To eliminate waste, we need to rediscover thrift | Andrew Dent

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Let's talk about thrift.

Hajde da razgovaramo o štednji.

Thrift is a concept where you reduce, reuse and recycle,

Štednja je koncept da smanjite upotrebu, iznova koristite i reciklirate,

but yet with an economic aspect I think has a real potential for change.

ali smatram da tek uz ekonomski aspekt ima pravi potencijal da donese promenu.

My grandmother, she knew about thrift.

Moja baba je znala za štednju.

This is her string jar.

Ovo je njena tegla sa kanapima.

She never bought any string.

Nikada nije kupovala kanape.

Basically, she would collect string.

Ona bi ih u suštini sakupljala.

It would come from the butcher's, it would come from presents.

Dobila bi kanap kod mesara, našla bi ga na poklonima.

Stavila bi ga u teglu i koristila kad zatreba.

She would put it in the jar and then use it when it was needed.

Kada bi završila sa njime,

When it was finished, whether it was tying up the roses

bilo da je privezivala ruže ili deo na mom biciklu,

or a part of my bike,

once finished with that, it'd go back into the jar.

kada bi to bilo gotovo, vratila bi ga u teglu.

To je savršena predstava štednje; upotrebite ono što vam treba,

This is a perfect idea of thrift; you use what you need,

ništa ne kupujete i tako sačuvate novac.

you don't actually purchase anything, so you save money.

Kids also inherently know this idea.

I deca prirodno znaju za ovu ideju.

When you want to throw out a cardboard box,

Kada hoćete da bacite kartonsku kutiju,

the average kid will say, "Don't! I want to use it for a robot head

prosečno dete će reći: „Nemoj!

Hoću da je iskoristim za glavu robota ili za kanu da veslam niz reku.“

or for a canoe to paddle down a river."

They understand the value of the second life of products.

Ona razumeju vrednost ponovnog korišćenja proizvoda.

So, I think thrift is a perfect counterpoint

Mislim da je štednja savršeni kontrast

to the current age which we live in.

savremenom dobu u kome živimo.

All of our current products are replaceable.

Svi naši trenutni proizvodi mogu se zameniti.

When we get that bright, new, shiny toy,

Kada donesemo tu novu svetlucavu igračku,

it's because, basically, we got rid of the old one.

to je zato što smo se, u suštini, otarasili stare igračke.

The idea of that is, of course, it's great in the moment,

Zamisao o tome je da je to, naravno, sjajna stvar u datom trenutku,

but the challenge is, as we keep doing this,

ali nezgodno je to što ćemo, ako nastavimo sa time,

we're going to cause a problem.

izazvati problem.

That problem is that there is really no way.

Problem je u tome što to tako ne ide.

When you throw something away, it typically goes into a landfill.

Kada nešto bacite, to obično ode na deponiju.

Now, a landfill is basically something which is not going to go away,

Deponija je u suštini nešto što neće nestati,

and it's increasing.

i povećava se.

At the moment, we have about 1.3 billion tons of material every year

Trenutno imamo oko 1,3 milijarde tona materijala na godišnjem nivou

going into landfills.

koji odlazi na deponije.

By 2100, it's going to be about four billion tons.

Do 2100. godine biće oko četiri milijarde tona.

See, instead, I'd prefer if we started thrifting.

Vidite, umesto toga, ja bih da počnemo da štedimo.

What that means is, we consider materials when they go into products

To znači da se zapitamo o materijalima kada se od njih prave proizvodi,

and also when they get used,

kao i kada se koriste

and, at the end of their life: When can they be used again?

i, na kraju njihove upotrebe, kada se mogu ponovo upotrebiti.

It's the idea of completely changing the way we think about waste,

Zamisao je u tome da potpuno promenimo način razmišljanja o otpadu,

so waste is no longer a dirty word --

tako da otpad više ne bude ružna reč -

we almost remove the word "waste" completely.

skoro da sasvim uklonimo reč „otpad“.

All we're looking to is resources.

Jedino na šta treba da obratimo pažnju su resursi.

Resource goes into a product

Resursi odlaze u proizvod,

and then can basically go into another product.

a zatim u suštini mogu da idu u drugi proizvod.

We used to be good at thrifting.

