7 principles for building better cities | Peter Calthorpe | TED

翻译人员: Hong Li 校对人员: 易帆 余

So, let me add to the complexity

让我们来整理一下思绪，

of the situation we find ourselves in.

看看我们目前所处的复杂情况。

At the same time that we're solving for climate change,

在我们解决气候变化问题的同时，

we're going to be building cities for three billion people.

我们还要建造 供三十亿人口居住的城市。

That's a doubling of the urban environment.

这将是我们目前城市规模的两倍。

If we don't get that right,

这件事如果我们没做好，

I'm not sure all the climate solutions in the world will save mankind,

我不确定全球的气候变化解决方案 能否拯救人类，

because so much depends on how we shape our cities:

因为这在很大程度上 取决于我们如何建造我们的城市：

not just environmental impacts,

不仅是对环境的冲击，

but our social well-being,

还有我们的社会福利，

our economic vitality,

经济活力，

our sense of community and connectedness.

我们对于社区和交流的感受。

Fundamentally, the way we shape cities is a manifestation

从根本上说，我们建造城市的方式

of the kind of humanity we bring to bear.

体现了我们的人性。

And so getting it right is, I think,

因此我认为，把这件事情做好，

the order of the day.

是我们的当务之急。

And to a certain degree, getting it right can help us solve climate change,

从某种意义上来说， 做好这件事有助于解决气候变化问题，

because in the end,

因为归根结底，

it's our behavior that seems to be driving the problem.

是我们的行为造成了气候问题。

The problem isn't free-floating,

气候问题并不是孤立的，

and it isn't just ExxonMobil and oil companies.

不仅仅因为埃克森美孚 或者其他石油公司。

It's us; how we live.

原因在于我们，我们的生活方式。

How we live.

我们如何生活。

There's a villain in this story.

这个故事里有一个坏人。

It's called sprawl, and I'll be upfront about that.

它的名字叫城市蔓生， 我会实话实说。

But it's not just the kind of sprawl you think of, or many people think of,

但它并不是你们大家， 或者许多人想象的那样，

as low-density development

好像只会在低密度区域，

out at the periphery of the metropolitan area.

或都会区外围的郊区发生。

Actually, I think sprawl can happen anywhere, at any density.

实际上，我觉得这样杂乱无序的拓展 在任何地方，任何密度下，都有可能发生。

The key attribute is that it isolates people.

它的主要特色就是 隔离了人与人之间的距离。

It segregates people into economic enclaves

它造成经济上的贫富差距，

and land-use enclaves.

并形成了土地利用上的单一化。

It separates them from nature.

将他们同自然隔离开。

It doesn't allow the cross-fertilization,

它不允许异业的结合，

the interaction,

限制了人际的交流与沟通，

that make cities great places

而这些恰恰是使城市变得伟大

and that make society thrive.

让社会繁荣发展的因素。

So the antidote to sprawl is really what we all need to be thinking about,

所以我们要好好思考 城市蔓生的解药，

especially when we're taking on this massive construction project.

尤其是当我们 要建设如此大的项目的时候。

So let me take you through one exercise.

让我来举一个例子。

We developed the model for the state of California

我们为加州设计了一个模型，

来降低碳排放量。

so they could get on with reducing carbon emissions.

We did a whole series of scenarios for how the state could grow,

我们做了一系列的 都市发展情境的模拟，

and this is just one overly simplified one.

经过我们高度简化，

We mixed different development prototypes

与溷合了不同的发展原型，

and said they're going to carry us through the year 2050,

假定持续直到2050年，

10 million new crew in our state of California.

加州将有一千万的新成员加入，

And one was sprawl.

其中一种情境就是蔓生。

It's just more of the same: shopping malls, subdivisions,

跟过去的情况差不多： 购物中心、土地分割、

office parks.

办公园区。

The other one was dominated by, not everybody moving to the city,

另外一种情况， 并不是所有人都涌向城市，

but just compact development,

而是密集的发展，

what we used to think of as streetcar suburbs,

比如将郊区的有轨电车搬到市区、

walkable neighborhoods,

方便散步的社区，

low-rise, but integrated, mixed-used environments.

建筑物的层高有限， 但整体密集发展、综合使用的环境。

And the results are astounding.

