How the US government spies on people who protest -- including you | Jennifer Granick

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: NAN-KUN WU

We are all activists now.

我們現在都是激進份子。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you.

謝謝你們。

I'll just stop here.

我言盡於此。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

From the families who are fighting to maintain funding for public schools,

包括那些致力於維持 對公立學校提供資金的家庭、

the tens of thousands of people who joined Occupy Wall Street

數萬名參加「佔據華爾街」或是

or marched with Black Lives Matter

「黑人生命也很要緊」遊行

to protest police brutality against African Americans,

以抗議警察殘酷對待 非裔美國人的人、

families that join rallies,

加入集會的家庭、

pro-life and pro-choice,

反墮胎及主張墮胎合法化者、

those of us who are afraid

我們當中害怕

that our friends and neighbors are going to be deported

自己的朋友及鄰居會被驅逐出境

or that they'll be added to lists

或是因為身為回教徒

because they are Muslim,

而被加入名單的人、

people who advocate for gun rights and for gun control

擁護持槍權利及擁護槍枝控制的人，

and the millions of people who joined the women's marches

以及去年一月來自全國各地

all across the country this last January.

加入女性遊行的數百萬人。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We are all activists now,

我們現在都是激進份子，

and that means that we all have something to worry about from surveillance.

那意味著我們都要擔心監控。

Surveillance means government collection and use

監控意味著：政府收集並使用

of private and sensitive data about us.

我們的私人及敏感資料。

And surveillance is essential

對於法律執行以及國家安全而言，

to law enforcement and to national security.

監控是必要的。

But the history of surveillance

但監控的歷史

is one that includes surveillance abuses

包括了監控濫用，

where this sensitive information has been used against people

這敏感資料被用在 對人們不利的用途，

because of their race,

只因為他們的種族、

their national origin,

他們的國籍、

their sexual orientation,

他們的性向，

and in particular, because of their activism,

特別是因為他們的激進主義、

their political beliefs.

他們的政治信仰。

About 53 years ago,

約五十三年前，

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I have a dream" speech

馬丁路德金恩博士在華盛頓的 紀念堂前發表了他的演說，

on the Mall in Washington.

「我有一個夢」。

And today the ideas behind this speech of racial equality and tolerance

現今，這場演說背後 關於種族平等及包容的想法

are so noncontroversial

非常沒有爭議，

that my daughters study the speech in third grade.

我女兒三年級時就能 在學校學到這場演說。

But at the time,

但當時，

Dr. King was extremely controversial.

金恩博士是個非常爭議的人。

The legendary and notorious FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover believed,

惡名昭彰的傳奇性聯邦調查局 局長艾德加胡佛相信，

or wanted to believe,

或是想要相信，

that the Civil Rights Movement was a Soviet communist plot

黑人民權運動是蘇聯共產黨的陰謀，

intended to destabilize the American government.

意圖是要暗中顛覆美國政府。

And so Hoover had his agents put bugs in Dr. King's hotel rooms,

所以胡佛派他的探員在金恩博士的 飯店房間中裝了竊聽器，

and those bugs picked up conversations between civil rights leaders

那些竊聽器取得了 民權運動領導人之間的對談，

talking about the strategies and tactics of the Civil Rights Movement.

他們在談論黑人 民權運動的策略和戰術。

They also picked up sounds of Dr. King

他們也取得了金恩博士

having sex with women who were not his wife,

和他妻子以外的女人做愛的聲音，

and J. Edgar Hoover saw the opportunity here

胡佛在這裡看到了機會，

to discredit and undermine the Civil Rights Movement.

可以毀謗和暗中破壞黑人民權運動。

The FBI sent a package of these recordings

聯邦調查局把這些錄音

along with a handwritten note to Dr. King,

以及一張手寫字條 一起打包寄給金恩博士，

and a draft of this note was found in FBI archives years later,

多年後在聯邦調查局的檔案中 發現了這張字條的草稿，

and the letter said,

信上說：

"You are no clergyman and you know it.

「你不是神職人員， 且你很清楚這一點。

King, like all frauds, your end is approaching."

金恩，和所有騙子一樣， 你的末日快到了。」

The letter even seemed to encourage Dr. King to commit suicide,

這封信甚至似乎在 鼓勵金恩博士自殺，

saying, "King, there is only one thing left for you to do.

信上說：「金恩， 你只剩下一件事要做。

You know what it is.

你知道是什麼事。

You better take it before your filthy, abnormal, fraudulent self

你最好在你那骯髒、不正常、詐欺的 自我赤祼祼呈現在國人面前

is bared to the nation."

之前去完成這件事。」

But the important thing is,

但，重要的是，

Dr. King was not abnormal.

金恩博士並沒有不正常。

Every one of us has something that we want to hide from somebody.

