The mysterious microbes living deep inside the earth -- and how they could help humanity | K. Lloyd

124,487 views ・ 2019-07-12

TED


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翻译人员: Jingdan Niu 校对人员: Cissy Yun
00:12
It may seem like we're all standing on solid earth right now,
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看起来我们现在都站在 坚固的地球表面上,
00:15
but we're not.
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然而并不是。
00:17
The rocks and the dirt underneath us are crisscrossed by tiny little fractures
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在我们脚下的石头和尘土里 交叉分布着
00:22
and empty spaces.
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细小的断裂层和空隙。
00:23
And these empty spaces are filled with astronomical quantities of microbes,
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这些空隙中充满 天文数量级的微生物,
00:28
such as these ones.
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比如这些。
00:30
The deepest that we found microbes so far into the earth
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目前我们可以找到微生物的最大深度
00:34
is five kilometers down.
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是地下5000米。
00:36
So like, if you pointed yourself at the ground
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所以,如果你在地面上定一个点位,
00:38
and took off running into the ground,
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然后开始向地心跑,
00:40
you could run an entire 5K race and microbes would line your whole path.
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沿途5000米的路径上都能看到微生物。
00:45
So you may not have ever thought about these microbes
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所以你可能从来没想到这些微生物
00:47
that are deep inside earth's crust,
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还存在于地壳的深处,
00:49
but you probably thought about the microbes living in our guts.
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但是你可能会想到生活 在我们内脏里的微生物。
00:52
If you add up the gut microbiomes
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如果你将地球上所有生物的
00:54
of all the people and all the animals on the planet,
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内脏微生物全部加在一起,
00:56
collectively, this weighs about 100,000 tons.
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它们的重量约有10万吨。
01:00
This is a huge biome that we carry in our bellies every single day.
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每一天,这么庞大的生物群 就生活在我们的肚子里。
01:05
We should all be proud.
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我们都应该感到非常骄傲。
01:07
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:08
But it pales in comparison to the number of microbes
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但是相对于可以覆盖 整个地球表面的微生物,
01:12
that are covering the entire surface of the earth,
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比如在土壤里、河里和海里的微生物,
01:14
like in our soils, our rivers and our oceans.
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内脏里的微生物 就显得相形见绌了。
01:17
Collectively, these weigh about two billion tons.
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它们加起来约有20亿吨。
01:22
But it turns out that the majority of microbes on earth
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但是事实说明大部分地球上的微生物
01:24
aren't even in oceans or our guts or sewage treatment plants.
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并不是在我们的内脏或者污水处理厂里。
01:28
Most of them are actually inside the earth's crust.
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实际上,它们大多数都在地壳里。
01:31
So collectively, these weigh 40 billion tons.
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所以这些加起来有400亿吨重。
01:35
This is one of the biggest biomes on the planet,
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这是地球上最大的微生物群之一,
01:39
and we didn't even know it existed until a few decades ago.
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而我们在几十年前才发现它们的存在。
01:42
So the possibilities for what life is like down there,
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所以地球下的生活是什么样,
01:45
or what it might do for humans,
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或者它们对人类的影响
01:48
are limitless.
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无法估量。
01:50
This is a map showing a red dot
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这个地图上的红点标记的每一个地方
01:52
for every place where we've gotten pretty good deep subsurface samples
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都是我们通过现代微生物学手段
01:55
with modern microbiological methods,
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获得的非常好的地表下层样本。
01:57
and you may be impressed
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你可能想不到,
01:58
that we're getting a pretty good global coverage,
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我们在全球各地都有取样。
02:01
but actually, if you remember that these are the only places
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但是实际上,如果你发现 这些是我们仅有的几个采样地点,
02:04
that we have samples from, it looks a little worse.
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情况看起来就没那么乐观了。
02:06
If we were all in an alien spaceship,
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假如我们在一个外星人的飞船上,
02:08
trying to reconstruct a map of the globe from only these samples,
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试图通过仅有的这些样本 来重新构建地球的地图,
那是绝对不可能做到的。
02:12
we'd never be able to do it.
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02:15
So people sometimes say to me,
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有时候有人跟我说,
02:17
"Yeah, there's a lot of microbes in the subsurface, but ...
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“没错,地表下有很多微生物,但是……
02:21
aren't they just kind of dormant?"
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它们不是在冬眠吗?”
02:23
This is a good point.