最后的结果令人震惊。

They're astounding not just for the scale of the difference

这样的改变不仅与过去的

of this one shift in our city-making habit

城市设计习惯有很大的不同，

but also because each one represents a special interest group,

也与特殊利益群体的认知不同，因为 每种类型都代表了一个特殊利益群体，

a special interest group that used to advocate for their concerns

这些群体过去只关注自己眼前的利益，

one at a time.

而无长远的计划。

They did not see the, what I call, "co-benefits" of urban form

他们看不到城市形态带来的好处， 我称之为“共赢利益”，

that allows them to join with others.

可以让他们彼此融合。

So, land consumption:

比如，土地消耗问题：

environmentalists are really concerned about this,

环保主义者很关心，

so are farmers;

还有农民，

there's a whole range of people,

还有很多人

and, of course, neighborhood groups that want open space nearby.

社区团体想开放临近的空间。

The sprawl version of California

加州的蔓生版本

almost doubles the urban physical footprint.

其都市实体的碳足迹 几乎是（图上智能成长版本）的两倍。

Greenhouse gas: tremendous savings,

（智能成长版本的）温室气体： 排放大幅下降，

because in California, our biggest carbon emission comes from cars,

因为在加州， 碳排放的最大来源是汽车，

and cities that don't depend on cars as much

如果城市不再像以往一样依赖汽车，

obviously create huge savings.

当然会降低排放。

Vehicle miles traveled: that's what I was just talking about.

汽车的行驶里程， 就是我刚刚提到的。

Just reducing the average 10,000 miles per household per year,

每户每年平均下降了一万英里，

from somewhere in the mid-26,000 per household,

有些地方甚至达到 每户两万六千多英里，

has a huge impact not just on air quality and carbon

这不仅大幅改善 空气质量，降低碳排放，

but also on the household pocketbook.

对节省家庭开支也大有好处。

It's very expensive to drive that much,

因为开车真的非常贵，

and as we've seen,

我们能看到，

the middle class is struggling to hold on.

中产阶级都有点无力承担。

Health care: we were talking about how do you fix it once we broke it --

关于医疗，我们以前谈论的是， 一旦出了问题我们该如何补救，

clean the air.

改善空气质量。

Why not just stop polluting?

那为什么不停止污染它呢？

Why not just use our feet and bikes more?

为什么不多走路和骑自行车呢？

And that's a function of the kinds of cities that we shape.

这也是我们要打造的城市 所拥有的功能。

Household costs:

家庭开支。

2008 was a mark in time,

2008年是历史性的一年，

not of just the financial industry running amok.

不仅金融业失去控制。

It was that we were trying to sell too many of the wrong kind of housing:

我们当时也销售了 太多不合宜的住宅建筑：

large lot, single family, distant,

大地块，独门独户，遥远的距离，

too expensive for the average middle-class family to afford

一般中产阶级根本负担不起，

and, quite frankly, not a good fit to their lifestyle anymore.

更明显的一点是， 不再符合他们的生活方式。

But in order to move inventory,

但为了摆脱债务，

you can discount the financing and get it sold.

你可以把它卖掉，减少按揭。

I think that's a lot of what happened.

我想这种情况很常见。

Reducing cost by 10,000 dollars --

减少1万美元的支出——

remember, in California the median is 50,000 --

不要忘记，加州 中产阶级的收入是5万——

this is a big element.

这是笔很大的支出。

That's just cars and utility costs.

那才只计算车辆跟设备的费用而已。

So the affordable housing advocates, who often sit off in their silos

那些提倡可负担住房的人， 常常只坐在自己家中，

separate from the environmentalists, separate from the politicians,

不跟环境学家或政治领袖 交换意见。

everybody fighting with everyone,

造成大家谁也不让谁，

now begin to see common cause,

总算开始注意到共同的原因了，

and I think the common cause is what really brings about the change.

但我认为认知到这些共同的原因， 才能带来真正的变革。

Los Angeles, as a result of these efforts,

洛杉矶，由于这些努力的结果，

has now decided to transform itself

决定将自己转型为

into a more transit-oriented environment.

一个以公共交通导向的环境。

As a matter of fact, since '08,

实际上，从2008年开始，

they've voted in 400 billion dollars of bonds for transit

洛杉矶就投票表决将4000亿美元的 债券拿来建设公共交通，

and zero dollars for new highways.