Nekada nam je dobro išla štednja.

My grandmother, again, used to use old seed packets

Moja baka je, ponovo, imala običaj da koristi stare kesice za seme

to paper the bathroom walls.

za oblaganje zidova u kupatilu.

I think, though, there are companies out there who understand this value

Mislim da, doduše, ima kompanija koje razumeju ovu vrednost

and are promoting it.

i promovišu je.

And a lot of the technologies that have been developed for the smart age

Veliki broj tehnologija koje su razvijene za novo doba

can also be adapted to reduce, reuse and also thrift more proficiently.

mogu se prilagoditi da smanje upotrebu, iznova koriste, pa i da štede veštije.

And as a materials scientist,

Kao naučnik koji se bavi materijalima,

what I've been tracking over the last couple of decades

pratio sam tokom poslednjih par decenija

is how companies are getting smart at thrifting,

kako kompanije inteligentnije štede,

kako su u stanju da razumeju ovaj koncept i da profitiraju na njemu.

how they're able to understand this concept

and profit from it.

I'm going to give you two examples.

Daću vam dva primera.

Prvi je dobar, a drugi ne tako dobar.

The first one, a good one; the second one, not so good.

The first is the automotive industry.

Prvi je automobilska industrija.

Not always known as the most innovative or creative of industries,

Nije oduvek poznata kao najinovativnija ili najkreativnija industrija,

but it turns out, they're really, really good at recycling their products.

ali ispostavilo se da su zaista dobri u recikliranju svojih proizvoda.

Ninety-five percent of every single car that goes on the road

Devedeset pet odsto svih automobila koji se nađu na putu

gets recycled here.

bude reciklirano ovde.

And of that car, about 75 percent of the entire car

A oko 75 posto celog automobila

actually gets used again.

zaista i bude ponovo iskorišćeno.

That includes, of course, the old steel and aluminum

To podrazumeva, naravno, stari čelik i aluminijum,

ali i plastiku sa blatobrana i sa unutrašnjeg dela,

but then also the plastics from the fender and the interiors,

glass from the windows and the windshield

staklo sa prozora i vetrobrana,

and also the tires.

kao i gume.

There's a mature and successful industry that deals with these old cars

Ovo je zrela i uspešna industrija koja radi sa starim automobilima,

and basically recycles them and puts them back into use

u suštini ih reciklira i ponovo stavlja u upotrebu

as new cars or other new products.

kao nove automobile i druge nove proizvode.

Even as we move towards battery-powered cars,

Čak i dok idemo ka automobilima koje pokreću baterije,

there are companies that claim they can recycle up to 90 percent

postoje kompanije koje tvrde da mogu reciklirati do 90 posto

of the 11 million tons of batteries that are going to be with us in 2020.

od 11 miliona tona baterija koje će biti sa nama 2020. godine.

That, I think, is not perfect,

To, po meni, nije savršeno,

but it's certainly good, and it's getting better.

ali je svakako dobro, i ide nabolje.

The industry that's not doing so well is the architecture industry.

Industrija kojoj ne ide tako dobro je arhitektonska industrija.

One of the challenges with architecture has always been

Jedan od problema arhitekture oduvek je bio taj što,

when we build up, we don't think about taking down.

kada pravimo građevinu, ne razmišljamo o njenom rasturanju.

We don't dismantle, we don't disassemble, we demolish.

Ne demontiramo, ne rastavljamo, već rušimo.

That's a challenge,

To je problem,

because it ends up that about a third of all landfill waste in the US

jer na kraju oko trećine celokupnog otpada na deponijama u SAD-u

is architecture.

pripada arhitekturi.

We need to think differently about this.

Moramo drugačije razmišljati o ovome.

There are programs that can actually reduce some of this material.

Postoje programi koji mogu smanjiti količinu ovog materijala.

A good example is this.

Dobar primer ovoga.

These are actually bricks that are made from old demolition waste,

Postoje cigle koje su napravljene od starog otpada od rušenja,

which includes the glass, the rubble, the concrete.

što obuhvata staklo, šljunak, beton.

Postavite drobilicu, sve stavite zajedno, zagrejete i napravite cigle

You put up a grinder, put it all together, heat it up

and make these bricks we can basically build more buildings from.

od kojih praktično možemo da napravimo još građevina.

