请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: gaolilo Cai
校对人员: Yanyan Hong
00:12
This is an equipment graveyard.
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这是一座设备的墓地。
00:15
It's a typical final resting place
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是为非洲医院中的
00:17
for medical equipment
from hospitals in Africa.
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医疗器械提供的
一个典型的最终归宿地。
00:20
Now, why is this?
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为什么会有这样一番景象?
00:22
Most of the medical devices
used in Africa are imported,
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大多数在非洲使用的
医疗设备都是进口的,
00:26
and quite often, they're not suitable
for local conditions.
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很多情况下,
它们并不适用于当地的条件。
00:31
They may require trained staff
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它们可能要求
训练有素的医护人员,
00:34
that aren't available to operate
and maintain and repair them;
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然而现实中这些人并没有能力
去操作、保养或者维修这些设备;
00:38
they may not be able to withstand
high temperatures and humidity;
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这些设备可能无法
承受高温和潮湿的环境;
00:42
and they usually require a constant
and reliable supply of electricity.
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并且它们需要持续
可靠的供给电源。
00:48
An example of a medical device
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一个医疗设备在某个时间
00:50
that may have ended up
in an equipment graveyard at some point
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可能被弃置于设备墓地的例子是,
00:55
is an ultrasound monitor
to track the heart rate of unborn babies.
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一个用于实时跟踪胎儿
心跳的超声波监测仪。
01:00
This is the standard of care
in rich countries.
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在发达国家,它是
孕检的标准配置。
01:03
In low-resource settings,
the standard of care is often
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然而在低配置的环境中,
孕检的标准常常是
01:07
a midwife listening
to the baby's heart rate
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一位助产士用角状听诊器
01:10
through a horn.
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去听宝宝的心跳。
01:12
Now, this approach has been around
for more than a century.
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至今,这种方法已经
沿用了超过一个世纪。
01:16
It's very much dependent on the skill
and the experience of the midwife.
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这种方法很依赖于
助产士的技术和经验。
01:22
Two young inventors from Uganda
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几年前,两位年轻的乌干达发明家
01:25
visited an antenatal clinic
at a local hospital a few years ago,
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来到了一家当地医院的
附属产前诊所,
01:29
when they were students
in information technology.
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他们当时还是信息技术专业的学生。
01:33
They noticed that quite often,
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他们注意到,很多情况下,
01:36
the midwife was not able
to hear any heart rate
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当那里的助产士
尝试用角状听诊器去听的时候,
01:39
when trying to listen to it
through this horn.
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其实根本听不到任何心跳的声音。
01:42
So they invented their own
fetal heart rate monitor.
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因此,他们发明了
自己的一套胎儿心跳监视器。
01:48
They adapted the horn
and connected it to a smartphone.
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他们改造了角状听诊器,
并将它和智能手机相连接。
01:52
An app on the smartphone
records the heart rate, analyzes it
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在手机上有一个应用
可实时记录心跳、分析数据,
01:57
and provides the midwife
with a range of information
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并且提供给助产士
一系列关于宝宝
02:00
on the status of the baby.
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当前状况的信息。
02:03
These inventors --
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这两位发明家——
02:04
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
02:06
are called Aaron Tushabe
and Joshua Okello.
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是亚伦·杜尚别(Aaron Tushabe)
和约书亚·奥凯洛(Joshua Okello)。
02:10
Another inventor, Tendekayi Katsiga,
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另一位发明家,
滕德卡伊·卡特西戈(Tendekayi Katsiga),
02:14
was working for an NGO in Botswana
that manufactured hearing aids.
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是博兹瓦纳一个民间组织的成员,
这个组织是制造助听设备的。
02:20
Now, he noticed that
these hearing aids needed batteries
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当时,他注意到这些助听设备
02:25
that needed replacement,
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需要经常更换电池,
02:27
very often at a cost
that was not affordable
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而这样的花费是许多使用者
02:29
for most of the users that he knew.
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负担不起的。
02:32
In response, and being an engineer,
Tendekayi invented
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为此,作为一名工程师的滕德卡伊
02:37
a solar-powered battery charger
with rechargeable batteries,
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针对这些助听设备,
发明了一款带可充电电池的
02:40
that could be used in these hearing aids.
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太阳能电池充电器。
02:43
He cofounded a company called Deaftronics,
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他与别人共同创立了一家名叫
“Deaftronics”的公司。
02:47
which now manufactures the Solar Ear,
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这家公司如今
在生产“太阳能耳(Solar Ear)”,
02:50
which is a hearing aid powered
by his invention.
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这是一种由他发明的电池
供能的助听装置。
02:55
My colleague, Sudesh Sivarasu,
invented a smart glove
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我有一个同事名叫
苏德什·思沃苏(Sudesh Sivarasu),
他发明了智能手套来帮助麻风病人。
03:01
for people who have suffered from leprosy.