但建设高速公路的预算是零。

What a transformation:

转变是巨大的：

LA becomes a city of walkers and transit,

洛杉矶成为了一座散步 和公共交通之城，

not a city of cars.

而不是汽车城。

(Applause)

（掌声）

怎么做到的呢？

How does it happen?

You take the least desirable land, the strip,

把那些人们最不喜欢的车道

you add where there's space, transit

放上公交系统，

and then you infill mixed-use development,

然后加上多功能的开发区，

you satisfy new housing demands

满足人们新的住房需求，

and you make the existing neighborhoods

建设令人兴奋的社区，

all around it more complex,

更加综合性，

more interesting, more walkable.

更加有趣，更适合步行。

Here's another kind of sprawl:

还有另一种蔓生方式，

China, high-density sprawl, what you think of as an oxymoron,

在中国，高密度的， 你们也许会觉得这有点矛盾，

但其实是一样的问题。 每个人都被高楼大厦孤立，

but the same problems, everything isolated in superblocks,

and of course this amazing smog that was just spoken to.

当然还有刚才提到过的雾霾。

Twelve percent of GDP in China now is spent

中国GDP总量的12%

被用在处理雾霾带来的健康问题。

on the health impacts of that.

The history, of course, of Chinese cities is robust.

毫无疑问，中国城市的 发展非常迅猛。

It's like any other place.

跟其他任何地方一样。

Community was all about small, local shops

所谓社区，应该有小店铺，

and local services and walking, interacting with your neighbors.

本地化的服务，可以散步， 与邻居互动。

It may sound utopian, but it's not.

听起来不切实际， 但并非遥不可及。

It's actually what people really want.

这正是人们真正想要的。

The new superblocks --

新的超级小区——

these are blocks that would have 5,000 units in them,

可能有5000户人家住在里面，

and they're gated as well, because nobody knows anybody else.

大家都门户紧闭，互不相识。

And of course, there isn't even a sidewalk, no ground floor shops --

当然，也没有 散步步道，没有底层商铺，

a very sterile environment.

非常无趣的环境。

I found this one case here in one of the superblocks

我在其中一个超级小区中 发现了一件事，

where people had illicitly set up shops in their garages

人们在自家车库私自开了商店，

so that they could have that kind of local service economy.

这样他们就能获得本地化服务。

The desire of people to get it right is there.

人们想让都市更美好的 需求就摆在那儿。

We just have to get the planners on board and the politicians.

我们只是需要让规划者 和政治家意识到。

All right. Some technical planning stuff.

好的，下面是一些 规划技术层面的内容。

Chongqing is a city of 30 million people.

重庆是一座拥有 3000万人口的城市。

It's almost as big as California.

几乎跟加州一样多。

This is a small growth area.

这是一个小的开发区。

They wanted us to test the alternative to sprawl

他们想让我们 在中国的一些城市中

in several cities across China.

测试城市蔓生的替代方案。

This is for four-and-a-half million people.

这里将会有450万人口。

What the takeaway from this image is,

这幅图里最重要的一点是，

every one of those circles is a walking radius

每一个圆圈代表的 是步行的区域，

around a transit station --

圆心位置是公共交通系统，

massive investment in metro and BRT,

他们投入大量资金 建设地铁和快速公交，

and a distribution that allows everybody

并且合理分布，

to work within walking distance of that.

每一个人都可以步行上班。

The red area, this is a blow-up.

红色的区域，就更厉害了。

All of a sudden, our principles called for green space

一夜之间，所有的设计原则 全转向诉求绿色空间

preserving the important ecological features.

以及保护生态特征。

And then those other streets in there are auto-free streets.

其它的街道都是禁止车辆通行的。

So instead of bulldozing, leveling the site

他们并没有推平岸边的树木，

and building right up to the river,

或把房子建到河边，

this green edge was something that really wasn't normative in China

而是将以往并不常见的 绿化带观念带进中国，

until these set of practices

从我们在这片区域

began experimentation there.

做实验性的行动就开始进行了。

The urban fabric, small blocks,

这里的城市结构，是小区块的，

maybe 500 families per block.

每个区块可能有500户人家。

They know each other.