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这是非常好的一个问题。
02:25
Relative to a ficus plant or the measles or my kid's guinea pigs,
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当比无花果属植物或者麻疹, 或者是我小孩养的那些豚鼠,
02:30
these microbes probably aren't doing much of anything at all.
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这些微生物大概真的是什么事情都不做。
02:33
We know that they have to be slow, because there's so many of them.
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我们知道因为它们数量过于庞大, 它们不得不成长得很缓慢。
02:37
If they all started dividing at the rate of E. coli,
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如果它们按照大肠杆菌的速度开始分裂,
02:39
then they would double the entire weight of the earth, rocks included,
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仅仅一夜之间, 它们就让整个地球,包括石头的
02:43
over a single night.
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重量翻倍。
02:45
In fact, many of them probably haven't even undergone a single cell division
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实际上,从古埃及时代以后,
02:49
since the time of ancient Egypt.
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很多微生物大概甚至没有 完成过一次细胞分裂。
02:52
Which is just crazy.
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这真是太神奇了。
02:53
Like, how do you wrap your head around things that are so long-lived?
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我们到底该如何去看待 这样长寿的东西?
02:59
But I thought of an analogy that I really love,
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但是我想到了一个我非常喜欢的类比,
03:02
but it's weird and it's complicated.
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虽然它听起来会有些奇怪和复杂。
03:04
So I hope that you can all go there with me.
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我希望你们可以听听看。
03:06
Alright, let's try it.
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好的,让我们试试。
03:08
It's like trying to figure out the life cycle of a tree ...
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这个类比就像是试图理解 一棵树的生命周期……
03:11
if you only lived for a day.
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如果你只能活一天。
03:13
So like if human life span was only a day, and we lived in winter,
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所以假如人类的生命只有一天, 并且是在冬天 ,
03:17
then you would go your entire life
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那么你的整个人生,
03:19
without ever seeing a tree with a leaf on it.
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都不会在树上看到任何一片叶子。
03:21
And there would be so many human generations
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在仅仅一个冬天里,
03:23
that would pass by within a single winter
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人类就会拥有非常多的后代子孙,
03:25
that you may not even have access to a history book
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以致于历史书上
03:28
that says anything other than the fact that trees are always lifeless sticks
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只会记载树木 是一个没有生命的棍子,
03:32
that don't do anything.
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没啥用处。
03:33
Of course, this is ridiculous.
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当然,这种结论很荒唐。
03:35
We know that trees are just waiting for summer
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我们知道树木 只是在等待夏天的到来,
03:37
so they can reactivate.
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这样它们就可以恢复活力。
03:38
But if the human life span
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但是假如人类的寿命
03:41
were significantly shorter than that of trees,
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明显比树木的寿命短,
03:44
we might be completely oblivious to this totally mundane fact.
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我们可能就完全不会察觉到 这个非常平凡的事实。
03:48
So when we say that these deep subsurface microbes are just dormant,
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所以当我们说这些深埋于 地下的微生物只是在沉睡,
03:53
are we like people who die after a day, trying to figure out how trees work?
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我们是不是就像那些寿命只有一天 却试图理解树木如何生存的人们?
03:58
What if these deep subsurface organisms
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这些地表下的微生物
04:00
are just waiting for their version of summer,
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会不会只是在等待它们的“夏天”,
04:02
but our lives are too short for us to see it?
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而我们只是因为生命太短暂而无法看到?
04:06
If you take E. coli and seal it up in a test tube,
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如果你将大肠杆菌封闭在一个试管里,
04:10
with no food or nutrients,
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没有食物或者营养剂给它,
04:11
and leave it there for months to years,
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然后将它成年累月的放在那里不管,
04:14
most of the cells die off, of course, because they're starving.
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当然,大部分细胞都会饿死。
04:17
But a few of the cells survive.
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但是很小一部分细胞会生存下来。
04:19
If you take these old surviving cells
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如果你取下这些年老的 存活下来的细胞,
04:21
and compete them, also under starvation conditions,
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让它们在饥饿的条件下,
04:24
against a new, fast-growing culture of E. coli,
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和一些新的、快速成长的 大肠杆菌竞争,
04:27
the grizzled old tough guys beat out the squeaky clean upstarts
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这些头发花白、吃苦耐劳的老年人 每一次都打败了吱吱作响的
04:31
every single time.
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干净的新贵。
04:33
So this is evidence there's actually an evolutionary payoff
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所以,这证明了 进化的格外缓慢
04:37
to being extraordinarily slow.
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其实有好处。
04:40
So it's possible
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所以有可能,
04:42
that maybe we should not equate being slow with being unimportant.
