Lisa Harouni: A primer on 3D printing

翻译人员: Zhenwei Huang 校对人员: Xiaoqiao Xie

It is actually a reality today

现在已经成为现实

that you can download products from the Web --

你可以从网上下载产品

product data, I should say, from the Web --

严格地说，是产品的数据

perhaps tweak it and personalize it

然后可以根据自己的偏好进行个性化定制

to your own preference or your own taste,

然后可以根据自己的偏好进行个性化定制

and have that information sent

把最终的信息发送到

to a desktop machine

一台桌面电脑上

that will fabricate it for you on the spot.

然后电脑可以当场为您制作出产品。

We can actually build for you,

我们可以为你

very rapidly,

非常快捷地

a physical object.

制造出产品，

And the reason we can do this

我们之所以能够这么做，

is through an emerging technology

是因为我们通过一项新兴技术

called additive manufacturing,

这项技术叫做添加剂制造

or 3D printing.

或者3D打印技术

This is a 3D printer.

这是一个3D打印机

They have been around

它们已经有30年的历史了

for almost 30 years now,

它们已经有30年的历史了

which is quite amazing to think of,

真是不可思议

but they're only just starting

但是它们刚刚开始

to filter into the public arena.

进入到公众的视野里

And typically, you would take data,

一般来说，你需要数据

like the data of a pen here,

像这支笔的数据

which would be a geometric representation of that product in 3D,

这些数据是产品的3维几何表示

and we would pass that data with material

然后我们把数据和原料

into a machine.

放进一个机器里

And a process that would happen in the machine

机器会按照程序

would mean layer by layer that product would be built.

一层一层地把产品造出来

And we can take out the physical product,

然后我们就造出来了这个产品

and ready to use,

马上就可以用

or to, perhaps, assemble into something else.

或者可以和其他组合在一起

But if these machines have been around for almost 30 years,

尽管这项技术已经存在了30年

why don't we know about them?

为什么我们现在才知道？

Because typically they've been too inefficient,

因为它们不够高效

inaccessible,

不容易利用

they've not been fast enough,

它们不够快

they've been quite expensive.

还有，成本太贵

But today,

但是今天

it is becoming a reality

它成为了现实

that they are now becoming successful.

一步步走向成功

Many barriers are breaking down.

障碍被克服

That means that you guys

现在人们

will soon be able to access one of these machines,

可以很方便地使用这些机器

if not this minute.

但不是马上

And it will change and disrupt

这可以最终改变

the landscape of manufacturing,

制造业

and most certainly our lives, our businesses

和我们的生活，我们的商业

and the lives of our children.

我们孩子的生活

So how does it work?

它是如何做到的呢？

It typically reads CAD data,

通常用的是CAD数据

which is a product design data

它是一种设计数据

created on professional product design programs.

这种数据利用专业的设计软件得到

And here you can see an engineer --

这里你可以看到一位工程师

it could be an architect or it could be a professional product designer --

或者是一位建筑师或一位专业的产品设计师

create a product in 3D.

制造3D产品

And this data gets sent to a machine

这些数据发往一个机器里

that slices the data

在这台机器里数据

into two-dimensional representations of that product

被分割成一片片地，用二维来表示

all the way through --

就这样

almost like slicing it like salami.

就像切生鱼片一样

And that data, layer by layer, gets passed through the machine,

一层层的数据送到机器里

starting at the base of the product

从这个产品的底层开始

and depositing material, layer upon layer,

一层层的原料盖在一起

infusing the new layer of materials to the old layer

新的一年盖住旧的一层

in an additive process.

层层叠叠

And this material that's deposited

这些一层层的原料

either starts as a liquid form

或者是液态的

or a material powder form.

或者是粉状的

And the bonding process can happen

结合的方式

by either melting and depositing or depositing then melting.

可以是化了再融合，也可以是融合了再化

In this case, we can see a laser sintering machine developed by EOS.

这个例子中，我们看到EOS造的一个激光烧结机

It's actually using a laser

它用激光

to fuse the new layer of material to the old layer.