他们相互认识。

The street perimeter has shops

街道两旁有商店，

so there's local destinations.

居民有地方可去。

And the streets themselves become smaller,

街道变小了，

because there are more of them.

因为数量增加了。

Very simple,

非常简单，

straightforward urban design.

直接的城市设计理念。

Now, here you have something I dearly love.

还有一点我非常喜欢。

Think of the logic.

想象一下。

If only a third of the people have cars,

如果只有三分之一的人有车，

why do we give 100 percent of our streets to cars?

那我们为什么要 把街道的使用权全部给车呢？

What if we gave 70 percent of the streets

如果我们把70%的街道

to car-free, to everybody else,

让给步行街，让给行人，

so that the transit could move well for them,

这样公共交通就能更好地提供服务，

so that they could walk, so they could bike?

他们可以选择步行，选择骑车。

Why not have --

为什么不……

(Applause)

（掌声）

geographic equity

建立一个土地使用平等的

in our circulation system?

交通系统？

And quite frankly, cities would function better.

显而易见，城市会运行得更好。

No matter what they do,

在北京，无论采取什么措施，

no matter how many ring roads they build in Beijing,

无论修多少环线，

they just can't overcome complete gridlock.

他们都无法解决堵车问题。

So this is an auto-free street, mixed use along the edge.

这是一条步行街， 两边是综合利用区。

It has transit running down the middle.

中间有公交系统。

I'm happy to make that transit autonomous vehicles,

我很乐意看到公交系统 使用无人驾驶车辆，

but maybe I'll have a chance to talk about that later.

但也许过一会儿 我们再来讨论这个问题。

So there are seven principles that have now been adopted

目前有七项原则，

by the highest levels in the Chinese government,

已经被中国政府最高层所接受，

and they're moving to implement them.

他们准备要付诸实施了。

And they're simple,

这些原则很简单，

and they are globally, I think, universal principles.

我觉得对其他国家也适用。

One is to preserve the natural environment, the history

第一条就是保护自然环境，保护历史，

and the critical agriculture.

保护关键性的农业。

Second is mix.

第二条是溷合发展。

Mixed use is popular, but when I say mixed,

溷合利用很流行，我所指的溷合，

是指不同收入，不同年龄的群体，

I mean mixed incomes, mixed age groups

as well as mixed-land use.

还有对于土地的综合利用。

Walk.

步行。

There's no great city that you don't enjoy walking in.

所有伟大的城市都欢迎你漫步其中。

You don't go there.

否则你就不会去那里。

The places you go on vacation are places you can walk.

你去的度假地 肯定是可以散步的地方。

Why not make it everywhere?

那为什么不把所有的地方 都变成这样呢？

Bike is the most efficient means of transportation we know.

自行车是最高效的交通方式。

China has now adopted policies that put six meters of bike lane

中国已经采取政策， 要在每条街道

on every street.

设立六米宽的自行车道。

They're serious about getting back to their biking history.

他们真的想回归骑自行车的年代。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Complicated planner-ese here:

下面是比较复杂的规划了：

connect.

连通。

It's a street network that allows many routes

这是一个街道网络， 允许有多种路线组合，

instead of singular routes

而不仅仅是单一路线，

and provides many kinds of streets instead of just one.

也可以建造多种多样的街道。

Ride.

汽车

We have to invest more in transit.

公共交通系统需要更多投资。

There's no silver bullet.

没有捷径可走。

Autonomous vehicles are not going to solve this for us.

无人驾驶汽车无法帮我们解决问题。

As a matter of fact, they're going to generate more traffic, more VMT,

实际上，跟传统车相比， 无人车会产生更多交通流量，

than the alternative.

更多车辆行驶里程。

And focus.

另外还有，集中性。

We have a hierarchy of the city based on transit

我们在城市的公交系统上 是分层级的，

rather than the old armature of freeways.

这跟老式的以高速公路 为枢纽的老城市相比

It's a big paradigm shift,

是非常大的一种改变，

but those two things have to get reconnected

但是这两种形式必须 重新连接起来，

in ways that really shape the structure of the city.

来重新构建城市的结构。

So I'm very hopeful.

我对此充满希望。

In California, the United States, China -- these changes are well accepted.

