The mysterious microbes living deep inside the earth -- and how they could help humanity | K. Lloyd

126,037 views ใƒป 2019-07-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yuni(Yui) Goto ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
It may seem like we're all standing on solid earth right now,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ๋•… ์œ„์— ์„œ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
00:15
but we're not.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
The rocks and the dirt underneath us are crisscrossed by tiny little fractures
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ํ™๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์œ„๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ณจ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค๋กœ
00:22
and empty spaces.
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์„œ๋กœ ์–ฝํ˜€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
And these empty spaces are filled with astronomical quantities of microbes,
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์ด ๋นˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์ธ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
such as these ones.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:30
The deepest that we found microbes so far into the earth
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋•… ์†์—์„œ ์ฐพ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊นŠ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:34
is five kilometers down.
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5km ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
So like, if you pointed yourself at the ground
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๋ฉด์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ
00:38
and took off running into the ground,
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๋•…์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:40
you could run an entire 5K race and microbes would line your whole path.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ค„์„ ์ง€์€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์—์„œ 5km ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
00:45
So you may not have ever thought about these microbes
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๊นŠ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
00:47
that are deep inside earth's crust,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
00:49
but you probably thought about the microbes living in our guts.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฅ ์† ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:52
If you add up the gut microbiomes
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ ์† ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด
00:54
of all the people and all the animals on the planet,
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00:56
collectively, this weighs about 100,000 tons.
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์ด 10๋งŒํ†ค ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
This is a huge biome that we carry in our bellies every single day.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฑƒ์†์— ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
We should all be proud.
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์ •๋ง ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
01:07
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:08
But it pales in comparison to the number of microbes
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์žฅ ์† ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ „์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ฉด,
01:12
that are covering the entire surface of the earth,
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋•…๊ณผ ๊ฐ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
01:14
like in our soils, our rivers and our oceans.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Collectively, these weigh about two billion tons.
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ฝ 20์–ตํ†ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:22
But it turns out that the majority of microbes on earth
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
01:24
aren't even in oceans or our guts or sewage treatment plants.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์ด๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฅ, ํ•˜์ˆ˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์—๋„ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Most of them are actually inside the earth's crust.
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์‹ค์ œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์ง€๊ฐ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
So collectively, these weigh 40 billion tons.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด 400์–ตํ†ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
This is one of the biggest biomes on the planet,
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ,
01:39
and we didn't even know it existed until a few decades ago.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์กด์žฌ์กฐ์ฐจ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:42
So the possibilities for what life is like down there,
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๋•… ์†์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ
01:45
or what it might do for humans,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ์น  ์˜ํ–ฅ์€
01:48
are limitless.
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๋ฌดํ•œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
This is a map showing a red dot
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์ด ์ง€๋„ ์œ„์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ ๋“ค์€
01:52
for every place where we've gotten pretty good deep subsurface samples
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ
01:55
with modern microbiological methods,
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์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
and you may be impressed
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋†€๋ผ์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
that we're getting a pretty good global coverage,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝค ๋งŽ์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:01
but actually, if you remember that these are the only places
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ๊ณณ๋“ค์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ
02:04
that we have samples from, it looks a little worse.
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์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ฃ .
02:06
If we were all in an alien spaceship,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ์—์„œ
02:08
trying to reconstruct a map of the globe from only these samples,
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์ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:12
we'd never be able to do it.
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
So people sometimes say to me,
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๊ฐ€๋” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ .
02:17
"Yeah, there's a lot of microbes in the subsurface, but ...
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"๋•… ์†์— ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•Œ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”...
02:21
aren't they just kind of dormant?"
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ž ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€์š”?"
02:23
This is a good point.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์ง€์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
Relative to a ficus plant or the measles or my kid's guinea pigs,
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ํ”ผ์ฟ ์Šค ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ํ™์—ญ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค, ๋˜๋Š” ์ œ ์•„์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆํ”ผ๊ทธ์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด,
02:30
these microbes probably aren't doing much of anything at all.
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
We know that they have to be slow, because there's so many of them.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ฃ .
02:37
If they all started dividing at the rate of E. coli,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:39
then they would double the entire weight of the earth, rocks included,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์•”์„์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜
02:43
over a single night.
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๋‘๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
In fact, many of them probably haven't even undergone a single cell division
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์•„๋งˆ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์ด์ง‘ํŠธ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด๋„
02:49
since the time of ancient Egypt.
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
02:52
Which is just crazy.
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
02:53
Like, how do you wrap your head around things that are so long-lived?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๋œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:59
But I thought of an analogy that I really love,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
03:02
but it's weird and it's complicated.
