usually been implanted with drills and scalpels.
16
55954
3000
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื• ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
00:58
Today, however, brain modulation doesn't have to be so invasive.
17
58996
3875
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืฉืืคื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข
01:02
Some of my colleagues at MIT
18
62912
2001
ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
01:04
have discovered that a potential therapy for Alzheimer's
19
64954
3000
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ โ€œื—ืฉืžื•ืœโ€ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื’ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช
01:07
could be watching light of a certain wavelength
20
67996
2667
ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืงื“ื—ื™ื ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื™ ืžื ืชื—ื™ื.
01:10
flash at a particular frequency.
21
70704
2125
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืืคื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
01:12
This is an example of something I like to call a bionudge --
22
72871
3750
ื›ืžื” ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ ื‘-MIT
01:16
simple techniques that target specific circuits in our bodies
23
76663
3916
ื’ื™ืœื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื
01:20
to achieve a certain outcome,
24
80621
1625
01:22
like using light to slow degeneration and Alzheimer's.
25
82288
3083
ืžื‘ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื›ื ื•ืช โ€œื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื”โ€
01:25
Let me show you an example of a really simple bionudge.
26
85413
3166
01:28
In 10 seconds, I'm going to cause neurons in your pretectal area to light up
27
88621
4042
ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
01:32
and then I'll stimulate your amygdala and hippocampus to surprise you.
28
92704
3334
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ืœื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ.
01:36
Finally, your arcuate nucleus to make you feel hungry.
29
96079
2917
ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืžืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ืงื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืœืง
01:44
Bionudges don't need to be shocking or jarring,
30
104663
3125
ื•ืื– ืื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืคืชื™ืขื• ืืชื›ื.
01:47
They just need to be designed to activate or silence a specific brain circuit.
31
107829
5709
ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ืืจืงื•ืื˜ ื›ืš ืฉืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืจืขื‘ื™ื.
01:53
Combining bionudges in a certain order
32
113579
2167
01:55
can allow us to use them for a more targeted purpose.
33
115788
3041
ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืื• ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœ,
01:58
My team and I at MIT developed microdevices
34
118871
3042
ืจืง ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
02:01
similar in shape and size to a pill that can be swallowed like we do pills
35
121954
4459
ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื
02:06
and contain electronics
36
126454
1334
02:07
to deliver little bursts of electrical or chemical stimuli --
37
127829
3959
ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘-MIT ื•ืื ื™ ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
02:11
bionudges -- to our gut.
38
131829
2209
ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœื›ืžื•ืกื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ื›ืžื• ื›ืžื•ืกื”
02:14
Our gut is the largest interface of our body with the outside world.
39
134079
3584
02:17
It has an incredible combination of tissues all working together.
40
137704
3709
ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”
ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
02:21
It houses enteroendocrine cells
41
141454
1917
02:23
that sense what we eat
42
143413
1458
- ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช - ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
02:24
and induce the release of hormones that can regulate hunger and metabolism.
43
144913
3916
ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ.
02:28
It houses immune cells that sense the microbiome
44
148871
2958
ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื—ื“.
02:31
while preventing bacteria from entering our body.
45
151871
2625
ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืื™ื ืื ื˜ืจื•-ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื
02:34
And neurons -- lots and lots of neurons.
46
154538
3833
ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืื›ืœื ื•
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืจืขื‘ ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.
02:38
This is why certain sugary or salty foods can ramp up dopamine levels in our brain
47
158413
5291
ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชืื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื
02:43
and make us feel quite good after eating them.
48
163746
2583
ื•ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:46
Our electronic pills can be designed to reside in the gut for days to weeks,
49
166371
4583
ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื - ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
02:50
delivering bionudges to neurons along the GI tract.
50
170996
3417
ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืื• ืžืœื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:54
Depending on the shape and strength of these electrical impulses,
51
174454
3584
ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”.
02:58
they can either affect hormone levels in our blood
52
178079
2542
ื”ื›ืžื•ืกื” ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื›ืš ืฉืชืฉื”ื” ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
03:00
or travel up to our brain
53
180663
1541
03:02
where they can activate or silence specific brain circuits
54
182246
3208
ื•ืชืฉืœื— ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
03:05
that control hunger, metabolism and arousal.
55
185496
3042
ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœืกื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:08
Much like we did just a few minutes ago.
56
188579
2417
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื
03:11
Using our devices, we could stimulate the stomach
57
191038
2375
ืื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ืขื“ ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
03:13
to tackle nausea or influence satiety
58
193454
2209
ืฉื ื™ืคืขื™ืœื• ืื• ื™ืฉืชื™ืงื• ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
03:15
or the intestine to change the way we digest things like glucose
59
195704
3709
ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืขื‘, ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช.
03:19
by affecting absorption of nutrients in food.
60
199454
2709
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:22
This could mean new, noninvasive therapies for the 34 million diabetics in the US
61
202204
5459
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื”
ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ืื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข
03:27
and 650 million obese population worldwide.
62
207704
3667
ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื›ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–
03:31
We could even affect things like inflammation in the brain,
63
211413
2958
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ.
03:34
slowing down degeneration for the almost 60 million patients
64
214413
4000
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืœ-34 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืืจื”โ€œื‘
03:38
with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's around the world.
65
218454
3250
ื•ืœ-650 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:41
By being super specific, we can avoid side effects,
66
221746
2792
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืงืช ื‘ืžื•ื—,
03:44
unlike most of our drugs.
67
224579
1792
03:46
And in this way we can control appetite, nutrient digestion, hormone levels,
68
226413
5083
ืœื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 60 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
ืขื ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ืื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:51
even happiness and reward.
69
231538
1541
03:53
This is exciting.
70
233121
1458
ืื ื ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื ืžื ืข ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™,
03:54
Bionudges are more targeted than medicines and less invasive than surgery.
71
234621
5417
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
ื›ื›ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื,
04:00
Neuromodulation therapies could be a new gold standard in health care.
72
240996
4583
ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืง.
04:05
I'd like to leave you with an image:
73
245621
2000
ื–ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ.
ื‘ื™ื•-ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
04:07
a single pill, not filled with drugs or chemicals,
74
247663
4375
04:12
but with electronics and microdevices
75
252079
2417
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืคื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
04:14
that deliver little bursts of energy to our gut.
76
254538
3458
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื”:
04:18
This pill can treat Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes or obesity,
77
258038
5416
ื›ืžื•ืกื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืœื ืžืœืื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
04:24
all without any chronic drugs, completely noninvasively.
78
264329
5000
ืืœื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืคืจืฆื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:29
No drill, no surgery, no hospital stay.
79
269371
4375
ื”ื›ืžื•ืกื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืื• ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
04:33
This is how medicine could be.
80
273788
2333
04:36
This is how medicine should be.
81
276163
2500
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ืช.
04:38
Thank you.
82
278704
1250
ื‘ืœื™ ืžืงื“ื—ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื‘ืœื™ ืืฉืคื•ื–.
ื›ื›ื” ืจืคื•ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
ื›ื›ื” ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7