把新的一层化到旧的一层上面

And over time --

这样一来

quite rapidly actually, in a number of hours --

很快，大概几个小时

we can build a physical product,

我们就能得到一个产品

ready to take out of the machine and use.

马上可以拿出来用

And this is quite an extraordinary idea,

这是非常了不起的想法

but it is reality today.

现在已经成为了现实

So all these products that you can see on the screen

你在屏幕上看到的这些产品

were made in the same way.

都是利用这种方法造出来的

They were all 3D printed.

它们都是3D打印出来的

And you can see,

你可以看到

they're ranging from shoes,

有鞋子

rings that were made out of stainless steal,

不锈钢的戒指

phone covers out of plastic,

手机塑料盖子

all the way through to spinal implants, for example,

还有脊柱植入物

that were created out of medical-grade titanium,

它们是利用医用级别的钛做出来的

and engine parts.

还有发动机零件

But what you'll notice about all of these products

你可以看到所有的这些产品

is they're very, very intricate.

都很精细复杂

The design is quite extraordinary.

这项设计是非常不一般的

Because we're taking this data in 3D form,

我们可以得到3D的数据

slicing it up before it gets past the machine,

分切成一层层的，然后送到机器里

we can actually create structures

我们实际上在创造

that are more intricate

一种非常精细的结构

than any other manufacturing technology --

这比所有其他制造业都精细

or, in fact, are impossible to build in any other way.

或者说，这对其他制造工艺来说是不可能完成的任务

And you can create parts with moving components,

你还可以做出有移动部分的零件

hinges, parts within parts.

铰链，在零件中的零件

So in some cases, we can abolish totally

因此在某些情况下，我们可以

the need for manual labor.

用它来代替人工。

It sounds great.

听起来很不错

It is great.

的确很不错

We can have 3D printers today

现在的3D打印机

that build structures like these.

可以做出像这样的结构

This is almost three meters high.

这个大概有3米高

And this was built

它是用

by depositing artificial sandstone layer upon layer

大约5到10毫米厚的人工沙石

in layers of about five millimeters to 10 mm in thickness --

一层一层地叠在一起

slowly growing this structure.

就这样慢慢长出来的

This was created by an architectural firm called Shiro.

这是由一家到Shiro的建筑公司做出来的，

And you can actually walk into it.

你完全可以走进去。

And on the other end of the spectrum,

在另一方面

this is a microstructure.

还有这些很小些的结构

It's created depositing layers

它每一层的厚度

of about four microns.

仅有四微米。

So really the resolution is quite incredible.

可做东西的范围是不可思议的

The detail that you can get today

做到的细节部分

is quite amazing.

也是非常了不起的。

So who's using it?

那么谁在用这项技术呢？

Typically, because we can create products very rapidly,

通常来说，因为我们可以很快得做出这些产品

it's been used by product designers,

所以，产品设计师会用到它，

or anyone who wanted to prototype a product

或者一些想把设计产品的原型

and very quickly create or reiterate a design.

变成实物以用来改进设计的人会用到它。

And actually what's quite amazing about this technology as well

实际上更让人惊奇的是，这项技术

is that you can create bespoke products en masse.

可以用来定制产品

There's very little economies of scale.

它们可以是很小的规模

So you can now create one-offs very easily.

你可以很容易地做出一个一次性产品

Architects, for example,

例如，设计师

they want to create prototypes of buildings.

他们想用设计的建筑原型来做出实物

Again you can see,

你可以看到，

this is a building of the Free University in Berlin

这是柏林自由大学的一栋建筑，

and it was designed by Foster and Partners.

它是由福斯特建筑事务所设计的。

Again, not buildable in any other way.

这对其他方法来说是不可能的，

And very hard to even create this by hand.

用手来制作也是很困难的。

Now this is an engine component.

这是一个发动机零件，

It was developed by a company called Within Technologies

它是由一个叫Within Technologies 和 3T PRD的公司研发出来的。

and 3T RPD.

它是由一个叫Within Technologies 和 3T PRD的公司研发出来的。

It's very, very, very detailed

在这个设计中

inside with the design.

有很多细节。

Now 3D printing

现在3D打印设计

can break away barriers in design

可以突破这些设计上的障碍，

which challenge the constraints

从而可以实现批量化的生产。

of mass production.