在加州，在美国，在中国， 这些变化都被广泛接受。

I'm hopeful for two reasons.

我充满希望有两个原因。

One is, most people get it.

第一，大部分人都懂。

They understand intrinsically

他们打从心底认同，

what a great city can and should be.

一个伟大的城市可以， 而且也必须要有的样貌；

The second is that the kind of analysis we can bring to bear now

第二个原因是这样的分析结果 可以发挥作用，

allows people to connect the dots,

它将人们连接起来，

allows people to shape political coalitions

让人们建立起

that didn't exist in the past.

前所未有的政治联盟。

That allows them to bring into being the kinds of communities we all need.

进而让他们建立起 我们梦寐以求的社区。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Chris Anderson: So, OK: autonomous driving, self-driving cars.

克里斯·安德森（CA）： 好的，自动驾驶，无人驾驶汽车。

A lot of people here are very excited about them.

在座有很多人都对此非常兴奋。

What are your concerns or issues about them?

你为什么会对此表示担忧呢？

Peter Calthorpe: Well, I think there's almost too much hype here.

皮特·卡尔索普（PC）：因为我觉得 这裡头有太多炒作了。

First is, everybody says we're going to get rid of a lot of cars.

首先，每个人都说 我们会减少许多车辆。

What they don't say is you're going to get a lot more vehicle miles.

但是他们不敢说 这反而会增加许多行车里程。

因为会有更多的车行驶在路上。

You're going to get a lot more cars moving on streets.

There will be more congestion.

会更加拥堵。

CA: Because they're so appealing --

CA：因为它们是如此方便，

you can drive while reading or sleeping.

你可以在阅读和睡觉的时候行驶。

PC: Well, a couple of reasons.

PC：有很多原因。

One is, if they're privately owned, people will travel greater distances.

其中一点是，如果车辆是私人的， 大家会行驶更远的距离。

It'll be a new lease on life to sprawl.

会让城市蔓生重新开始。

If you can work on your way to work,

如果你可以在上班途中工作，

you can live in more remote locations.

你就可以选择住在更远的地方。

It'll revitalize sprawl

这会使城市蔓生

in a way that I'm deeply frightened.

以一种我非常害怕的方式复苏。

Taxis:

出租车，

about 50 percent of the surveys say that people won't share them.

有50%的调查结果显示， 人们不愿意拼车。

If they don't share them,

如果不拼车，

you can end up with a 90 percent increase in vehicle miles traveled.

可能会增加90%的车辆行驶里程。

If you share them,

如果拼车，

you're still at around a 30 percent increase in VMT.

也会增加大约30%。

CA: Sharing them, meaning having multiple people riding at once

CA：拼车，就是说几个人 通过某种智能共享的方式

in some sort of intelligent ride-sharing?

同时乘坐一辆车？

PC：是的，就是无人驾驶的优步。

PC: Yeah, so the Uber share without a steering wheel.

The reality is, the efficiency of vehicles -- you can do it

但实际情况是，车辆的效率

with or without a steering wheel, it doesn't matter.

跟有没有方向盘并没有太大关系。

They claim they're the only ones that are going to be efficient electric,

他们宣称自己将是 唯一能让电动车变得高效的，

但这并不是真的。

but that's not true.

说到底，步行，自行车和公共交通

But the real bottom line is that walking, biking and transit

are the way cities and communities thrive.

才能让城市和社区繁荣发展。

And putting people in their private bubbles,

让人们藏在自己私密的小空间里，

whether they have a steering wheel or not,

无论有没有方向盘，

is the wrong direction.

都是错误的发展方向。

And quite frankly,

坦白来说，

the image of an AV on its way to McDonald's to pick up a pack

我一想象，一辆无人驾驶车 去麦当劳取餐，

without its owner,

它的主人并不在车里，

just being sent off on these kind of random errands

它被派出去做各种差事，

is really frightening to me.

就让我觉得害怕。

CA: Well, thank you for that, and I have to say, the images you showed

CA：好的，谢谢你的分享， 我不得不说，你给我们展示的

of those mixed-use streets were really inspiring, really beautiful.

综合利用的街道， 非常有启发性，非常美妙。

PC: Thank you. CA: Thank you for your work.

PC：谢谢你。 CA：谢谢你所做的工作。

(Applause)

（掌声）