Lisa Harouni: A primer on 3D printing

譯者: Chen-Han Hsiao 審譯者: Dennis Guo

It is actually a reality today

今日的現實

that you can download products from the Web --

就是各位可以從網路下載產品

product data, I should say, from the Web --

或應該說是產品的資料

perhaps tweak it and personalize it

然後修改 加以個人化

to your own preference or your own taste,

以符合你的個人的喜好或口味

and have that information sent

並將這份資訊

to a desktop machine

傳送到到一部桌上型機器

that will fabricate it for you on the spot.

替你當場做出實物

We can actually build for you,

就是說 我們實際上

very rapidly,

可以快速地

a physical object.

為你做出實物

And the reason we can do this

我們仰賴的

is through an emerging technology

是一種新興科技

called additive manufacturing,

稱作添加式製造

or 3D printing.

或3D列印

This is a 3D printer.

這是一台3D打印機

They have been around

這種機器

for almost 30 years now,

已經出現將近30年了

which is quite amazing to think of,

這點還蠻讓人訝異的

but they're only just starting

因為它們最近

to filter into the public arena.

才開始滲透入公共領域的應用

And typically, you would take data,

通常的用法是把資料

like the data of a pen here,

像這些筆的資料

which would be a geometric representation of that product in 3D,

就是這些產品在三度空間中的幾何呈現數據

and we would pass that data with material

把這些資料連同原料

into a machine.

一起傳送給機器

And a process that would happen in the machine

機器裡的製造過程

would mean layer by layer that product would be built.

就是一層一層地建構這項產品

And we can take out the physical product,

當我們把實體的產品拿出來

and ready to use,

就可以直接使用

or to, perhaps, assemble into something else.

或是把它組裝成其他東西

But if these machines have been around for almost 30 years,

不過 如果這種機器已經存在將近30年之久

why don't we know about them?

為什麼我們對它一無所知？

Because typically they've been too inefficient,

因為這種機器非常沒有效率

inaccessible,

難以取得

they've not been fast enough,

速度不夠快

they've been quite expensive.

又很昂貴

But today,

但是今天

it is becoming a reality

這種機器已經逐漸

that they are now becoming successful.

變得越來越成功

Many barriers are breaking down.

我們已經突破許多障礙

That means that you guys

這表示 在座各位

will soon be able to access one of these machines,

很快可以有機會使用這種機器

if not this minute.

就算不是此時此刻

And it will change and disrupt

而這會改變和瓦解

the landscape of manufacturing,

現有的製造格局

and most certainly our lives, our businesses

影響我們的生活，我們的商業

and the lives of our children.

和孩子的生活

So how does it work?

可是這是怎樣達成的呢？

It typically reads CAD data,

它經由讀取CAD(電腦輔助設計)資訊

which is a product design data

一種產品設計資料

created on professional product design programs.

由專業的產品設計軟體產生

And here you can see an engineer --

而這裡你看以看到一名工程師 --

it could be an architect or it could be a professional product designer --

也可能是一名建築師，或者是一名產品設計師 --

create a product in 3D.

設計了一個3D的產品

And this data gets sent to a machine

這個資料輸送到一個機器

that slices the data

將數據“切片”

into two-dimensional representations of that product

把這個產品進行整體的

all the way through --

二維分解

almost like slicing it like salami.

就像切香腸一樣

And that data, layer by layer, gets passed through the machine,

這些資料，分層通過機器

starting at the base of the product

從產品底部開始

and depositing material, layer upon layer,

一層一層的澆注材料

infusing the new layer of materials to the old layer

使用加成工藝讓上一層的材料

in an additive process.

不斷滲入下一層

And this material that's deposited

這種澆注材料

either starts as a liquid form

最開始可能是液體狀

or a material powder form.

也可能是粉末狀

And the bonding process can happen

而粘合工藝的原理

by either melting and depositing or depositing then melting.

可以是先融化再澆注，也可以是先澆注再融化

In this case, we can see a laser sintering machine developed by EOS.

