The real reason why mosquitoes buzz | DIY Neuroscience, a TED series

229,894 views ・ 2018-09-15

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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翻译人员: Wing Hu 校对人员: Jiasi Hao
00:12
(Mosquito buzzing)
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(蚊子嗡嗡叫声)
00:14
Greg Gage: We've all heard the annoying sound of a mosquito,
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格雷格 · 盖奇(Greg Gage): 我们都听过蚊子烦人的声音,
00:17
and we will stop at nothing to make it go away.
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我们会不惜一切赶走它。
00:19
While this sound may be maddening to us,
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虽然这种声音可能会让我们抓狂,
00:21
perhaps it's music to a mosquito's ears.
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但对蚊子来说,这可能是音乐。
00:23
The mosquito's nervous system has almost as many sensory auditory cells as we do.
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蚊子的神经系统有着 与我们几乎同样多的听觉细胞。
00:28
But why would they have so many in such a small body,
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但它们如此瘦小的身躯里 怎么会有如此多的听觉细胞?
00:30
and why would they need to be so sensitive to sounds?
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为什么它们需要对声音如此敏感?
答案就是爱。
00:33
The answer is love.
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00:34
[DIY Neuroscience]
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【DIY神经科学】
00:36
(Music)
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(音乐)
00:39
As humans, we do a lot to attract each other.
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作为人类,我们会 做很多事来互相吸引彼此。
00:41
Some things are conscious --
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有些是有意识的——
我们化妆, 并且确保自己闻起来不错。
00:43
we put on makeup and make sure we smell nice.
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而有些是无意识的——
00:45
And some are unconscious.
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你的身体可能会不自觉地面向, 甚至会坐近你喜欢的人。
00:46
You may unconsciously point your body or even sit closer to someone you like.
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这就是很多动物共有的求偶行为。
00:50
These are courtship behaviors, and a lot of animals have them.
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00:53
And mosquitoes are no different.
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蚊子也不例外。
因此,海莉(Haley)整个夏天 都在勇敢地听着蚊子的叫声,
00:55
So Haley's been spending her summer bravely listening to mosquitoes,
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她的观察可能会让你大吃一惊。
00:58
and what she observed may surprise you.
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01:00
So we want to investigate how the mosquitoes make their song.
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我们想研究蚊子是如何发声的。
01:03
So Haley, how do we record their wing beats?
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所以,海莉,我们该怎么 记录它们翅膀的振动?
01:06
Haley Smith: We need to tether them.
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海莉 · 史密斯(Haley Smith): 我们需要把它们拴住。
01:08
First, we anesthetize them in a fridge or a bed of ice.
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首先,我们要麻痹蚊子, 把它们放进冰箱或是冰上,
然后把它们转移到冰培养皿中,
01:13
And then I transfer them to this petri dish of ice,
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01:16
just to get them even more anesthetized.
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以便进一步麻醉它们。
01:18
Next, I take an insect pin,
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接下来,我拿一支昆虫针,
再在这根针上涂一点点强力胶。
01:22
and what I do is put a tiny little dab of superglue on this pin.
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01:26
I want to make sure that I get it on his thorax above his wings
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我要确保涂在它翅膀上方的胸部,
这样,当它被吊起时, 它的翅膀仍然可以自由移动。
01:30
so that when he is suspended, his wings are still free to move.
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01:33
So here's one down.
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好了,搞定了一只。
在野外很难捕捉到雄蚊,
01:35
It's really hard to catch male mosquitoes in the wild
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01:37
because females are the only mosquitoes that are attracted to humans.
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因为只有雌蚊才会对人类感兴趣,
01:41
They feed on human blood.
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它们吃人血。
01:43
And now, we can try to get some recordings from them.
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现在,我们可以尝试录下它们的声音。
01:48
So this is the stand that I use to hold them.
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这是我用来拴住它们的架子。
我喜欢把它放在麦克风的正上方,
01:51
I like to place it right over the microphone
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这样我就能录下你听到的嗡嗡声。
01:53
so that I can get a recording of the buzzing that you hear.
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这种声音是由它们 拍打翅膀的速度而产生的。
01:56
That sound is generated by how fast they're beating their wings.
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这是一只雄蚊。
01:59
This is a male.
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02:00
The males have very bushy antennae, and they look kind of feathery.
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雄性蚊有着浓密的看似羽毛的触须,
而且它们更加纤细。
02:04
And they are also much smaller.
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02:06
GG: So he's flying at around 600 hertz.
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GG:所以它翅膀拍打 频率大约是 600 赫兹。
02:09
Can we try a female mosquito?
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我们可以试试雌蚊吗?
HS:当然,我们来看看。
02:12
HS: Sure, here we go.
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02:14
(Mosquito buzzing, lower pitch)
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(蚊子嗡嗡叫声,低音)
GG:哇哦!
02:20
GG: Wow.
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HS:这比雄蚊的频率低得多。
02:21
HS: This is a much lower frequency than the male.
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02:23
GG: Yeah, it sounds completely different.
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GG:是的,听起来完全不同。
(雄蚊叫声)
02:26
(Mosquito buzzing)
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(雌蚊叫声)
02:28
(Mosquito buzzing, lower pitch)
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02:30
So is it because they're two different mosquitoes,
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是因为它们是两种不同的蚊子,
02:32
or because they're male and female?