从而可以实现批量化的生产。

If we slice into this product which is actually sitting here,

如果我们把它从中间切开，

you can see that it has a number of cooling channels pass through it,

你可以看到里面有很多冷却管，

which means it's a more efficient product.

这说明这个产品非常实用。

You can't create this with standard manufacturing techniques

这不可以通过标准的制造工艺做出来，

even if you tried to do it manually.

甚至是手工来造。

It's more efficient

它非常有效，

because we can now create all these cavities within the object

我们可以做出产品的这些空洞，

that cool fluid.

它可以用来冷却液体，

And it's used by aerospace

现在用于航天

and automotive.

和汽车工业。

It's a lighter part

它很轻，

and it uses less material waste.

生产废料也很少。

So it's overall performance and efficiency

总的来说，相比于标准的批量化产品来说，它很有可行性又非常高效。

just exceeds standard mass produced products.

总的来说，相比于标准的批量化产品来说，它很有可行性又非常高效。

And then taking this idea

利用这项技术，

of creating a very detailed structure,

我们可以用来做出其他很细节的结构。

we can apply it to honeycomb structures

我们可以做出蜂窝结构，

and use them within implants.

用于植入物。

Typically an implant

一般来说，

is more effective within the body

植入物有越多孔，

if it's more porous,

它就越有效，

because our body tissue will grow into it.

这是因为身体组织可以长在里面，

There's a lower chance of rejection.

减少被排斥的机会。

But it's very hard to create that in standard ways.

但是，如果用传统方法，这是非常困难的。

With 3D printing,

利用3D打印技术，

we're seeing today

今天我们可以看到，

that we can create much better implants.

它能够做出更好的植入物。

And in fact, because we can create

实际上，所有我们可以做的定制化的产品，

bespoke products en masse, one-offs,

一次性的产品，

we can create implants

植入物，

that are specific to individuals.

还可以更为特别。

So as you can see,

你可以看到，

this technology and the quality of what comes out of the machines is fantastic.

这些技术以及利用其做出来的产品都是非常了不起的。

And we're starting to see it being used

现在我们来看，

for final end products.

它能做出的最终产品。

And in fact, as the detail is improving,

实际上，细节的提高，

the quality is improving,

质量的提高，

the price of the machines are falling

3D打印机价格的降低，

and they're becoming quicker.

能越来越快的做出产品。

They're also now small enough

它们现在已经足够小，

to sit on a desktop.

可以放到桌子上面。

You can buy a machine today for about $300

今天你只需要花上300美元 ，

that you can create yourself,

买一个3D打印机来自己做产品，

which is quite incredible.

这是很不可思议的。

But then it begs the question,

现在有人就会问，

why don't we all have one in our home?

为什么我们不能自己在家里面有一个呢？

Because, simply, most of us here today

因为，简单来说，在场的各位

don't know how to create the data

不知道如何做出3D打印机能读取的数据。

that a 3D printer reads.

不知道如何做出3D打印机能读取的数据。

If I gave you a 3D printer,

如果我给你一个3D打印机，

you wouldn't know how to direct it

你会不知道如果指导它

to make what you want it to.

做出来你想要的东西。

But there are more and more

现在，技术的进步，

technologies, software and processes today

越来越多的软件，

that are breaking down those barriers.

正在打破这些障碍。

I believe we're at a tipping point

我相信现在正位于一个转折点，

where this is now something

我们无法避免。

that we can't avoid.

我们无法避免。

This technology

这项技术，

is really going to disrupt

正在重塑

the landscape of manufacturing

制造业的布局。

and, I believe, cause a revolution

我相信，3D打印会引起

in manufacturing.

制造业的革新。

So today,

今天，

you can download products from the Web --

你可以从网上下载你想要的产品，

anything you would have on your desktop,

任何你想要的，

like pens, whistles, lemon squeezers.

像铅笔，口哨，柠檬榨汁机等。

You can use software like Google SketchUp

你可以利用像Google SketchUp的软件，

to create products from scratch

去很容易地做出这些产品。

very easily.