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我们也许不应该将慢等同于不重要。
04:50
Maybe these out-of-sight, out-of-mind microbes
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也许这些看不见的, 我们不放在心上的微生物
04:53
could actually be helpful to humanity.
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实际上对人类是有帮助的。
04:56
OK, so as far as we know,
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目前我们所知道的是,
04:57
there are two ways to do subsurface living.
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有两种方法让它们在地表下的生活。
04:59
The first is to wait for food to trickle down from the surface world,
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第一种是等待食物从地表向下滴流,
05:03
like trying to eat the leftovers of a picnic that happened 1,000 years ago.
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这就好像尝试吃从一千年前的 野餐上剩下来的食物。
05:08
Which is a crazy way to live,
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真是个疯狂的生活方式。
05:10
but shockingly seems to work out for a lot of microbes in earth.
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令人吃惊的是,对于很多地球上的 微生物来说,这个方法是可行的。
05:13
The other possibility is for a microbe to just say,
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另外一种方式是, 微生物会觉得,
05:17
"Nah, I don't need the surface world.
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“我不需要地表世界,
05:19
I'm good down here."
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我在这下面挺好的。”
05:21
For microbes that go this route,
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对于选择这条路的微生物来说,
05:22
they have to get everything that they need in order to survive
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它们为了生存,不得不从地球内部
05:26
from inside the earth.
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来获取它们所需求的一切。
05:30
Some things are actually easier for them to get.
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实际上,有些东西 对它们来说比较容易获得。
05:32
They're more abundant inside the earth,
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这些东西在地球里面更加充足,
05:34
like water or nutrients, like nitrogen and iron and phosphorus,
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比如水源或者营养, 比如氮、铁和磷,
05:38
or places to live.
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或者可以居住的地方。
05:39
These are things that we literally kill each other to get ahold of
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这些是我们在地表世界上 需要靠互相厮杀
05:42
up at the surface world.
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来得到的东西。
但是在地表下,它们只需要担心 是否有足够的能量。
05:44
But in the subsurface, the problem is finding enough energy.
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05:48
Up at the surface,
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在地表上,
05:49
plants can chemically knit together carbon dioxide molecules into yummy sugars
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当太阳光子照到植物的叶子上时,
05:53
as fast as the sun's photons hit their leaves.
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它们可以尽快地 将二氧化碳分子转化成美味的糖分。
05:56
But in the subsurface, of course, there's no sunlight,
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但是在地表下,当然了, 那里没有阳光,
05:58
so this ecosystem has to solve the problem
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所以这个生态系统 不得不解决这个问题:
06:01
of who is going to make the food for everybody else.
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谁来给其它的微生物制造食物。
06:05
The subsurface needs something that's like a plant
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地表下需要像植物那样的东西,
06:09
but it breathes rocks.
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但是呼吸的是石头。
06:11
Luckily, such a thing exists,
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幸运的是,存在这么一个东西,
06:14
and it's called a chemolithoautotroph.
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叫做化能无机自养生物。
06:17
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:18
Which is a microbe that uses chemicals -- "chemo,"
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这个单词是由一个微生物 利用化学物质——“chemo”
06:22
from rocks -- "litho,"
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从石头里——"litho",
06:24
to make food -- "autotroph."
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生产食物——"autotroph"。
06:27
And they can do this with a ton of different elements.
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它们可以用大量不同的元素。
06:29
They can do this with sulphur, iron, manganese, nitrogen, carbon,
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它们可以用硫磺、铁、镁、氮、碳,
06:33
some of them can use pure electrons, straight up.
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其中有些可以直接用纯电子。
06:37
Like, if you cut the end off of an electrical cord,
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就像是,如果你切掉 一个电线的尾部,
06:39
they could breathe it like a snorkel.
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它们可以用它呼吸, 就像潜水通气管那样。
06:41
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:43
These chemolithoautotrophs
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这些化能无机自养生物
06:44
take the energy that they get from these processes
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将这个过程中得到的能量
06:47
and use it to make food, like plants do.
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用来制造食物,就像植物那样。
06:49
But we know that plants do more than just make food.
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但是我们知道植物 并不仅仅只是制造食物。
06:53
They also make a waste product, oxygen,
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它们也可以制造 一种多余的产物,氧气,
06:55
which we are 100 percent dependent upon.