我們每一個人都會有想要隱藏 不讓某人知道的事。

And even more important,

更重要的是，

J. Edgar Hoover wasn't abnormal either.

胡佛也沒有不正常。

The history of surveillance abuses

監控濫用的歷史

is not the history of one bad, megalomaniacal man.

並不是一個狂妄自大的壞人的歷史。

Throughout his decades at the FBI,

胡佛待在聯邦調查局的數十年間，

J. Edgar Hoover enjoyed the support of the presidents that he served,

有著他所服侍的總統的支持，

Democratic and Republican alike.

不論民主黨或共和黨都一樣。

After all, it was John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert Kennedy

畢竟，約翰甘迺迪 及羅勃甘迺迪這兩兄弟

who knew about and approved the surveillance of Dr. King.

知道並核准金恩博士被監控一事。

Hoover ran a program called COINTELPRO for 15 years

胡佛執行了「COINTELPRO」 反情報專案十五年的時間，

which was designed to spy on and undermine civic groups

專案目的在監視和破壞那些

that were devoted to things like civil rights,

致力於民權、女權運動等的公民團體，

the Women's Rights Movement,

and peace groups and anti-war movements.

以及和平團體和反戰運動。

And the surveillance didn't stop there.

且監控並不止於此。

Lyndon Baines Johnson,

林登詹森

during the election campaign,

在競選期間，

had the campaign airplane of his rival Barry Goldwater bugged

在他的對手貝利高華德的 競選專機上裝了竊聽器，

as part of his effort to win that election.

這是他贏得選舉的手段之一。

And then, of course, there was Watergate.

當然，還有水門案。

Burglars were caught

竊賊被逮到

breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters

闖入水門飯店中的民主黨

at the Watergate Hotel,

全國委員會總部，

the Nixon administration was involved in covering up the burglary,

尼克森政府涉及掩飾這場盜竊案，

and eventually Nixon had to step down as president.

最後尼克森辭掉總統一職。

COINTELPRO and Watergate were a wake-up call for Americans.

COINTELPRO 及水門案 喚醒了美國人。

Surveillance was out of control

監控失去了控制，

and it was being used to squelch political challengers.

它被用來鎮壓挑戰政治的人。

And so Americans rose to the occasion

所以美國人勇敢起來面對挑戰，

and what we did was we reformed surveillance law.

我們的做法是改革監控法律。

And the primary tool we used to reform surveillance law

我們用來改革監控法律的主要工具

was to require a search warrant

就是要求政府要有搜索令，

for the government to be able to get access to our phone calls and our letters.

才能取得我們的通話以及信件。

Now, the reason why a search warrant is important

搜索令之所以很重要，

is because it interposes a judge

是因為它會讓一名法官介入

in the relationship between investigators and the citizens,

到調查者與市民之間的關係中，

and that judge's job is to make sure

該法官的工作是要確保

that there's good cause for the surveillance,

監控是有足夠動機理由的、

that the surveillance is targeted at the right people,

監控的目標是正確的，

and that the information that's collected

且收集到的資料

is going to be used for legitimate government purposes

會被用在合法的政府用途上，

and not for discriminatory ones.

而非歧視性的用途。

This was our system,

這是我們的體制，

and what this means is

這意味著，

that President Obama did not wiretap Trump Tower.

歐巴馬總統並沒有竊聽川普大廈。

The system is set up to prevent something like that from happening

體制建立的目的就是要避免這類事情

without a judge being involved.

在沒有法官介入的情況下發生。

But what happens when we're not talking about phone calls or letters anymore?

但當我們談的不再是電話或信件時， 又會發生什麼事？

Today, we have technology

現今，我們的科技

that makes it cheap and easy for the government to collect information

讓政府能用很廉價 又容易的方式來收集

on ordinary everyday people.

市井小民的資訊。

Your phone call records

你的電話記錄

can reveal whether you have an addiction,

可以洩露出你是否有毒癮、

what your religion is,

你的宗教信仰、

what charities you donate to,

你捐錢給什麼慈善機構、

what political candidate you support.

你支持哪位政治候選人。

And yet, our government collected, dragnet-style,

但，我們的政府多年來 都在用拖網式的方式

Americans' calling records for years.

收集美國人的通話記錄。

In 2012, the Republican National Convention

2012 年，共和黨全國大會

highlighted a new technology it was planning to use,

強調它打算使用的一種新科技，

facial recognition,

臉孔辨識，

to identify people who were going to be in the crowd

用以在人群中辨識出可能的

who might be activists or troublemakers

激進份子或麻煩製造者，

and to stop them ahead of time.

並提早阻止他們。

Today, over 50 percent of American adults

現今，有超過 50% 美國成年人的面紋（臉部資訊）

have their faceprint in a government database.