去很容易地做出这些产品。

3D printing can be also used

3D打印也可以用来

to download spare parts from the Web.

从网上下载备用零件。

So imagine you have, say,

想像一下，

a Hoover in your home

有天你的吸尘器坏了，

and it has broken down. You need a spare part,

你需要一个备用件，

but you realize that Hoover's been discontinued.

但是发现，Hoover已经停产了。

Can you imagine going online --

想像一下，你可以直接去网上，

this is a reality --

现在已经成为现实

and finding that spare part

在停产的数据库中，

from a database of geometries

找到这个备用件，

of that discontinued product

找到这个备用件，

and downloading that information, that data,

下载关于这个产品的信息，

and having the product made for you at home,

在家里把它做出来。

ready to use, on your demand?

并且马上就能用。

And in fact, because we can create spare parts

实际上，因为我们可以做出备用件，

with things the machines

这些机器其实可以做出来它们自己。

are quite literally making themselves.

这些机器其实可以做出来它们自己。

You're having machines fabricate themselves.

机器可以自我复制。

These are parts of a RepRap machine,

这些是RepRap机器的零件，

which is a kind of desktop printer.

它是一种桌面打印机。

But what interests my company the most

我们公司特别感兴趣的是，

is the fact that you can create

你可以做出属于你的，

individual unique products en masse.

独一无二的东西。

There's no need to do a run

你不需要做出成千上万个，

of thousands of millions

也不需要把零件送去中国组装。

or send that product to be injection molded in China.

也不需要把零件送去中国组装。

You can just make it physically on the spot.

你可以当场就做出来。

Which means

这意味着，

that we can now present to the public

我们可以向大众展示

the next generation of customization.

下一代的客户定制。

This is something that is now possible today,

有部分现在已经成为可能，

that you can direct personally

你可以让打印机

how you want your products to look.

做出你想要的产品。

We're all familiar with the idea

我们都很熟悉，

of customization or personalization.

定制或者个性化。

Brands like Nike are doing it.

像耐克这样的品牌正在这样做。

It's all over the Web.

完全都在网上进行。

In fact, every major household name

实际上，每个家喻户晓的公司

is allowing you

你都会

to interact with their products

每天和他们的产品打交道。

on a daily basis --

每天和他们的产品打交道。

all the way from Smart Cars

从Smart汽车，

to Prada

到Prada,

to Ray Ban, for example.

再到Ray Ban.

But this is not really mass customization;

但这不是大规模定制，

it's known as variant production,

那是变种生产，

variations of the same product.

同一种产品的变化。

What you could do is really influence your product now

你现在能做的是完全的重塑

and shape-manipulate your product.

你想要的产品。

I'm not sure about you guys,

我不清楚你们有没有这种情况，

but I've had experiences

我有过类似的经历，

when I've walked into a store and I've know exactly what I've wanted

当我走进一家商店，想找那个我已经找了很久的

and I've searched everywhere for that perfect lamp

一盏我知道可以摆在家里哪个地方的完美台灯，

that I know where I want to sit in my house

一盏我知道可以摆在家里哪个地方的完美台灯，

and I just can't find the right thing,

但却哪也找不到。

or that perfect piece of jewelry

或者是一个完美的珠宝，

as a gift or for myself.

用来送给我自己。

Imagine that you can now

想像一下，

engage with a brand

你可以跟厂家联系

and interact,

你可以跟厂家联系

so that you can pass your personal attributes

把自己的个人定制

to the products that you're about to buy.

发给他们。

You can today

今天，你可用这样的软件

download a product with software like this,

来在3D模式下查看你想要的产品。

view the product in 3D.

来在3D模式下查看你想要的产品。

This is the sort of 3D data

这是那些打印机能读取的

that a machine will read.

3D数据。

This is a lamp.

这是一个台灯，

And you can start iterating the design.

你可以重新来设计。

You can direct what color that product will be,

你可以选你想要的颜色，

perhaps what material.

或者材质。

And also, you can engage in shape manipulation of that product,

你可以改变形状，

but within boundaries that are safe.

当然是在允许的范围。

Because obviously the public are not professional product designers.