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这是我们百分之百赖以生存的东西。
06:57
But the waste product that these chemolithoautotrophs make
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但是这些化能无机自养生物 制造的多余的产物
07:01
is often in the form of minerals,
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则是矿物,
07:03
like rust or pyrite, like fool's gold,
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比如锈或者黄铁矿,包括愚人金,
07:07
or carminites, like limestone.
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或者碳酸盐,包括石灰岩。
07:10
So what we have are microbes that are really, really slow, like rocks,
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我们的微生物,就像石头那样, 变化非常非常慢,
07:18
that get their energy from rocks,
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它们从石头里获取能量,
07:21
that make as their waste product other rocks.
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来制造的多余的产物,还是石头。
07:25
So am I talking about biology, or am I talking about geology?
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所以我是在讨论生物, 还是在讨论地理?
07:29
This stuff really blurs the lines.
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这个东西真的很难定义。
07:31
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:32
So if I'm going to do this thing,
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如果我要研究微生物,
07:34
and I'm going to be a biologist who studies microbes
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并且我将要作为一名生物学家
07:38
that kind of act like rocks,
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来研究这种行为像石头一样的微生物,
07:40
then I should probably start studying geology.
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那么,我大概应该开始学习地理了。
07:43
And what's the coolest part of geology?
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那么,地理最酷的部分是什么呢?
07:47
Volcanoes.
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火山。
07:48
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:49
This is looking inside the crater of Poás Volcano in Costa Rica.
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这是从哥斯达黎加的 珀阿斯火山口内部的景象。
07:53
Many volcanoes on earth arise because an oceanic tectonic plate
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地球上许多火山 是由于海洋地壳构造板块
07:57
crashes into a continental plate.
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撞上大陆板块而出现的。
07:59
As this oceanic plate subducts
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当海洋板块下沉
08:01
or gets moved underneath this continental plate,
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或移动到大陆板块下面时,
08:03
things like water and carbon dioxide and other materials
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像水和二氧化碳以及其它的物质
08:06
get squeezed out of it,
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就被挤压脱离了大陆板块,
08:07
like ringing a wet washcloth.
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就像箍住了一块湿毛巾。
08:10
So in this way, subduction zones are like portals into the deep earth,
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这样一来,俯冲带就成了 通往地壳的传送带,
08:14
where materials are exchanged between the surface and the subsurface world.
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在这里,地表和地表下的物质 得以相互交换。
08:17
So I was recently invited by some of my colleagues in Costa Rica
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最近我收受到一些 在哥斯达黎加的同事邀请,
08:20
to come and work with them on some of the volcanoes.
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和他们一起对一些火山进行研究。
08:24
And of course I said yes, because, I mean, Costa Rica is beautiful,
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当然,我同意了, 因为我觉得哥斯达黎加很漂亮,
08:28
but also because it sits on top of one of these subduction zones.
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但是也是因为哥斯达黎加位于 这其中一个俯冲带的上方。
08:32
We wanted to ask the very specific question:
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我们想问一个非常具体的问题:
08:35
Why is it that the carbon dioxide
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为什么从这个深埋的海洋板块中
08:37
that comes out of this deeply buried oceanic tectonic plate
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释放出来的二氧化碳
08:40
is only coming out of the volcanoes?
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只能来自火山呢?
08:42
Why don't we see it distributed throughout the entire subduction zone?
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为什么它没有分部在整个俯冲带?
08:46
Do the microbes have something to do with that?
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这和微生物会不会有什么联系?
08:48
So this is a picture of me inside Poás Volcano,
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这是我和我的同事 多纳托·吉欧瓦内利
08:52
along with my colleague Donato Giovannelli.
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在珀阿斯火山里的一张照片。
08:54
That lake that we're standing next to is made of pure battery acid.
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在我们旁边的是一个 由纯蓄电池酸液构成的湖泊,
08:58
I know this because we were measuring the pH when this picture was taken.
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拍这张照片的时候 我们正在测试pH值。
09:02
And at some point while we were working inside the crater,
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在某个时刻,
我转过身去对我哥斯达黎加的同事 卡洛斯·拉米雷斯说,
09:05
I turned to my Costa Rican colleague Carlos Ramírez and I said,
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09:09
"Alright, if this thing starts erupting right now,
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“如果这个东西现在开始喷发,
09:13
what's our exit strategy?"
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我们有什么逃生策略吗?”
09:15
And he said, "Oh, yeah, great question, it's totally easy.
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然后他说,“哦,当然了, 好问题,这非常简单,
09:18
Just turn around and enjoy the view."
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转过身欣赏一下这个景象。”
09:21
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:22
"Because it will be your last."