But it's only a fraction of what we need.

Ali, to je samo delić onoga što nam je potrebno.

My hope is that with big data and geotagging,

Nadam se da pomoću velikih podataka i geooznačavanja to možemo promeniti

we can actually change that,

and be more thrifty when it comes to buildings.

i postati štedljiviji kada je reč o izgradnji.

If there's a building down the block which is being demolished,

Ako negde dole u ulici postoji zgrada koja se ruši,

are there materials there

ima li tamo materijala

that the new building being built here can use?

koji se mogu iskoristiti za novu zgradu koja se gradi ovde?

Can we use that, the ability to understand

Možemo li to upotrebiti, sposobnost da shvatimo

that all the materials available in that building are still usable?

da se svi postojeći materijali u toj zgradi još mogu iskoristiti?

Can we then basically put them into a new building,

Možemo li ih zatim spojiti u novu zgradu

without actually losing any value in the process?

bez ikakvog gubitka vrednosti u tom procesu?

Hajde da sada razmislimo o drugim industrijama.

So now let's think about other industries.

What are other industries doing to create thrift?

Šta druge industrije rade da ostvare štednju?

Well, it turns out that there are plenty of industries

Pa, ispada da je veliki broj industrija

that are also thinking about their own waste

koje takođe misle o svom otpadu

i o tome šta mogu uraditi sa njime.

and what we can do with it.

A simple example is the waste that they basically belch out

Prost primer je otpad koji izbacuju

kao deo industrijskih procesa.

as part of industrial processes.

Most metal smelters give off an awful lot of carbon dioxide.

Većina topionica metala ispušta strašno mnogo ugljen-dioksida.

Turns out, there's a company called Land Detector

Ispostavilo se da postoji kompanija po imenu Lend detektor

that's actually working in China and also soon in South Africa,

koja radi u Kini, a uskoro i u Južnoj Africi,

that's able to take that waste gas --

koja može da preuzme taj otpadni gas -

about 700,000 tons per smelter --

oko 700 000 tona po topionici -

and then turn it into about 400,000 tons of ethanol,

i zatim ga pretvori u oko 400 000 tona etanola,

which is equivalent to basically powering 250,000, or quarter of a million, cars

što u suštini znači napajanje 250 000, tj. četvrt miliona automobila,

for a year.

tokom godinu dana.

That's a very effective use of waste.

To je veoma efikasna upotreba otpada.

How about products more close to home?

A šta je sa proizvodima bliže nama?

This is a simple solution.

Ovo je jednostavno rešenje.

And it, again, takes the idea of reducing, reusing,

Ono ponovo preuzima ideju smanjene upotrebe i ponovnog korišćenja,

but then also with economic advantage.

ali uz ekonomske prednosti.

So it's a simple process of changing from a cut and sew,

U pitanju je jednostavan proces promene od šivenja ispočetka,

where typically between 20 and 30 materials are used

gde se obično iskoristi između 20 i 30 materijala

which are cut from a large cloth and then sewn together or even sometimes glued,

koji se iseku od velike tkanine, pa zatim zašiju i ponekad čak i zalepe,

they changed it and said that they just knitted the shoe.

što su promenili i rekli da su samo spojili patiku.

The advantage with this is not just a simplification of the process,

Prednost ovoga nije samo u pojednostavljivanju procesa,

it's also, "I've got one material. I have zero waste,"

već: „Imam jedan materijal. Nemam nimalo otpada,“

and then also, "I'm able to potentially recycle that at the end of its life."

kao i: „Mogu ovo da recikliram na kraju njegove upotrebe.“

Digital manufacturing is also allowing us to do this more effectively.

Digitalna proizvodnja nam takođe omogućava da ovo uradimo efikasnije.

In this case, it's actually creating the theoretical limit of strength

U ovom slučaju, ona stvara teoretsko ograničenje upotrebne moći

for a material:

za materijale:

ne možete izvući više od date količine materijala

you cannot get any stronger for the amount of material

than this shape.

od ovog oblika.