在這個例子裡 我們看到的是EOS開發的鐳射燒結機

It's actually using a laser

它利用鐳射

to fuse the new layer of material to the old layer.

將新加層的材料熔接到前一層

And over time --

經過一段時間 --

quite rapidly actually, in a number of hours --

其實很快，也就是幾個小時 --

we can build a physical product,

我們就可以做出實物

ready to take out of the machine and use.

拿出機器并投入使用

And this is quite an extraordinary idea,

這想法很棒

but it is reality today.

並已成為現實

So all these products that you can see on the screen

你們在螢幕上見到的

were made in the same way.

都是用同樣方法做出來的

They were all 3D printed.

3D列印的產物

And you can see,

可以看到

they're ranging from shoes,

它可以做出鞋子

rings that were made out of stainless steal,

不銹鋼制的戒指

phone covers out of plastic,

塑膠的手機殼

all the way through to spinal implants, for example,

以及採用醫用鈦製成的

that were created out of medical-grade titanium,

脊柱植入物

and engine parts.

還有引擎零件

But what you'll notice about all of these products

請注意 所有這些產品

is they're very, very intricate.

都非常非常複雜

The design is quite extraordinary.

有著令人驚歎的設計

Because we're taking this data in 3D form,

因為我們使用的是3D形式的資料

slicing it up before it gets past the machine,

在製作前全部分解

we can actually create structures

我們可以創造出

that are more intricate

極其複雜的結構

than any other manufacturing technology --

比現有的任何一種製造技術都複雜

or, in fact, are impossible to build in any other way.

事實上，採用其他技術都無法做出如此複雜的結構

And you can create parts with moving components,

你可以做出帶有移動元件的零件

hinges, parts within parts.

鉸鏈，層層嵌套的零件

So in some cases, we can abolish totally

在某些例子裡，我們可以完全摒棄

the need for manual labor.

手工的需要

It sounds great.

聽起來很棒

It is great.

而它的確很棒

We can have 3D printers today

今天的3D打印機

that build structures like these.

可以做出這樣的結構

This is almost three meters high.

這個差不多有3米高

And this was built

它是由

by depositing artificial sandstone layer upon layer

層層澆注人工砂岩

in layers of about five millimeters to 10 mm in thickness --

每層5到10毫米厚

slowly growing this structure.

慢慢生成的一個結構

This was created by an architectural firm called Shiro.

這是Shiro建築師事務所的作品

And you can actually walk into it.

人們可以走到裡面去

And on the other end of the spectrum,

而在另一個極端

this is a microstructure.

這是一個微縮結構

It's created depositing layers

這裡的澆注層

of about four microns.

只有大約4微米

So really the resolution is quite incredible.

這個精細度是很驚人的

The detail that you can get today

今天所能做出的細節

is quite amazing.

是很驚人的

So who's using it?

那麼誰在用呢？

Typically, because we can create products very rapidly,

一般來說，因為它能快速製作產品

it's been used by product designers,

所以產品設計師是常用者

or anyone who wanted to prototype a product

另外就是任何想製作產品模型

and very quickly create or reiterate a design.

並且需要快速製作或複製設計的人

And actually what's quite amazing about this technology as well

這項科技的另一個驚人之處

is that you can create bespoke products en masse.

就是你可以對個性化產品進行一次性成型

There's very little economies of scale.

這樣它的規模效應很小

So you can now create one-offs very easily.

你也能輕鬆地做出一次性設計

Architects, for example,

譬如建築師

they want to create prototypes of buildings.

他們要做建築模型

Again you can see,

你們看到的

this is a building of the Free University in Berlin

是柏林自由大學的一幢建築

and it was designed by Foster and Partners.

由福斯特建築事務所設計

Again, not buildable in any other way.

它無法由（除3D列印之外的）其他技術實現

And very hard to even create this by hand.

既是是手工製作也很困難

Now this is an engine component.

這是一個引擎部件

It was developed by a company called Within Technologies

由Within技術公司

and 3T RPD.

與3T RPD公司開發

It's very, very, very detailed

它有非常精細的

inside with the design.

