How the US government spies on people who protest -- including you | Jennifer Granick

翻译人员: xiao gu 校对人员: Lydia Yu

We are all activists now.

如今的我们，都是积极人士。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

Thank you.

谢谢。

I'll just stop here.

看来我的演讲已经结束了。

(Laughter)

（笑）

From the families who are fighting to maintain funding for public schools,

从为了维持公立学校 办学基金的家庭，

the tens of thousands of people who joined Occupy Wall Street

到加入“占领华尔街”的成千上万人，

or marched with Black Lives Matter

或者“Black Lives Matter”游行，

to protest police brutality against African Americans,

抗议警察针对非洲籍美国人的暴行，

families that join rallies,

加入集会

pro-life and pro-choice,

反死刑，反堕胎的家庭，

those of us who are afraid

我们中那些担心

that our friends and neighbors are going to be deported

我们的朋友或者邻居 会因为穆斯林的身份

or that they'll be added to lists

而被驱除离境

because they are Muslim,

或者被加入黑名单的人，

people who advocate for gun rights and for gun control

枪支权利和枪支控制支持者，

and the millions of people who joined the women's marches

以及数百万的女权支持者，

all across the country this last January.

在今年的1月份，他们的游行 遍布全美，轰轰烈烈。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）

We are all activists now,

如今的我们都是积极人士，

and that means that we all have something to worry about from surveillance.

那意味着我们都会担心被监控。

Surveillance means government collection and use

监控就是政府收集和运用

of private and sensitive data about us.

我们的私人敏感信息。

And surveillance is essential

监控对司法

to law enforcement and to national security.

以及国防十分重要。

But the history of surveillance

但是监控的历史

is one that includes surveillance abuses

包括了滥用敏感信息，

where this sensitive information has been used against people

以用来对付人民的事例，

because of their race,

因为他们的种族，

their national origin,

血统，

their sexual orientation,

性取向，

and in particular, because of their activism,

特别是，他们的积极主张，

their political beliefs.

以及政治信仰。

About 53 years ago,

53年前，

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a dream" speech

马丁路德金博士在华盛顿广场上 发表了他著名的演讲，

on the Mall in Washington.

“我有一个梦”。

And today the ideas behind this speech of racial equality and tolerance

现如今，这个讲演 背后的种族平等和容忍理念

are so noncontroversial

已经不再充满着敏感和批判，

that my daughters study the speech in third grade.

我女儿在3年级 就学习这个演讲了。

But at the time,

但在那个时代，

Dr. King was extremely controversial.

马丁路德金是备受争议的。

The legendary and notorious FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover believed,

传说中臭名昭著的联邦调查局 局长埃德加·胡佛相信，

or wanted to believe,

或愿意相信，

that the Civil Rights Movement was a Soviet communist plot

民权运动是一个 苏维埃共产主义阴谋，

intended to destabilize the American government.

意图破坏分裂美国政府。

And so Hoover had his agents put bugs in Dr. King's hotel rooms,

于是，胡佛和他的特工把窃听器 放在金博士酒店的房间里，

and those bugs picked up conversations between civil rights leaders

这些窃听器收集了 民权领导人之间的对话，

talking about the strategies and tactics of the Civil Rights Movement.

涉及到民权运动的战略和策略。

They also picked up sounds of Dr. King

他们也收集了金博士

having sex with women who were not his wife,

和其他女人有染的绯闻，

and J. Edgar Hoover saw the opportunity here

胡佛在这里发现了机会

to discredit and undermine the Civil Rights Movement.

去诋毁和破坏民权运动。

The FBI sent a package of these recordings

中央情报局把这些录音

along with a handwritten note to Dr. King,

和一封手写的信 打包寄给了金博士。

and a draft of this note was found in FBI archives years later,

若干年后，该信的一份草稿 在中央情报局的档案中被发现，

and the letter said,

信上说，

"You are no clergyman and you know it.

“你不是清白的，你也知道这点，

King, like all frauds, your end is approaching."

金，像所有骗子一样， 你就要完蛋了。“

The letter even seemed to encourage Dr. King to commit suicide,

这封信被认为是鼓励金博士自杀，

saying, "King, there is only one thing left for you to do.

信中说 “仅仅有一件事你可以做，

You know what it is.

你知道是什么。

You better take it before your filthy, abnormal, fraudulent self

你最好在自己的肮脏， 变态和欺诈行为

is bared to the nation."

被暴露在于这个国家 之前采取行动。“

But the important thing is,

重要的是，

Dr. King was not abnormal.