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์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:04
So I hope that you can all go there with me.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์™€ ์ฃผ์…จ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ด์š”.
03:06
Alright, let's try it.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
03:08
It's like trying to figure out the life cycle of a tree ...
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด ๋‚ ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
03:11
if you only lived for a day.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
03:13
So like if human life span was only a day, and we lived in winter,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฒจ์šธ์— ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋งŒ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:17
then you would go your entire life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด์— ์žŽ์ด ์ž๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„
03:19
without ever seeing a tree with a leaf on it.
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๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:21
And there would be so many human generations
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:23
that would pass by within a single winter
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๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ ๋™์•ˆ์— ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋‹คํ•ด
03:25
that you may not even have access to a history book
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
03:28
that says anything other than the fact that trees are always lifeless sticks
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์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ฑ…์„
03:32
that don't do anything.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
03:33
Of course, this is ridiculous.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด๊ฑด ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
03:35
We know that trees are just waiting for summer
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:37
so they can reactivate.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™œ๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:38
But if the human life span
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ด
03:41
were significantly shorter than that of trees,
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๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์งง๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:44
we might be completely oblivious to this totally mundane fact.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊นจ๋‹ซ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:48
So when we say that these deep subsurface microbes are just dormant,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊นŠ์€ ๋•… ์†์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์ž ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:53
are we like people who die after a day, trying to figure out how trees work?
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๋‹จ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋งŒ์— ๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฐ€์š”?
03:58
What if these deep subsurface organisms
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋•… ์† ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์ด
04:00
are just waiting for their version of summer,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
04:02
but our lives are too short for us to see it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์งง์•„์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
04:06
If you take E. coli and seal it up in a test tube,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€์— ๊ฐ€๋‘๊ณ ,
04:10
with no food or nutrients,
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์•„๋ฌด ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ์—†์ด
04:11
and leave it there for months to years,
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‘”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:14
most of the cells die off, of course, because they're starving.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ๊ตถ์–ด ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
But a few of the cells survive.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
If you take these old surviving cells
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:21
and compete them, also under starvation conditions,
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์ด์ „๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์ด ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
04:24
against a new, fast-growing culture of E. coli,
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๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:27
the grizzled old tough guys beat out the squeaky clean upstarts
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
04:31
every single time.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:33
So this is evidence there's actually an evolutionary payoff
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง„ํ™”์  ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
to being extraordinarily slow.
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04:40
So it's possible
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
04:42
that maybe we should not equate being slow with being unimportant.
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๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
Maybe these out-of-sight, out-of-mind microbes
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
04:53
could actually be helpful to humanity.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
OK, so as far as we know,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋Š” ํ•œ,
04:57
there are two ways to do subsurface living.
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์ง€ํ•˜์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:59
The first is to wait for food to trickle down from the surface world,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน์ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
like trying to eat the leftovers of a picnic that happened 1,000 years ago.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œํ’์—์„œ ๋‚จ์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
05:08
Which is a crazy way to live,
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์ •๋ง ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ,
05:10
but shockingly seems to work out for a lot of microbes in earth.
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋•… ์†์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
The other possibility is for a microbe to just say,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:17
"Nah, I don't need the surface world.
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ•„์š”์—†์–ด.
05:19
I'm good down here."
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•… ์†์ด ์ข‹์•„."
05:21
For microbes that go this route,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€,
05:22
they have to get everything that they need in order to survive
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„
05:26
from inside the earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
Some things are actually easier for them to get.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
They're more abundant inside the earth,
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๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์˜์–‘์†Œ, ์งˆ์†Œ, ์ฒ ๋ถ„, ์ธ,
05:34
like water or nutrients, like nitrogen and iron and phosphorus,
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์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—
05:38
or places to live.
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๋” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
05:39
These are things that we literally kill each other to get ahold of
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์†์— ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ
05:42
up at the surface world.
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ํ•ด์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
05:44
But in the subsurface, the problem is finding enough energy.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:48
Up at the surface,
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ,
05:49
plants can chemically knit together carbon dioxide molecules into yummy sugars
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด ์„คํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
05:53
as fast as the sun's photons hit their leaves.
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ๊ด‘์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์žŽ์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋Š” ์†๋„๋งŒํผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:56
But in the subsurface, of course, there's no sunlight,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์—๋Š” ํ–‡๋น›์ด ์—†๊ธฐ์—,
05:58
so this ecosystem has to solve the problem
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์ด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:01
of who is going to make the food for everybody else.
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์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
The subsurface needs something that's like a plant
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์ง€ํ•˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•ด์š”.