內部設計

Now 3D printing

3D列印

can break away barriers in design

能打破設計的藩籬

which challenge the constraints

這大大挑戰了

of mass production.

工業生產的限制

If we slice into this product which is actually sitting here,

如果我們把這裡的產品剖開來

you can see that it has a number of cooling channels pass through it,

可以看到這裡有數條貫穿的冷卻管道

which means it's a more efficient product.

這說明這個產品效率更高

You can't create this with standard manufacturing techniques

你無法用標準的製造技術來實現它們

even if you tried to do it manually.

完全手工也不行

It's more efficient

它效率更高的原因便是

because we can now create all these cavities within the object

因為我們可以製造物體內的所有用來冷卻液體

that cool fluid.

的腔體

And it's used by aerospace

它現在被使用於航空航天

and automotive.

和汽車工業

It's a lighter part

它很輕

and it uses less material waste.

生產廢料也很少

So it's overall performance and efficiency

總的來說 相比於標準的量產品

just exceeds standard mass produced products.

它很可行也具有更高效率

And then taking this idea

運用這項技術

of creating a very detailed structure,

我們可以做出其它很細節的結構

we can apply it to honeycomb structures

我們可以做出蜂窩結構

and use them within implants.

用於植入體內

Typically an implant

一般來說

is more effective within the body

植入體有越多孔洞

if it's more porous,

它就越有效

because our body tissue will grow into it.

這是因為身體組織可以長在裡面

There's a lower chance of rejection.

減少被排斥的機會

But it's very hard to create that in standard ways.

但是 如果用傳統方法 這是非常困難的。

With 3D printing,

利用3D列印技術

we're seeing today

我們可以看到

that we can create much better implants.

它能夠做出更好的植入體

And in fact, because we can create

實際上 由於我們可以打造

bespoke products en masse, one-offs,

客製化、一次性的產品

we can create implants

我們可以特地打造

that are specific to individuals.

專屬于個人的植入體

So as you can see,

你可以看到

this technology and the quality of what comes out of the machines is fantastic.

這些技術以及利用其做出來的產品都是非常了不起的

And we're starting to see it being used

現在我們來看

for final end products.

它能做出的最終產品

And in fact, as the detail is improving,

實際上 隨著細節的提高

the quality is improving,

以及質量的提高

the price of the machines are falling

3D印表機價格也正在降低

and they're becoming quicker.

并能越來越快的做出產品

They're also now small enough

現在它們已經足夠小到

to sit on a desktop.

可以放到桌子上面

You can buy a machine today for about $300

今天你只需要花上300美元

that you can create yourself,

便可以買一個3D印表機來自己做產品

which is quite incredible.

這是很不可思議的

But then it begs the question,

現在有人就會問

why don't we all have one in our home?

為什麼我們不能自己在家裡有一個呢？

Because, simply, most of us here today

因為 簡單的說 在場的各位

don't know how to create the data

不知道如何做出

that a 3D printer reads.

3D打印機能讀取的數據

If I gave you a 3D printer,

如果我給你一個3D打印機

you wouldn't know how to direct it

你會不知道如何指導它

to make what you want it to.

做出你想要的東西

But there are more and more

現在 技術的進步

technologies, software and processes today

越來越多的軟體

that are breaking down those barriers.

正在打破這些障礙

I believe we're at a tipping point

我相信現在

where this is now something

正位於一個轉折點

that we can't avoid.

我們無法忽視它

This technology

這項技術，

is really going to disrupt

正在重塑

the landscape of manufacturing

製造業的佈局

and, I believe, cause a revolution

我相信，3D列印會引發

in manufacturing.

製造業的革新。

So today,

今天，

you can download products from the Web --

你可以從網路上下載你想要的產品

anything you would have on your desktop,

任何你想要的

like pens, whistles, lemon squeezers.

像鉛筆，口哨，檸檬榨汁機等

You can use software like Google SketchUp

你可以利用像Google SketchUp的軟體

to create products from scratch

很容易的

very easily.