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“因为这将是你最后看到的风景。”
09:24
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
09:25
And it may sound like he was being overly dramatic,
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这可能听起来是过于夸张了,
09:29
but 54 days after I was standing next to that lake,
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但是在54天之后,
09:33
this happened.
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这一幕发生了。
09:35
Audience: Oh!
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观众:啊!
09:37
Freaking terrifying, right?
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太吓人了,是吧?
09:38
(Laughs)
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(笑声)
09:40
This was the biggest eruption this volcano had had in 60-some-odd years,
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这是这个火山在60多年来 发生的最大的一次喷发,
09:45
and not long after this video ends,
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并且在拍完这段视频之后,
09:47
the camera that was taking the video is obliterated
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拍摄这个视频的摄像机就模糊了,
09:50
and the entire lake that we had been sampling
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并且我们曾经取样的整个湖泊
09:52
vaporizes completely.
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完全蒸发了。
09:54
But I also want to be clear
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但是我也想申明,
09:56
that we were pretty sure this was not going to happen
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在火山现场的那一天,
09:59
on the day that we were actually in the volcano,
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我们是非常确定这种事是不会发生的,
因为哥斯达黎加通过 公立大学地震火山观测站
10:01
because Costa Rica monitors its volcanoes very carefully
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10:04
through the OVSICORI Institute,
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对火山进行了非常细致的观测,
10:05
and we had scientists from that institute with us on that day.
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并且那一天也有研究所的 科学家与我们同行。
10:08
But the fact that it erupted illustrates perfectly
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但是火山喷发完美的说明了
10:12
that if you want to look for where carbon dioxide gas
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如果你想找二氧化碳
10:14
is coming out of this oceanic plate,
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是从海洋板块的哪个位置产生的,
10:16
then you should look no further than the volcanoes themselves.
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没有比观察火山本身更好的机会了。
10:19
But if you go to Costa Rica,
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但是如果你去哥斯达黎加,
10:21
you may notice that in addition to these volcanoes
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除了火山,你还应该注意到
10:24
there are tons of cozy little hot springs all over the place.
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这里遍地都是舒适的温泉。
10:28
Some of the water in these hot springs is actually bubbling up
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这些温泉里的一些水源实际上就是
10:31
from this deeply buried oceanic plate.
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深埋于海洋板块之下的 气泡上升而成的。
10:33
And our hypothesis was that there should be carbon dioxide
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而我们的假设就是二氧化碳应该
10:37
bubbling up with it,
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会和气泡一起上升,
10:38
but something deep underground was filtering it out.
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但是一些地下的东西将它过滤掉了。
10:41
So we spent two weeks driving all around Costa Rica,
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所以我们用了两周的时间, 在哥斯达黎加
10:45
sampling every hot spring we could find --
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将我们可以找到的 所有温泉都取样了——
10:48
it was awful, let me tell you.
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大家都疲惫不堪。
10:50
And then we spent the next two years measuring and analyzing data.
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然后我们花了接下来两年时间 测量和分析数据。
10:56
And if you're not a scientist, I'll just let you know that the big discoveries
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如果你不是一个科学家, 我现在告诉你科研发现
10:59
don't really happen when you're at a beautiful hot spring
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一般不会在一个漂亮的温泉里
或者公共演讲台上发生;
11:02
or on a public stage;
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它们发生在你弓着腰 坐在一个凌乱的电脑前的时候,
11:03
they happen when you're hunched over a messy computer
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11:06
or you're troubleshooting a difficult instrument,
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或者你在排查一个 复杂仪器的故障的时候,
11:08
or you're Skyping your colleagues
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或者你在和你的同事视频的时候,
11:10
because you are completely confused about your data.
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因为你已经完全看不懂数据了。
11:13
Scientific discoveries, kind of like deep subsurface microbes,
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科研发现就像是 深层地表下的微生物,
11:16
can be very, very slow.
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这个过程是非常、非常慢的。
11:19
But in our case, this really paid off this one time.
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但对我们来说, 花这些时间是值得的。
11:22
We discovered that literally tons of carbon dioxide
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我们发现,表面上,大量的二氧化碳
11:26
were coming out of this deeply buried oceanic plate.
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是来自于这个深埋的海洋板块。
11:30
And the thing that was keeping them underground
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而让它们始终存在于地下
11:32
and keeping it from being released out into the atmosphere
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并且让它们无法被释放到空气中的
11:35
was that deep underground,
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则是这个深藏于地下的,
11:37
underneath all the adorable sloths and toucans of Costa Rica,
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在哥斯达黎加所有可爱的树懒 和巨嘴鸟下面的,
11:41
were chemolithoautotrophs.