06:09
but it breathes rocks.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์€ ์•”์„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:11
Luckily, such a thing exists,
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ, ์ง€ํ•˜์—๋„ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
06:14
and it's called a chemolithoautotroph.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
06:17
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:18
Which is a microbe that uses chemicals -- "chemo,"
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ "๋ฆฌํ† " ์•”์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ
06:22
from rocks -- "litho,"
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"ํ‚ค๋ชจ" ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:24
to make food -- "autotroph."
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"์˜คํ† ํŠธ๋กœํ”„" ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
And they can do this with a ton of different elements.
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:29
They can do this with sulphur, iron, manganese, nitrogen, carbon,
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์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ ํ™ฉ, ์ฒ ๋ถ„, ๋ง๊ฐ„, ์งˆ์†Œ, ํƒ„์†Œ,
06:33
some of them can use pure electrons, straight up.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
Like, if you cut the end off of an electrical cord,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ „๊นƒ์ค„์˜ ๋์„ ์ž๋ฅด๋ฉด,
06:39
they could breathe it like a snorkel.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜ธํก ์žฅ๋น„์ธ์–‘ ํ˜ธํกํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
06:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
06:43
These chemolithoautotrophs
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์ด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ์€
06:44
take the energy that they get from these processes
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–ป๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
06:47
and use it to make food, like plants do.
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์˜์–‘์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ฃ . ์‹๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
06:49
But we know that plants do more than just make food.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์˜์–‘์†Œ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
They also make a waste product, oxygen,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 100% ์˜์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
06:55
which we are 100 percent dependent upon.
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ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
06:57
But the waste product that these chemolithoautotrophs make
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์€
07:01
is often in the form of minerals,
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์ข…์ข… ๊ด‘๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
like rust or pyrite, like fool's gold,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๋…น์ด๋‚˜ ํ™ฉ์ฒ ์„, ๋˜๋Š”
07:07
or carminites, like limestone.
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์„ํšŒ์„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์นด๋ฏธ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
07:10
So what we have are microbes that are really, really slow, like rocks,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์•”์„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€,
07:18
that get their energy from rocks,
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์•”์„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ณ ,
07:21
that make as their waste product other rocks.
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ํ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•”์„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
So am I talking about biology, or am I talking about geology?
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์ €๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ง€์งˆํ•™์„ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
07:29
This stuff really blurs the lines.
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์ •๋ง ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“œ๋„ค์š”.
07:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:32
So if I'm going to do this thing,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ,
07:34
and I'm going to be a biologist who studies microbes
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•”์„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:38
that kind of act like rocks,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”,
07:40
then I should probably start studying geology.
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
07:43
And what's the coolest part of geology?
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์ง€์งˆํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
07:47
Volcanoes.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ™”์‚ฐ์ด์ฃ .
07:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
07:49
This is looking inside the crater of Poรกs Volcano in Costa Rica.
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์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์•„์Šค ํ™”์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ตฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
Many volcanoes on earth arise because an oceanic tectonic plate
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”์‚ฐ์€ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง€๊ฐํŒ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ํŒ๊ณผ
07:57
crashes into a continental plate.
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์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
As this oceanic plate subducts
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง€๊ฐํŒ์ด ์„ญ์ž…, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ
08:01
or gets moved underneath this continental plate,
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๋Œ€๋ฅ™ํŒ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
08:03
things like water and carbon dioxide and other materials
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๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด
08:06
get squeezed out of it,
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ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
like ringing a wet washcloth.
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์ –์€ ์ˆ˜๊ฑด์„ ๋น„ํ‹€์–ด ์งค ๋•Œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
08:10
So in this way, subduction zones are like portals into the deep earth,
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์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์นจ์ž…๋Œ€๋Š” ๊นŠ์€ ๋•… ์†์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ž…๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ,
08:14
where materials are exchanged between the surface and the subsurface world.
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์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ตํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ด์š”.
08:17
So I was recently invited by some of my colleagues in Costa Rica
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์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
08:20
to come and work with them on some of the volcanoes.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํ™”์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
And of course I said yes, because, I mean, Costa Rica is beautiful,
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋ฝํ–ˆ์ฃ . ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
08:28
but also because it sits on top of one of these subduction zones.
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์นจ์ž…๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:32
We wanted to ask the very specific question:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:35
Why is it that the carbon dioxide
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์™œ ์ด ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฌปํ˜€์žˆ๋Š”
08:37
that comes out of this deeply buried oceanic tectonic plate
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง€๊ฐํŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€
08:40
is only coming out of the volcanoes?
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ํ™”์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
08:42
Why don't we see it distributed throughout the entire subduction zone?