金博士只是普通人，

Every one of us has something that we want to hide from somebody.

我们每个人都有想隐瞒的事情。

And even more important,

更重要的是，

J. Edgar Hoover wasn't abnormal either.

胡佛也是个普通人。

The history of surveillance abuses

这起滥用监控的历史事件

is not the history of one bad, megalomaniacal man.

不是一个心怀不轨的自大者的历史。

Throughout his decades at the FBI,

在中央情报局的几十年，

J. Edgar Hoover enjoyed the support of the presidents that he served,

胡佛得到了任命他的 美国总统的支持，

Democratic and Republican alike.

不论是民主党还是共和党。

After all, it was John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert Kennedy

毕竟到最后，还是肯尼迪兄弟俩

who knew about and approved the surveillance of Dr. King.

批准了对金博士进行监控。

Hoover ran a program called COINTELPRO for 15 years

胡佛运行了一项 "反间谍计划"长达15年，

which was designed to spy on and undermine civic groups

用来窥视和破坏民进组织，

that were devoted to things like civil rights,

这些组织主要关注民权运动，

the Women's Rights Movement,

妇女权利运动，

and peace groups and anti-war movements.

以及和平和反战运动。

And the surveillance didn't stop there.

监控并没有就此停止。

Lyndon Baines Johnson,

Lyndon Baines Johnson

during the election campaign,

在竞选期间

had the campaign airplane of his rival Barry Goldwater bugged

通过窃听竞争对手Barry Goldwater 在飞机上的谈话

as part of his effort to win that election.

获胜当选。

And then, of course, there was Watergate.

之后，当然就是水门事件。

Burglars were caught

窃贼们被抓住了，

breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters

他们闯入在水门酒店的

at the Watergate Hotel,

全国民主委员会总部，

the Nixon administration was involved in covering up the burglary,

而尼克松因为其政府卷入了

and eventually Nixon had to step down as president.

试图掩盖窃听的行动 而被迫辞职。

COINTELPRO and Watergate were a wake-up call for Americans.

“反间谍计划”和水门事件 为美国敲响了警钟。

Surveillance was out of control

监控已经失控了，

and it was being used to squelch political challengers.

而且正在被用来压制政治挑战者。

And so Americans rose to the occasion

于是美国人乘势而起，

and what we did was we reformed surveillance law.

改革了监控法。

And the primary tool we used to reform surveillance law

我们用来改革监控法的主要工具是，

was to require a search warrant

要求提供搜查令，

for the government to be able to get access to our phone calls and our letters.

政府才能查看我们的电话和信件。

Now, the reason why a search warrant is important

为什么搜查令如此重要，

is because it interposes a judge

是因为法庭介入了

in the relationship between investigators and the citizens,

调查人员和公民的关系中，

and that judge's job is to make sure

法庭的作用是确认

that there's good cause for the surveillance,

有很好的理由行使监控权，

that the surveillance is targeted at the right people,

监控只针对适用的对象，

and that the information that's collected

而收集来的信息

is going to be used for legitimate government purposes

会被政府合法使用，

and not for discriminatory ones.

不带有歧视性的目的。

This was our system,

这就是我们曾经的系统，

and what this means is

它意味着

that President Obama did not wiretap Trump Tower.

奥巴马总统没有窃听特朗普大楼。

The system is set up to prevent something like that from happening

系统是在没有法官介入的情况下

without a judge being involved.

被用来防止旧事重演的。

But what happens when we're not talking about phone calls or letters anymore?

然而，当我们不再谈论电话和 信件监控，又会发生什么呢？

Today, we have technology

今天我们拥有的技术能让

that makes it cheap and easy for the government to collect information

政府用更加廉价和简易的 方式针对普通人

on ordinary everyday people.

搜集信息。

Your phone call records

你的电话记录

can reveal whether you have an addiction,

能够揭示你是否是瘾君子，

what your religion is,

你的信仰是什么，

what charities you donate to,

你捐助哪个慈善组织，

what political candidate you support.

支持哪个政党候选人。

And yet, our government collected, dragnet-style,

没错，我们的政府拉网式收集了

Americans' calling records for years.

美国人多年的电话记录。

In 2012, the Republican National Convention

在2012年，共和党全国代表大会

highlighted a new technology it was planning to use,

强调了即将使用的一种新科技，

facial recognition,

用面部识别

to identify people who were going to be in the crowd

去找出人群中可能潜藏的

who might be activists or troublemakers

激进分子或者肇事者，

and to stop them ahead of time.