都已存在政府資料庫中。

The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives

菸酒槍炮及爆裂物管理局

concocted a plan

策劃了一個計畫，

to find out what Americans were going to gun shows

用來找出哪些美國人會去槍展，

by using license plate detectors

方法是用車牌偵測器

to scan the license plates of cars

來掃瞄這些展場停車場中

that were in the parking lots of these events.

停放的車輛的車牌號碼。

Today, we believe that over 70 percent of police departments

我們相信現在至少 70% 的警局

have automatic license plate detection technology

都有自動車牌偵測科技，

that they're using to track people's cars as they drive through town.

當人們開車經過這些市鎮時 就能追縱他們的車子。

And all of this information,

所有這些資訊，

the license plates, the faceprints,

包括車牌、面紋、

the phone records,

電話記錄、

your address books, your buddy lists,

你的通訊錄、你的朋友名單、

the photos that you upload to Dropbox or Google Photos,

你上傳到 Dropbox 或 Google Photos 的照片，

and sometimes even your chats and your emails

有時甚至還有你的 聊天記錄和電子郵件，

are not protected by a warrant requirement.

都沒有受到搜索令的保護。

So what that means is we have all of this information on regular people

那意味著，有這麼多 關於一般人的資訊，

that's newly available at very low expense.

現在都可以用很低的代價就取得。

It is the golden age for surveillance.

現在是監控的黃金年代。

Now, every parent is going to understand what this means.

每個父母親都會了解 這背後的意義。

When you have a little baby

當你有個小寶寶，

and the baby's young,

寶寶年紀很小，

that child is not able to climb out of its crib.

她還沒辦法爬出有欄杆的嬰兒床。

But eventually your little girl gets older

但遲早你的女兒會長大，

and she's able to climb out of the crib,

她將能夠爬出嬰兒床，

but you tell her, "Don't climb out of the crib. OK?"

但你告訴她： 「別爬出嬰兒床，好嗎？」

And every parent knows what's going to happen.

每個父母親都知道會發生什麼事。

Some of those babies are going to climb out of the crib.

有些寶寶會爬出嬰兒床。

Right? That's the difference between ability and permission.

對嗎？這就是能力 和允許之間的差別。

Well, the same thing is true with the government today.

對現今的政府來說也是一樣的。

It used to be that our government didn't have the ability

以前，我們的政府沒有能力

to do widespread, massive surveillance on hundreds of millions of Americans

可以對上億的美國人 進行廣泛的大型監控

and then abuse that information.

並濫用那些資訊。

But now our government has grown up,

但，現在，我們的政府長大了，

and we have that technology today.

現今我們就有那樣的科技。

The government has the ability,

我們的政府有能力了，

and that means the law is more important than ever before.

那意味著法律比以前更重要了。

The law is supposed to say

法律應該要說，

when the government has permission to do it,

當政府得到允許可以監控時，

and it's supposed to ensure that there's some kind of ramification.

法律應該要確保 這麼做會有某種後果。

We notice when those laws are broken

我們注意到，當這些法律被破壞時，

and there's some of kind of ramification or punishment.

會有某種後果或是懲罰。

The law is more important than ever because we are now living in a world

法律比以往更重要， 因為我們現在居住的世界中，

where only rules are stopping the government

唯一的規則就是阻止政府

from abusing this information.

濫用這些資訊。

But the law has fallen down on the job.

但法律沒有成功做到這點。

Particularly since September 11 the law has fallen down on the job,

特別是 911 之後， 法律更是沒有做到這一點，

and we do not have the rules in place that we need.

且我們所需要的法律還沒有就緒。

And we are seeing the ramifications of that.

而我們正在目擊這狀況的後果了。

So fusion centers are these joint task forces

所以情資整合中心就是 這些聯合特別小組，

between local, state and federal government

整合了地方政府、 州政府、及聯邦政府，

that are meant to ferret out domestic terrorism.

要來搜索國內的恐怖主義。

And what we've seen is fusion center reports

我們看到的是情資整合中心的報告，

that say that you might be dangerous

指出哪些可能是危險人物：

if you voted for a third-party candidate,

若你投票給第三方候選人，

or you own a "Don't Tread On Me" flag,

或是你擁有「別踐踏我」旗幟，

or you watched movies that are anti-tax.

或是你看了反納稅的影片。

These same fusion centers have spied on Muslim community groups' reading lists

這些情資整合中心也在監聽 穆斯林社區團體的閱讀書單，

and on Quakers who are resisting military recruiting in high schools.

及監聽高中裡抗拒 軍隊徵召的貴格會教徒。

The Internal Revenue Service has disproportionately audited

美國國家稅務局很不成比例地稽核了

groups that have "Tea Party" or "Patriot" in their name.