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์–ด์งธ์„œ ์นจ์ž…๋Œ€ ์ „์ฒด์— ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
08:46
Do the microbes have something to do with that?
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:48
So this is a picture of me inside Poรกs Volcano,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฌ์•„์Šค ํ™”์‚ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ €์™€
08:52
along with my colleague Donato Giovannelli.
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋„๋‚˜ํ†  ์กฐ๋ฐ˜๋„ฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
That lake that we're standing next to is made of pure battery acid.
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์ €ํฌ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
I know this because we were measuring the pH when this picture was taken.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด ์ฐํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” pH๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:02
And at some point while we were working inside the crater,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ตฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋„์ค‘์—,
09:05
I turned to my Costa Rican colleague Carlos Ramรญrez and I said,
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์ €๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด ์ถœ์‹  ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ์Šค ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ ˆ์ฆˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:09
"Alright, if this thing starts erupting right now,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ๊ณณ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‹น์žฅ ํญ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:13
what's our exit strategy?"
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ถœ๊ตฌ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ญ์ฃ ?"
09:15
And he said, "Oh, yeah, great question, it's totally easy.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. "์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋„ค์š”, ์ •๋ง ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
09:18
Just turn around and enjoy the view."
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋’ค๋Œ์•„์„œ์„œ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ์š”."
09:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:22
"Because it will be your last."
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"๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด ๋ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”."
09:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:25
And it may sound like he was being overly dramatic,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:29
but 54 days after I was standing next to that lake,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ € ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์˜†์— ์„œ์žˆ์€์ง€ 54์ผ ํ›„์—
09:33
this happened.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
Audience: Oh!
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๊ด€๊ฐ: ์„ธ์ƒ์—!
09:37
Freaking terrifying, right?
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์ •๋ง ๋”์ฐํ•˜์ฃ ?
09:38
(Laughs)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:40
This was the biggest eruption this volcano had had in 60-some-odd years,
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์ด ํ™”์‚ฐ์—์„œ 60์—ฌ๋…„๋งŒ์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํญ๋ฐœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
and not long after this video ends,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์˜์ƒ์ด ๋๋‚˜๊ณ  ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„
09:47
the camera that was taking the video is obliterated
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์˜์ƒ์„ ์ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ 
09:50
and the entire lake that we had been sampling
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜ ์ „์ฒด๊ฐ€
09:52
vaporizes completely.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
But I also want to be clear
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
09:56
that we were pretty sure this was not going to happen
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์‚ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹น์ผ์—๋Š”
09:59
on the day that we were actually in the volcano,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
because Costa Rica monitors its volcanoes very carefully
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด๋Š” OVSICORI ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:04
through the OVSICORI Institute,
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ํ™”์‚ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์˜๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:05
and we had scientists from that institute with us on that day.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‚  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:08
But the fact that it erupted illustrates perfectly
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ํ™”์‚ฐ์ด ํญ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง€๊ฐํŒ์—์„œ
10:12
that if you want to look for where carbon dioxide gas
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด
10:14
is coming out of this oceanic plate,
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ํ™”์‚ฐ ์ด์™ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ๋“ค์€
10:16
then you should look no further than the volcanoes themselves.
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์ฐพ์•„ ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
But if you go to Costa Rica,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด,
10:21
you may notice that in addition to these volcanoes
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ํ™”์‚ฐ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์•„๋Š‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ์˜จ์ฒœ๋“ค์ด
10:24
there are tons of cozy little hot springs all over the place.
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๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
10:28
Some of the water in these hot springs is actually bubbling up
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜จ์ฒœ์˜ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊นŠ์ด ๋ฌปํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:31
from this deeply buried oceanic plate.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง€๊ฐํŒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋“์–ด์˜ค๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
And our hypothesis was that there should be carbon dioxide
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ถ”์ธก์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋“์–ด์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:37
bubbling up with it,
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10:38
but something deep underground was filtering it out.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊นŠ์€ ๋•… ์†์˜ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:41
So we spent two weeks driving all around Costa Rica,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ 2์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ,
10:45
sampling every hot spring we could find --
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์˜จ์ฒœ์„ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:48
it was awful, let me tell you.
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์ •๋ง ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:50
And then we spent the next two years measuring and analyzing data.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
10:56
And if you're not a scientist, I'll just let you know that the big discoveries
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด, ํฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
10:59
don't really happen when you're at a beautiful hot spring
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์˜จ์ฒœ์— ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์„๋•Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
11:02
or on a public stage;
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
they happen when you're hunched over a messy computer
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ€๋ ค ์•‰์•„ ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
11:06
or you're troubleshooting a difficult instrument,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ๋•Œ,
11:08
or you're Skyping your colleagues
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๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ 
11:10
because you are completely confused about your data.