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化能无机自养生物。
11:43
These microbes and the chemical processes that were happening around them
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这些微生物和它们周围的化学过程
11:46
were converting this carbon dioxide into carbonate mineral
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将二氧化碳转化成碳酸盐矿物,
11:49
and locking it up underground.
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并且将它们留在在地表之下。
11:51
Which makes you wonder:
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这会让你们感到奇怪:
11:53
If these subsurface processes are so good at sucking up
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如果这些地表下的过程如此重要,
11:57
all the carbon dioxide coming from below them,
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可以把地面下产生的 二氧化碳全部吸收,
12:00
could they also help us with a little carbon problem
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那它们能不能针对我们地表上的
12:02
we've got going on up at the surface?
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二氧化碳问题帮上一点忙?
12:05
Humans are releasing enough carbon dioxide into our atmosphere
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我们知道,人类往空气中 释放了太多的二氧化碳,
12:09
that we are decreasing the ability of our planet
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以致于减弱了我们的地球
12:12
to support life as we know it.
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维护生命的能力。
12:14
And scientists and engineers and entrepreneurs
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科学家、工程师和企业家们
12:17
are working on methods to pull carbon dioxide
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正在致力于研究将二氧化碳
12:19
out of these point sources,
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赶出这些源头的方法,
12:21
so that they're not released into the atmosphere.
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这样二氧化碳就不会被释放到空气中。
12:23
And they need to put it somewhere.
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他们还需要将这些二氧化碳 安置在别的地方。
因为这个原因,
12:25
So for this reason,
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12:26
we need to keep studying places where this carbon might be stored,
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我们一直在研究也许能够 储存这些二氧化碳的地方,
12:29
possibly in the subsurface,
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或许在地表下,
12:31
to know what's going to happen to it when it goes there.
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需要了解当二氧化碳 在那里时可能会发生的事情。
12:34
Will these deep subsurface microbes be a problem because they're too slow
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这些深埋于地表下的微生物 是否会成为一个难题,
12:38
to actually keep anything down there?
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它们行动非常缓慢,是否 真的可以保存那下面的任何东西?
12:39
Or will they be helpful
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或者,它们会很有用,
12:41
because they'll help convert this stuff to solid carbonate minerals?
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因为它们可以把二氧化碳 转化成固体的碳酸盐矿物?
12:45
If we can make such a big breakthrough
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如果我们可以在哥斯达黎加的研究上
12:48
just from one study that we did in Costa Rica,
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取得重大的科学突破,
12:50
then imagine what else is waiting to be discovered down there.
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想象一下,那下面还会有 什么东西等待着我们去发现。
12:53
This new field of geo-bio-chemistry, or deep subsurface biology,
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这个地理生物化学的新领域, 或者深层地下生物学,
12:59
or whatever you want to call it,
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或者任何你想称呼的名字,
13:01
is going to have huge implications,
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将会产生巨大的影响,
并不仅仅是缓解气候变化,
13:03
not just for mitigating climate change,
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13:05
but possibly for understanding how life and earth have coevolved,
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而可能是对生命和地球共同进化的理解,
13:09
or finding new products that are useful for industrial or medical applications.
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或者是寻找对工业和 医学应用有效的新产品。
13:14
Maybe even predicting earthquakes
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或者甚至是预测地震
13:16
or finding life outside our planet.
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或者寻找地球以外的生命。
13:18
It could even help us understand the origin of life itself.
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它可能甚至可以帮助 我们理解生命的起源。
13:22
Fortunately, I don't have to do this by myself.
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幸运的是,在这件事上, 我不是一个人。
13:25
I have amazing colleagues all over the world
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我在全世界都有着了不起的同事,
13:29
who are cracking into the mysteries of this deep subsurface world.
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他们闯入了这个深埋于 地表下的世界的奥秘。
13:33
And it may seem like life buried deep within the earth's crust
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看起来好像深埋于地壳的生命
13:38
is so far away from our daily experiences that it's kind of irrelevant.
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离我们的日常生活非常遥远, 以致于和我们毫无关系。
13:43
But the truth is that this weird, slow life
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但是真相就是这个 怪异而又缓慢的生命体
13:47
may actually have the answers to some of the greatest mysteries
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可能实际上有着 我们地球上的生命中蕴含的
13:50
of life on earth.
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一些最大奥秘的答案。
13:52
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
13:53
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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