并提前中止他们的行动。

Today, over 50 percent of American adults

当今，有超过50%的 美国成年人的面部图像

have their faceprint in a government database.

被保存在政府的数据系统中。

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

美国烟酒枪炮及爆炸物管理局

concocted a plan

炮制了一个计划，

to find out what Americans were going to gun shows

通过用车牌检测器

by using license plate detectors

在各个活动的停车场

to scan the license plates of cars

扫描汽车牌照

that were in the parking lots of these events.

来判断什么样的美国人 会去枪支秀。

Today, we believe that over 70 percent of police departments

如今，我们相信 有超过70%的警察部门

have automatic license plate detection technology

都有自动牌照检测技术，

that they're using to track people's cars as they drive through town.

当人们开车进城时进行车辆追踪。

And all of this information,

所有这些信息，

the license plates, the faceprints,

车牌，面部记录，

the phone records,

电话记录，

your address books, your buddy lists,

你的地址和好友名单，

the photos that you upload to Dropbox or Google Photos,

通过Dropbox和谷歌照片上传的照片，

and sometimes even your chats and your emails

有时甚至是聊天和邮件

are not protected by a warrant requirement.

都不受搜查令的保护。

So what that means is we have all of this information on regular people

那么，这就意味着我们普通人的信息

that's newly available at very low expense.

将会被政府以最小的代价 轻而易举地获得。

It is the golden age for surveillance.

现在是监听的黄金岁月。

Now, every parent is going to understand what this means.

每个家长能都会明白这意味着什么。

When you have a little baby

当你有个小婴儿，

and the baby's young,

婴儿很小的时候，

that child is not able to climb out of its crib.

不能爬出婴儿床。

But eventually your little girl gets older

但最终你的小女儿会长大，

and she's able to climb out of the crib,

能爬出婴儿床了，

but you tell her, "Don't climb out of the crib. OK?"

但是你说“不要爬出来，可以吗？”

And every parent knows what's going to happen.

每个父母都知道会发生什么

Some of those babies are going to climb out of the crib.

一些孩子还是会爬出来。

Right? That's the difference between ability and permission.

这是能力和许可的区别。

Well, the same thing is true with the government today.

政府也在做同样的事。

It used to be that our government didn't have the ability

以前的政府没有这个能力

to do widespread, massive surveillance on hundreds of millions of Americans

去广泛地，大规模地 监控几百万美国人，

and then abuse that information.

并且滥用他们的信息。

But now our government has grown up,

而如今我们的政府正在壮大，

and we have that technology today.

我们今天已经有了合适的技术。

The government has the ability,

政府有这个能力，

and that means the law is more important than ever before.

这就意味着法律比以往更加重要。

The law is supposed to say

法律应该明确

when the government has permission to do it,

哪些是政府可以监听的情况，

and it's supposed to ensure that there's some kind of ramification.

同时确保不遵守法律 而衍生的后果。

We notice when those laws are broken

我们能够注意到当这些 法律没有被遵守时，

and there's some of kind of ramification or punishment.

就会有些后果和惩罚。

The law is more important than ever because we are now living in a world

法律比以往任何时期都重要， 因为我们如今生活在一个

where only rules are stopping the government

只有法律能阻止政府滥用信息的

from abusing this information.

世界中。

But the law has fallen down on the job.

但法律并没有发挥其应有的作用。

Particularly since September 11 the law has fallen down on the job,

特别是从911以来， 法律就失去了效力，

and we do not have the rules in place that we need.

我们在需要秩序的时候， 秩序却不在我们身边。

And we are seeing the ramifications of that.

今天我们已经看到了 这样的局面造成的结果。

So fusion centers are these joint task forces

融合中心的任务应该是

between local, state and federal government

在本地、州和联邦政府之间

that are meant to ferret out domestic terrorism.

联合搜寻国内恐怖主义活动。

And what we've seen is fusion center reports

我们在融合中心的报告中看到，

that say that you might be dangerous

如果你投票给第三方候选人，

if you voted for a third-party candidate,

或者有一面“不要践踏我”的国旗，

or you own a "Don't Tread On Me" flag,

或者收看了反对税收的电影，

or you watched movies that are anti-tax.

你就可能有麻烦了。

These same fusion centers have spied on Muslim community groups' reading lists

这些融合中心暗中监视 穆斯林群体的阅读清单，

and on Quakers who are resisting military recruiting in high schools.

那些抵制高中军事招募的“贵格会”。

The Internal Revenue Service has disproportionately audited

国税局有针对性地审查过

groups that have "Tea Party" or "Patriot" in their name.