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๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์˜๋…ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
11:13
Scientific discoveries, kind of like deep subsurface microbes,
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๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€, ๊นŠ์€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
11:16
can be very, very slow.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋Š๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
But in our case, this really paid off this one time.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์–ด๋Š๋‚ , ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
We discovered that literally tons of carbon dioxide
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๋ง๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ ํ†ค์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊นŠ์ˆ™์ด ๋ฌปํ˜€์žˆ๋Š”
11:26
were coming out of this deeply buried oceanic plate.
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์ง€๊ฐํŒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
And the thing that was keeping them underground
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ•˜์— ๊ฐ€๋‘์–ด
11:32
and keeping it from being released out into the atmosphere
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์€ ๊ฒƒ์€
11:35
was that deep underground,
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๊นŠ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜์— ์žˆ๋Š”,
11:37
underneath all the adorable sloths and toucans of Costa Rica,
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์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š˜๋ณด์™€ ํฐ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ƒˆ๋“ค ์ € ์•„๋ž˜์— ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”,
11:41
were chemolithoautotrophs.
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๋…๋ฆฝ์˜์–‘์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
These microbes and the chemical processes that were happening around them
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์ด ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด
11:46
were converting this carbon dioxide into carbonate mineral
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œ์ผœ
11:49
and locking it up underground.
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์ง€ํ•˜์— ๊ฐ€๋‘์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:51
Which makes you wonder:
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
11:53
If these subsurface processes are so good at sucking up
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™ ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ์ง€ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ
11:57
all the carbon dioxide coming from below them,
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๋นจ์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๋‘๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:00
could they also help us with a little carbon problem
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ„์†Œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ
12:02
we've got going on up at the surface?
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:05
Humans are releasing enough carbon dioxide into our atmosphere
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ“์—
12:09
that we are decreasing the ability of our planet
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
to support life as we know it.
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12:14
And scientists and engineers and entrepreneurs
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๊ณผํ•™์ž, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž์™€ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
12:17
are working on methods to pull carbon dioxide
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์ ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด
12:19
out of these point sources,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
12:21
so that they're not released into the atmosphere.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์žฅ์†Œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
And they need to put it somewhere.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
12:25
So for this reason,
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12:26
we need to keep studying places where this carbon might be stored,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€
12:29
possibly in the subsurface,
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์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €์žฅ๋ ๋งŒํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ
12:31
to know what's going to happen to it when it goes there.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:34
Will these deep subsurface microbes be a problem because they're too slow
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด ๊นŠ์€ ๋•… ์†์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Š๋ ค์„œ ๋•… ์†์— ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„
12:38
to actually keep anything down there?
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๊ฐ€๋‘์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:39
Or will they be helpful
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ
12:41
because they'll help convert this stuff to solid carbonate minerals?
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๋‹จ๋‹จํ•œ ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
12:45
If we can make such a big breakthrough
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์Šคํƒ€๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ
12:48
just from one study that we did in Costa Rica,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ŒํŒŒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
12:50
then imagine what else is waiting to be discovered down there.
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์ง€ํ•˜์—์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ ์ง€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:53
This new field of geo-bio-chemistry, or deep subsurface biology,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์งˆ-์ƒ๋ช…-ํ™”ํ•™์˜ ๋ถ„์•ผ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์€,
12:59
or whatever you want to call it,
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋“  ๊ฐ„์—,
13:01
is going to have huge implications,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
not just for mitigating climate change,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
13:05
but possibly for understanding how life and earth have coevolved,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์™€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
13:09
or finding new products that are useful for industrial or medical applications.
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์‚ฐ์—… ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์  ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
13:14
Maybe even predicting earthquakes
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ง€์ง„์„ ์˜ˆ๋ณดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
13:16
or finding life outside our planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
13:18
It could even help us understand the origin of life itself.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
13:22
Fortunately, I don't have to do this by myself.
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
I have amazing colleagues all over the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:29
who are cracking into the mysteries of this deep subsurface world.
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์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊นŠ์€ ์ง€ํ•˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฏธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒํ—ค์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
13:33
And it may seem like life buried deep within the earth's crust
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์ง€๊ฐ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ๋ฌปํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์‚ถ์ด
13:38
is so far away from our daily experiences that it's kind of irrelevant.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฉ€๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•ด ๋ณด์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:43
But the truth is that this weird, slow life
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š”
13:47
may actually have the answers to some of the greatest mysteries
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์‚ด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋น„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„
13:50
of life on earth.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
13:52
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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