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还是因为它们 一个是雄性,一个是雌性?
02:34
HS: It's because they're male and female.
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HS:这是因为它们的性别。
GG:好吧,我们来验证一下。
02:36
GG: Alright, let's verify that.
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02:38
Can you bring in another female and see if she sounds
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你能再找一只雌蚊听听它的声音
02:40
like mosquito A or mosquito B?
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像蚊子 A 还是蚊子 B 吗?
02:42
HS: Yeah.
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HS:好。
02:43
(Mosquito buzzing, lower pitch)
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(蚊子嗡嗡叫声,低音)
02:45
And again, she is much lower than the male.
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再次,它比雄蚊的音调低很多。
02:47
GG: Yeah, she sounds different.
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GG:没错,这只雌蚊听起来不一样。
02:49
(Mosquito buzzing, lower pitch)
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(蚊子嗡嗡叫声,低音)
02:55
Yeah, she's spot-on 400.
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没错,她恰好是 400 赫兹。
02:56
HS: She really is. GG: That's really bizarre.
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HS:真的。 GG:这真是太奇怪了。
02:58
HS: The females are at a much lower pitch. They were around 400 hertz.
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HS:雌蚊的音调要低得多, 大约是 400 赫兹。
03:02
HS: And all of the females were around that, too.
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而且所有的雌蚊都差不多 在这个数值上下浮动。
03:04
They were much larger than the males,
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它们比雄蚊大得多,
03:06
so they didn't have to flap their wings as fast to stay in free flight.
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所以它们不需要快速地 拍动翅膀来保持自由飞行。
03:10
GG: So they have larger wings, so they're flapping slower.
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GG:它们的翅膀较大, 所以它们拍动得比较慢。
03:13
And you noticed that all the females have the same frequency, roughly?
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你注意到所有雌蚊的频率 是大致相同的吗?
03:16
And the males do, too. That's kind of interesting.
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雄蚊也是如此,真有趣。
所以这当中一定存在某种意义。
03:19
So that must mean something.
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03:20
Well, let's see what happens when we put the male and the female together.
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我们来看看把雄蚊 和雌蚊放在一起会怎样。
(蚊子嗡嗡叫声,音调变化)
03:24
(Mosquitoes buzzing; pitch varies)
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03:28
HS: When I put them into the same hearing range,
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HS:当我把它们放在相同的听力范围,
03:30
I noticed that they were kind of changing their tones.
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我注意到它们的音调在改变。
几乎更迟钝了。
03:33
It was kind of more dull, almost.
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03:35
(Mosquitoes buzzing)
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(蚊子嗡嗡叫声)
03:37
And when I put it back in my spectrogram to see their interaction,
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当我把它放回光谱图中 观察它们相互作用时,
03:40
they were meeting at the same tone.
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它们最终达到了相同的音调。
03:43
GG: OK, pause.
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GG:好,暂停。
03:44
The males and females are singing a duet,
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雄蚊和雌蚊在二重唱,
意味着它们会调整翅膀拍打速度 以发出相同的音调。
03:47
meaning that they adjust their wings to be able to produce a common tone.
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03:50
You have the male singing up here at G,
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雄蚊在唱 G 调,
03:53
and you have the female singing down here at D,
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雌蚊在唱比 G 低的 D 调,
当它们在一起时,
03:56
and when they get together,
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03:57
you're saying that they change the frequency of their wings
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你是说它们会改变翅膀的频率,
04:00
such that they come together?
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这样它们就能变到一起?
HS:是的,就是这样。 GG:它们有点像在二重唱。
04:02
HS: Yeah, exactly. GG: And they sort of sing a duet.
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04:04
(Mosquitoes gradually adjusting to identical pitch)
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(蚊子们慢慢调整至统一音调)
04:09
HS: They're communicating to let each other know
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HS:它们通过交流让对方知道
它们已找到了潜在伴侣。
04:12
that they've basically found a potential mate.
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GG:所以换句话说,
04:14
GG: So in other words,
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04:15
the female tends to choose a male that best sings her duet.
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雌蚊倾向于选择能和她唱 最佳二重唱的雄蚊。
04:18
And studies have found that if she's pregnant,
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而且研究发现,若它怀孕了,
04:20
she doesn't even bother.
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它甚至无需选择。
04:22
So if we can understand the mosquito mating behavior,
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因此,若我们能够了解 蚊子的交配行为,
04:25
we may be able to disrupt it in the wild and prevent diseases like malaria.
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我们也许能够在野外破坏此行为 并预防疟疾等疾病。
04:29
But for now, the next time you hear a mosquito buzzing,
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但目前来说, 当你下次听到蚊子嗡嗡叫的时候,
停下来,想想它可能在热恋中,
04:33
just pause and remember she may be in love
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04:36
and she may be singing her song,
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而且它可能在唱自己的歌
04:38
looking for her perfect match.
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寻找着它的完美伴侣。
(蚊子嗡嗡叫声)
04:40
(Mosquito buzzing)
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(拍打)
04:41
(Smack)
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