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03:03
Even though their disease
may have been cured,
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即使他们的疾病可以被治愈,
03:06
the resulting nerve damage
will have left many of them
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但是麻风对神经的伤害会导致
03:10
without a sense of touch in their hands.
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他们手部的触觉丧失。
03:12
This puts them at risk of injury.
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这会使他们很容易受伤。
03:16
The glove has sensors
to detect temperature and pressure
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这款手套拥有温度和压力传感器,
03:20
and warn the user.
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可以帮助使用者(远离潜在的伤害)。
03:22
It effectively serves
as an artificial sense of touch
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它有效的提供了
一种人造的触觉感受,
03:26
and prevents injury.
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从而避免使用者受伤。
03:28
Sudesh invented this glove
after observing former leprosy patients
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苏德什在仔细观察了之前的
麻风病人每天要做的事情,
03:32
as they carried out
their day-to-day activities,
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而且在得知这些病人
03:35
and he learned about the risks
and the hazards in their environment.
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时刻面临受伤的风险之后,
发明了这款手套。
03:41
Now, the inventors that I've mentioned
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上述提到的这些发明者
03:43
integrated engineering with healthcare.
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结合了电子工程和健康管理的知识。
03:47
This is what biomedical engineers do.
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这也是许多生物医学
工程师做的事情。
03:50
At the University of Cape Town,
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在开普敦大学,
03:52
we run a course called
Health Innovation and Design.
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我们开设了一门名叫
“健康的创新设计”的课程。
03:55
It's taken by many of our graduate
students in biomedical engineering.
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主修这门课程的是
生物医学工程的研究生。
04:00
The aim of the course
is to introduce these students
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这门课程的目标是
为学生们介绍
04:03
to the philosophy of the design world.
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设计世界中的哲学。
04:06
The students are encouraged
to engage with communities
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他们鼓励学生加入一些团体,
04:09
as they search for solutions
to health-related problems.
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寻找与健康相关问题的解决方案。
04:13
One of the communities that we work with
is a group of elderly people
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其中一个我们工作的社区是
04:16
in Cape Town.
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一个开普敦的老年团体。
04:17
A recent class project had the task
of addressing hearing loss
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一个最近的课程项目任务是
04:21
in these elderly people.
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去登记丧失听力的老人。
04:23
The students, many of them
being engineers,
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这些学生,大部分是工程师,
04:26
set out believing that they
would design a better hearing aid.
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他们很自信自己
会设计出更好的助听器。
04:31
They spent time with the elderly,
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他们跟那些老人相处了一段时间,
04:33
chatted to their healthcare providers
and their caregivers.
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与老人们的卫生保健人员
和看护人聊天。
04:37
They soon realized that, actually,
adequate hearing aids already existed,
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他们不久就意识到,
事实上,合适的助听器早已存在,
04:42
but many of the elderly who needed them
and had access to them
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但是很多需要并使用这些设备的老人,
04:46
didn't have them.
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却并不拥有这些设备。
04:47
And many of those who had hearing aids
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并且很多有助听器的人,
04:50
wouldn't wear them.
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却不会佩戴它们。
04:52
The students realized
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这些学生意识到,
04:54
that many of these elderly people
were in denial of their hearing loss.
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很多的老年人拒绝接受
他们有听力障碍的现状。
04:58
There's a stigma attached
to wearing a hearing aid.
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戴助听器会与耻辱联系到一起。
05:01
They also discovered that the environment
in which these elderly people lived
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他们还发现这些
老年人居住的环境,
05:06
did not accommodate their hearing loss.
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十分不利于有听力障碍的人。
05:08
For example, their homes
and their community center
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比如说,他们的家和社区中心
05:12
were filled with echoes
that interfered with their hearing.
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充斥着干扰他们听力的回声。
05:15
So instead of developing and designing
a new and better hearing aid,
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因此,这些学生把工作重心从开发
并设计出全新且更好的助听设备,
05:21
the students did an audit
of the environment,
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改为在该环境中进行一项调查,
05:23
with a view to improving the acoustics.
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以此制定出提高传声效果的计划。
05:27
They also devised a campaign
to raise awareness of hearing loss
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他们还设计出一个活动计划,
来提高人们对于听力丧失群体的关注,
05:31
and to counter the stigma
attached to wearing a hearing aid.
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从而消除戴助听器与耻辱之间的关系。
05:35
Now, this often happens
when one pays attention to the user --
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当一个人开始关注使用者,
这种情况常常发生——
这里是指那些老年人——
05:39
in this case, the elderly --
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05:40
and their needs and their context.
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他们的需要和环境。
05:43
One often has to move away
from the focus of technology
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一个人常常不得不
离开科技的聚光灯,
05:46
and reformulate the problem.