名称中有“茶党”或者“爱国者”的组织。

And now customs and border patrol

海关和边防巡逻队

is stopping people as they come into the country

正在拦截进入这个国家的人们，

and demanding our social networking passwords

向我们索取社交网站的密码，

which will allow them to see who our friends are,

他们可以看我们的朋友是谁，

what we say

我们说什么，

and even to impersonate us online.

甚至在线模拟我们的言行。

Now, civil libertarians like myself

像我这样的公民自由主义者

have been trying to draw people's attention to these things

多年来一直都在试图让人们 认识到自己的处境，

and fighting against them for years.

并与这些行为进行抗争。

This was a huge problem during the Obama administration,

这是奥巴马政府期间 就存在的巨大问题，

but now the problem is worse.

然而现在，这个问题更糟了。

When the New York Police Department

当纽约警察局

spies on Muslims

暗中监视穆斯林，

or a police department uses license plate detectors

或者用车牌检测器

to find out where the officers' spouses are

找出军官的配偶在哪里，

or those sorts of things,

或者其他类似的事情，

that is extremely dangerous.

这非常危险。

But when a president repurposes the power

但是当总统重新运用

of federal surveillance and the federal government

联邦监控权和联邦政府，

to retaliate against political opposition,

对反对派进行报复，

that is a tyranny.

这就是暴政。

And so we are all activists now,

如今的我们都是积极人士，

and we all have something to fear from surveillance.

我们都会对监视感到恐惧。

But just like in the time of Dr. Martin Luther King,

但就像马丁路德金说的那样，

we can reform the way things are.

我们可以做出改变。

First of all, use encryption.

首先，运用加密，

Encryption protects your information

加密来保护自己的信息，

from being inexpensively and opportunistically collected.

防止信息在我们毫无防备的情况下 被人轻易地收集。

It rolls back the golden age for surveillance.

让监视的黄金时代滚蛋。

Second, support surveillance reform.

第二，支持监控法改革。

Did you know that if you have a friend

你是否知道，如果你有一个朋友

who works for the French or German governments

为法国或者德国政府，

or for an international human rights group

或者国际人权组织，

or for a global oil company

或者跨国石油公司工作，

that your friend is a valid foreign intelligence target?

你的朋友就成了情报局的目标？

And what that means is that when you have conversations with that friend,

这意味着，当你和那个人交流时，

the US government may be collecting that information.

美国政府就可能在收集信息。

And when that information is collected,

当信息被收集后，

even though it's conversations with Americans,

即便是在美国人之间的对话，

it can then be funneled to the FBI

在中情局允许的地方，

where the FBI is allowed to search through it

也会被中情局在 没有搜查令的情况下

without getting a warrant,

进行排查，

without probable cause,

而且不需要合适理由。

looking for information about Americans

他们会搜查美国公民的信息，

and whatever crimes we may have committed

以及我们曾经可能有过的犯罪记录，

with no need to document any kind of suspicion.

而不需要对任何的怀疑进行记录。

The law that allows some of this to happen

FISA修正法案的第702条

is called Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act,

就是这一切的罪魁祸首。

and we have a great opportunity this year,

我们今年还有机会改变这一局面。

because Section 702 is going to expire at the end of 2017,

因为到2017年年底，该法案就将过期，

which means that Congress's inertia is on our side

意味着如果我们希望改革，

if we want reform.

国会会站在我们一边。

And we can pressure our representatives

我们可以向代表人施压，

to actually implement important reforms to this law

执行对这个法律的重要改革，

and protect our data from this redirection and misuse.

保护我们的数据被误导和滥用。

And finally, one of the reasons why things have gotten so out of control

最后，一切都已经超出 掌控范围的原因之一，

is because so much of what happens with surveillance --

是太多跟监听有关的事物——

the technology, the enabling rules and the policies

比如能够，以及尚不能够

that are either there or not there to protect us --

保护我们的科技，授权和政策——

are secret or classified.

都是保密的。

We need transparency, and we need to know as Americans

我们需要透明，作为 美国公民，我们有权知道

what the government is doing in our name

政府以我们的名义做了什么，

so that the surveillance that takes place and the use of that information

这样所有的监听事件，搜集的信息

is democratically accounted for.

都会需要民主的解释。

We are all activists now,

我们都是积极人士，

which means that we all have something to worry about from surveillance.

我们都担心会被监控。

But like in the time of Dr. Martin Luther King,

但就像马丁路德金的年代，

there is stuff that we can do about it.

我们能够做出改变。

So please join me, and let's get to work.

加入我，一起行动起来吧。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）