做出這些產品

3D printing can be also used

3D列印也可以用來

to download spare parts from the Web.

從網路上下載備用零件

So imagine you have, say,

想像一下

a Hoover in your home

某天你的吸塵器壞了

and it has broken down. You need a spare part,

你需要一個備用零件

but you realize that Hoover's been discontinued.

但是發現，Hoover已經停產了

Can you imagine going online --

想像一下 你可以直接去網路上 --

this is a reality --

這已成為現實 --

and finding that spare part

在停產的數據庫中

from a database of geometries

找到這個備用零件

of that discontinued product

找到這個備用零件

and downloading that information, that data,

下載關於這個產品的信息

and having the product made for you at home,

并在家裡把它做出來

ready to use, on your demand?

並且馬上在你需要時就能用

And in fact, because we can create spare parts

實際上 因為我們可以做出備用零件

with things the machines

這些機器

are quite literally making themselves.

其實可以做出它們自己

You're having machines fabricate themselves.

機器可以自我複製

These are parts of a RepRap machine,

這些是RepRap機器的零件

which is a kind of desktop printer.

它是一種桌上打印機

But what interests my company the most

但我們公司特別感興趣的是

is the fact that you can create

你可以做出屬於你

individual unique products en masse.

獨一無二的東西

There's no need to do a run

你不需要做出

of thousands of millions

成千上萬個

or send that product to be injection molded in China.

也不需要把零件送去中國組裝

You can just make it physically on the spot.

你可以當場就做出來

Which means

這意味著

that we can now present to the public

我們可以向大眾展示

the next generation of customization.

新一代的客戶訂製

This is something that is now possible today,

有一部分現在已經成為可能

that you can direct personally

你可以讓打印機

how you want your products to look.

做出你想要的產品

We're all familiar with the idea

我們都很熟悉

of customization or personalization.

訂製或做個性化

Brands like Nike are doing it.

像Nike這樣的品牌正在這樣做

It's all over the Web.

完全都在網路上進行

In fact, every major household name

實際上，每個家喻戶曉的公司

is allowing you

都使你在日常生活中

to interact with their products

和他們的產品

on a daily basis --

互饋信息 --

all the way from Smart Cars

從智能汽車

to Prada

到Prada

to Ray Ban, for example.

再到Ray Ban

But this is not really mass customization;

但這不是大規模訂製

it's known as variant production,

這是一種變種生產

variations of the same product.

同一種產品的變化

What you could do is really influence your product now

你現在能做的是完全的重塑

and shape-manipulate your product.

你想要的產品

I'm not sure about you guys,

我不清楚你們有沒有這種情況

but I've had experiences

我有過類似的經歷

when I've walked into a store and I've know exactly what I've wanted

當我走進一家商店

and I've searched everywhere for that perfect lamp

想找那個我已經找了很久的

that I know where I want to sit in my house

一盞我知道可以擺在家裡哪個地方的完美檯燈

and I just can't find the right thing,

但卻哪裡也找不到

or that perfect piece of jewelry

或者是一個完美的珠寶

as a gift or for myself.

用來送給我自己

Imagine that you can now

想像一下

engage with a brand

你可以跟名牌商聯繫

and interact,

接洽

so that you can pass your personal attributes

把自己的個人訂製

to the products that you're about to buy.

發送給他們

You can today

今天 你可以用這樣的軟體

download a product with software like this,

在3D模式下

view the product in 3D.

查看你想要的產品

This is the sort of 3D data

這是那些打印機能讀取的

that a machine will read.

3D數據

This is a lamp.

這是一個檯燈

And you can start iterating the design.

你可以重新設計

You can direct what color that product will be,

你可以選你想要的顏色

perhaps what material.

或者材質

And also, you can engage in shape manipulation of that product,

你可以自我的改變形狀

but within boundaries that are safe.

當然 是在允許的範圍

Because obviously the public are not professional product designers.

因為很顯然的 絕大部分人不會是專業的產品設計師

The piece of software will keep an individual

這個軟體可以幫助

within the bounds of the possible.