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纠正这个问题。
05:48
This approach to understanding a problem
through listening and engaging
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去理解一个问题的方法是
去倾听并且参与它,
05:52
is not new,
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虽然这个方法已经是老生常谈,
05:54
but it often isn't followed by engineers,
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但是它并不经常被那些
05:57
who are intent on developing technology.
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一心想发展科技的工程师们所采用。
06:01
One of our students has a background
in software engineering.
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我们有一个学生
有软件工程方面的背景。
06:05
He had often created products for clients
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他曾经为顾客发明产品,
06:07
that the client ultimately did not like.
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但那些产品顾客根本就不喜欢。
06:10
When a client would reject a product,
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当有顾客想去
拒绝一件产品的时候,
06:13
it was common at his company
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他的公司经常表明的是
06:15
to proclaim that the client
just didn't know what they wanted.
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顾客只是不知道
他们自己想要的是什么。
06:19
Having completed the course,
the student fed back to us
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在完成课程学习之后,
那个学生给我们的反馈是,
06:22
that he now realized
that it was he who hadn't understood
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现在他意识到
不知道顾客想要什么的
06:26
what the client wanted.
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是他自己。
06:28
Another student gave us feedback
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另一个学生给我们的反馈是,
06:30
that she had learned
to design with empathy,
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她曾经怀揣着同理心学设计,
06:33
as opposed to designing for functionality,
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反对单纯的实用性设计,
06:36
which is what her engineering
education had taught her.
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这是她的专业教育教给她的。
06:39
So what all of this illustrates is that
we're often blinded to real needs
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我上述所有的举例说明了
我们在盲目追求科技过程中
06:43
in our pursuit of technology.
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忽视了真正的需求。
06:45
But we need technology.
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但是我们需要科技。
06:47
We need hearing aids.
We need fetal heart rate monitors.
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我们需要助听器,
我们需要胎儿心跳监视器。
06:51
So how do we create more medical device
success stories from Africa?
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那么我们如何去创造更多的
医疗设备在非洲成功的案例呢?
06:56
How do we create more inventors,
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我们如何去培养出更多的发明者,
06:58
rather than relying on
a few exceptional individuals
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而不是依赖于
一小部分有杰出能力的人,
07:02
who are able to perceive real needs
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那些有能力去感知
真正被需要的东西,
07:04
and respond in ways that work?
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并且在他们的工作中做出对策的人?
07:06
Well, we focus on needs
and people and context.
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我们关注具体的需求、人群和环境。
07:10
"But this is obvious," you might say,
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“但这不是很明显的吗,”你可能会说,
07:12
"Of course context is important."
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”环境当然是很重要的因素啊。”
07:15
But Africa is a diverse continent,
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但是非洲是一块多元化的陆地,
07:17
with vast disparities in health and wealth
and income and education.
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在健康、财富、收入
和教育方面有很大的差异。
07:22
If we assume that our engineers
and inventors already know enough
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如果我们假定我们的
工程师和发明家足够了解
07:27
about the different African contexts
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非洲多元化的环境特点,
07:30
to be able to solve the problems
of our different communities
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从而有能力去解决不同社区
07:34
and our most marginalized communities,
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和我们最边缘化的社区问题,
07:36
then we might get it wrong.
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我们就有可能会向错误的方向发展。
07:38
But then, if we on the African continent
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但是,如果我们在非洲大陆上
07:41
don't necessarily know enough about it,
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得知了超出计划的环境信息,
07:44
then perhaps anybody with the right level
of skill and commitment could fly in,
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然后也许有一定技术水平和
责任感的人都会飞到非洲,
07:48
spend some time listening and engaging
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花一些时间来聆听、参与,
07:51
and fly out knowing enough
to invent for Africa.
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并在了解了足够信息之后
回到自己的国家开始为非洲打造新发明。
07:55
But understanding context is not about
a superficial interaction.
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但是对非洲环境的理解
并不仅限于浅层次的互动。
08:00
It's about deep engagement
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这是一种深度的参与,
08:02
and an immersion in the realities
and the complexities of our context.
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需要深入了解现实情况
以及环境的复杂性。
08:07
And we in Africa are already immersed.
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我们早就深入了非洲的环境之中。
08:11
We already have a strong and rich
base of knowledge
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我们早已拥有一个
强大且丰富的知识储备,
08:15
from which to start finding solutions
to our own problems.
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并且开始寻找我们
自身问题的解决方案。
08:19
So let's not rely too much on others
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所以,我们不需要过分依赖他人,
08:23
when we live on a continent
that is filled with untapped talent.
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特别是当我们正身处一个
拥有众多潜力人才的陆地上。
08:28
Thank you.
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谢谢。
08:29
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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