名稱有「茶黨」或「愛國」 這些詞的團體。

And now customs and border patrol

現在，海關與邊境管理處

is stopping people as they come into the country

都會在人們進入美國時 把他們擋下來，

and demanding our social networking passwords

要求提供我們的社交網路密碼，

which will allow them to see who our friends are,

用這密碼來看我們的朋友是什麼人、

what we say

我們都說些什麼，

and even to impersonate us online.

甚至在網路上冒充我們。

Now, civil libertarians like myself

像我這樣的公民自由主義者

have been trying to draw people's attention to these things

多年來一直試著讓人們 注意到這些事情，

and fighting against them for years.

並對抗這些事情。

This was a huge problem during the Obama administration,

在歐巴馬執政時， 這是個很大的問題，

but now the problem is worse.

但現在問題更惡化了。

When the New York Police Department

當紐約警局

spies on Muslims

監聽穆斯林，

or a police department uses license plate detectors

或當警局用車牌偵測器

to find out where the officers' spouses are

來找出警官的配偶在哪裡，

or those sorts of things,

或這類的事情，

that is extremely dangerous.

那就是非常危險的。

But when a president repurposes the power

但當總統把聯邦監控的權力

of federal surveillance and the federal government

及聯邦政府的權力

to retaliate against political opposition,

改用來對政治反對進行報復，

that is a tyranny.

那就是專制暴政。

And so we are all activists now,

所以我們現在都是激進份子，

and we all have something to fear from surveillance.

對於監控，我們都有些 要害怕的地方。

But just like in the time of Dr. Martin Luther King,

但就如同在金恩博士的時代，

we can reform the way things are.

我們可以改革事物運作的方式。

First of all, use encryption.

首先，用加密。

Encryption protects your information

加密能保護你的資訊

from being inexpensively and opportunistically collected.

免被以廉價的方式 佔便宜的機會給輕易地收集了。

It rolls back the golden age for surveillance.

它倒流到監控的黃金年代。

Second, support surveillance reform.

第二，支持監控改革。

Did you know that if you have a friend

你知道嗎，如果你有個朋友

who works for the French or German governments

為法國或德國政府，

or for an international human rights group

或國際人權團體，

or for a global oil company

或全球石油公司工作，

that your friend is a valid foreign intelligence target?

那麼你的朋友就是一個 有效的外國情資目標？

And what that means is that when you have conversations with that friend,

那意味著，當你與這位朋友交談時，

the US government may be collecting that information.

美國政府就有可能會收集那些資訊。

And when that information is collected,

當那些資訊被收集到了，

even though it's conversations with Americans,

即使只是和美國人的交談資訊，

it can then be funneled to the FBI

接下來也有可能會 被送到聯邦調查局，

where the FBI is allowed to search through it

而聯邦調查局可以搜尋整個交談，

without getting a warrant,

不用取得搜索令，

without probable cause,

不用適當理由，

looking for information about Americans

就從中尋找關於美國人的資訊，

and whatever crimes we may have committed

以及我們可能犯過什麼罪，

with no need to document any kind of suspicion.

不需要記錄下任何懷疑。

The law that allows some of this to happen

允許一些這類情況發生的法律，

is called Section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act,

稱為外國情報監視法 修正案第 702 節，

and we have a great opportunity this year,

今年我們有很好的機會，

because Section 702 is going to expire at the end of 2017,

因為第 702 節會在 2017 年年底失效，

which means that Congress's inertia is on our side

這意味著如果我們想要改革，

國會的慣性是站在我們這一邊的。

if we want reform.

And we can pressure our representatives

我們可以施壓我們的國會代表，

to actually implement important reforms to this law

讓他們將重要改革 實際導入這個法律中，

and protect our data from this redirection and misuse.

並保護我們的資料不會受到 這種重新導向及濫用。

And finally, one of the reasons why things have gotten so out of control

最後，事情之所以會走到 這麼失控的地步，原因之一是

is because so much of what happens with surveillance --

監控相關的許多事物，

the technology, the enabling rules and the policies

例如技術、制訂規則及政策，

that are either there or not there to protect us --

不論是否真的有在保護我們，

are secret or classified.

都是秘密的或列為機密的。

We need transparency, and we need to know as Americans

我們需要透明度，

身為美國人，我們需要知道政府 以我們的名義在做些什麼，

what the government is doing in our name

so that the surveillance that takes place and the use of that information

這麼一來，採取的監控

和運用監控取得的資料是民主的。

is democratically accounted for.

We are all activists now,

我們現在都是激進份子，

which means that we all have something to worry about from surveillance.

那意味著我們都要擔心監控。

But like in the time of Dr. Martin Luther King,

但就像在金恩博士的時代一樣，

there is stuff that we can do about it.

我們仍有能力採取行動。

So please join me, and let's get to work.

所以，請加入我，一起動起來吧。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）