人們在可選擇的範圍內進行個人訂製

And when somebody is ready to purchase the product

當有人準備購買這個訂製好的產品時

in their personalized design,

你點一下確認鍵

they click "Enter" and this data gets converted

這些個性化設計信息會轉換成

into the data that a 3D printer reads

3D打印機可以讀取的格式

and gets passed to a 3D printer,

然後被送到可能在某人桌上的那一台

perhaps on someone's desktop.

3D打印機

But I don't think that that's immediate.

但這並不會馬上實現

I don't think that will happen soon.

我不認為會馬上實現

What's more likely, and we're seeing it today,

現在我們能看到的情況是

is that data gets sent

那些數據傳到

to a local manufacturing center.

當地的製造中心

This means lower carbon footprint.

這意味著這種做法很節碳

We're now, instead of shipping a product across the world,

現在 我們不用把產品發送到全世界

we're sending data across the Internet.

我們只需要把數據透過網路傳送到各地

Here's the product being built.

這是正在製造的產品

You can see, this came out of the machine in one piece

你可以看到 一塊塊的被做出來

and the electronics were inserted later.

電器部分會後面加進來

It's this lamp, as you can see here.

這是一個檯燈 你可以看到

So as long as you have the data,

只要你有這些數據

you can create the part on demand.

你就可以按自己的需求去做出來

And you don't necessarily need to use this

你不只進行

for just aesthetic customization,

美感訂製

you can use it for functional customization,

還可以做功能訂製

scanning parts of the body

掃描產品部分

and creating things that are made to fit.

做出合適的產品

So we can run this through to something like prosthetics,

我們可以做出義肢

which is highly specialized to an individual's handicap.

這種因人而異的產品

Or we can create very specific prosthetics

或者為某人做出

for that individual.

專屬的義肢

Scanning teeth today,

掃描你的牙齒

you can have your teeth scanned

掃描你的牙齒之後

and dental coatings made in this way to fit you.

可以做出符合你的牙齒

While you wait at the dentist,

當你在等牙醫的時候

a machine will quietly be creating this for you

一個機器正在製作特別適合你的

ready to insert in the teeth.

牙齒植體

And the idea of now creating implants,

這種想法也用來製造植入體

scanning data, an MRI scan of somebody

核磁共振成像(MRI)的數據

can now be converted into 3D data

轉換為3D格式

and we can create very specific implants for them.

我們可以利用它來做出獨有的植入體

And applying this

利用這樣的概念

to the idea of building up what's in our bodies.

可以製造出我們身體內的器官

You know, this is pair of lungs and the bronchial tree.

你看到 這是肺和支氣管

It's very intricate.

非常的錯綜複雜

You couldn't really create this or simulate it in any other way.

你不能利用其它手段來模擬或製造出來

But with MRI data,

但是利用MRI數據

we can just build the product,

我們可以製出這種產品

as you can see, very intricately.

如你所見 非常複雜

Using this process,

利用這項工藝

pioneers in the industry are layering up cells today.

工業先驅們正在利用一層層的細胞

So one of the pioneers, for example, is Dr. Anthony Atala,

其中的一位，Anthony Atala醫師

and he has been working

他正在利用層疊的細胞

on layering cells to create body parts --

來做出身體器官

bladders, valves, kidneys.

膀胱，瓣膜，腎臟

Now this is not something that's ready for the public,

這現在還沒有用在大眾

but it is in working progress.

但是它正在發展中

So just to finalize, we're all individual.

總結一下，我們都是不同的個體

We all have different preferences, different needs.

我們都有不同的偏好，不同的需求

We like different things.

我們都喜歡不同的東西

We're all different sizes and our companies the same.

我們有不同的尺寸，公司也是這樣

Businesses want different things.

生意上需要不同的東西

Without a doubt in my mind,

毋庸置疑

I believe that this technology

我相信這項技術

is going to cause a manufacturing revolution

會引發製造業的革命

and will change the landscape of manufacturing as we know it.

從而改變我們知道的製造業

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)