因为很显然，绝大部分人不会是专业的产品设计师，

The piece of software will keep an individual

这个软件可以帮助

within the bounds of the possible.

人们在可选择的范围内进行个人定制。

And when somebody is ready to purchase the product

当有人准备购买这个定制好的产品时，

in their personalized design,

你点一下“确认”键，

they click "Enter" and this data gets converted

这些个性化设计信息会转换成

into the data that a 3D printer reads

3D打印机可以读取的格式，

and gets passed to a 3D printer,

然后被送到3D打印机，

perhaps on someone's desktop.

可能是某人的台式机。

But I don't think that that's immediate.

但这并不会马上实现。

I don't think that will happen soon.

我不认为会马上实现。

What's more likely, and we're seeing it today,

现在我们能看到的情况是，

is that data gets sent

那些数据传到

to a local manufacturing center.

当地的制造中心。

This means lower carbon footprint.

这意味着这种做法很低碳。

We're now, instead of shipping a product across the world,

现在，我们不用把产品发往全世界，

we're sending data across the Internet.

我们只需要把数据通过网络发往各地。

Here's the product being built.

这是正在制造的产品，

You can see, this came out of the machine in one piece

你可以看到，一块块的被做出来，

and the electronics were inserted later.

电器部分会后面加进来。

It's this lamp, as you can see here.

这是一个台灯，你可以看到。

So as long as you have the data,

只要你有这些数据，

you can create the part on demand.

你就可以按自己的需求去做出来。

And you don't necessarily need to use this

你不只进行

for just aesthetic customization,

审美定制。

you can use it for functional customization,

还可以功能定制。

scanning parts of the body

扫描产品部分，

and creating things that are made to fit.

做出合适的产品。

So we can run this through to something like prosthetics,

我们可以做出假肢，

which is highly specialized to an individual's handicap.

这种因人而异的产品。

Or we can create very specific prosthetics

或者为某人做出

for that individual.

特别的假肢。

Scanning teeth today,

扫描下你的牙齿，

you can have your teeth scanned

扫描下你的牙齿以后，

and dental coatings made in this way to fit you.

可以做出符合你的牙齿。

While you wait at the dentist,

当你在等牙医的时候，

a machine will quietly be creating this for you

一个机器正在做特别适合你的

ready to insert in the teeth.

种植牙齿。

And the idea of now creating implants,

这种想法也用来制造移植物，

scanning data, an MRI scan of somebody

核磁共振成像（MRI）的数据

can now be converted into 3D data

会变为3D格式，

and we can create very specific implants for them.

我们可以利用它来做出特别的植入物。

And applying this

利用这些

to the idea of building up what's in our bodies.

造出我们身体

You know, this is pair of lungs and the bronchial tree.

你看到，这是肺和支气管

It's very intricate.

非常的错踪复杂。

You couldn't really create this or simulate it in any other way.

你不能利用其他手段来模拟或制造出来。

But with MRI data,

但是利用MRI数据，

we can just build the product,

我们可以造出这个产品。

as you can see, very intricately.

你可以看到，非常的复杂。

Using this process,

利用这项工艺，

pioneers in the industry are layering up cells today.

工业先驱们正在利用一层层的细胞

So one of the pioneers, for example, is Dr. Anthony Atala,

其中的一位，Anthony Atala医生，

and he has been working

他正在利用层叠的细胞，

on layering cells to create body parts --

来做出身体器官——

bladders, valves, kidneys.

膀胱，瓣膜，肾脏

Now this is not something that's ready for the public,

这现在还没有用于大众，

but it is in working progress.

但是正在其过程中。

So just to finalize, we're all individual.

总结一下，我们都是不同的个体

We all have different preferences, different needs.

我们都有不同的偏好，不同的需求。

We like different things.

我们都喜欢不同的东西。

We're all different sizes and our companies the same.

我们有不同的尺寸，公司也是这样。

Businesses want different things.

生意上需要不同的东西。

Without a doubt in my mind,

毋庸置疑，

I believe that this technology

我相信这项技术，

is going to cause a manufacturing revolution

会引发制造业的革命。

and will change the landscape of manufacturing as we know it.

从而改变我们知道的制造业。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）