So it's a basic simple block,

To je osnovni, jednostavan komad,

but the idea is, I can extrapolate this, I can make it into large formats,

ali ideja je da to mogu da proširim, da ovo prenesem na veće formate,

I can make it into buildings, bridges,

na zgrade, mostove,

but also airplane wings and shoes.

ali i na krila aviona i obuću.

The idea here is, I'm minimizing the amount of material.

Ideja je u tome da svodim količinu materijala na minimum.

Here's a good example from architecture.

Evo dobrog primera iz arhitekture.

Typically, these sorts of metal nodes are used to hold up large tent structures.

Ovakve metalne spojnice se obično koriste da drže velike strukture nalik šatorima.

In this case, it in was in the Hague, along a shopping center.

U ovom slučaju, bilo je to u Hagu, duž jednog tržnog centra.

They used 1600 of the materials on the left.

Upotrebili su 1 600 komada materijala sa leve strane.

The difference is, by using the solution on the right,

Razlika je u tome što su, pomoću rešenja sa desne strane,

they cut down the number of steps from seven to one,

smanjili broj koraka sa sedam na jedan,

because the one on the left is currently welded,

jer onaj sa leve strane je trenutno zavaren,

the one on the right is simply just printed.

a onaj sa desne je jednostavno odštampan.

And it was able to reduce waste to zero,

Uspeo je da smanji otpad na nulu,

cost less money

manje košta

and also, because it's made out of steel,

i, takođe, pošto je od čelika,

can be eventually recycled at the end of its life.

može se reciklirati na kraju upotrebe.

Nature also is very effective at thrift.

Priroda takođe efikasno štedi.

Think about it: nature has zero waste.

Razmislite o tome - u prirodi nema otpada.

Everything is useful for another process.

Sve je od koristi za neki drugi proces.

So, in this case, nanocellulose,

Tako je u ovom slučaju nanoceluloze -

which is basically one of the very fine building blocks of cellulose,

koja predstavlja jedan od vrlo finih sastavnih delova celuloze,

which is one of the materials that makes trees strong,

a koja je jedan od materijala zbog kojih je drveće snažno -

you can isolate it, and it works very much like carbon fiber.

možete je izolovati, i funkcioniše vrlo slično ugljeničnim vlaknima.

So, take that from a tree, form it into fibers,

Dakle, uzmete je sa drveta, oblikujete u vlakna,

and then those fibers can strengthen things,

a zatim ta vlakna mogu da ojačaju stvari

such as airplanes, buildings, cars.

kao što su avioni, zgrade i automobili.

The advantage of this, though, is it's not just bioderived,

Prednost ovoga nije samo u tome što je biološki proizvedena,

što proističe iz obnovljivog resursa,

comes from a renewable resource,

but also that it is transparent,

već i u tome što je providna,

so it can be used in consumer electronics, as well as food packaging.

pa se može koristiti kod električnih aparata,

kao i za pakovanje hrane.

Not bad for something that basically comes from the backyard.

Nije loše za nešto što u suštini potiče iz dvorišta.

Another one from the biosource is synthetic spider silk.

Još jedan materijal iz biološkog izvora je sintetička paukova svila.

Now, it's very hard to actually create spider silk naturally.

Veoma je teško stvoriti paukovu svilu prirodno.

You can basically get it from spiders,

Možete je dobiti od paukova,

ali kada ih ima u velikom broju, skloni su da ubijaju i jedu jedni druge,

but in large numbers, they tend to kill each other, eat each other,

so you've got a problem with creating it,

tako da imate problem sa proizvodnjom isto kao i sa običnom svilom.

in the same way you do with regular silk.

So what you can do is instead take the DNA from the spider,

Umesto toga možete da uzmete DNK pauka

and put it into various different things.

i ubacite je u različite stvari.

You can put it into bacteria, you can put it into yeast,

Možete je staviti u bakterije, u gljivice, u mleko.

you can put it into milk.

And what you can do then is,

Zatim možete -

the milk or the bacteria produce in much larger volumes

mleko ili bakterija proizvode u mnogo većim količinama,

and then from that, spin a yarn and then create a fabric or a rope.

zatim od toga napravite predivo i zatim stvorite tkaninu ili kanap.

Again, bioderived, has incredible strength -- about the same as Kevlar --

Opet, biološki je proizvedena, ima neverovatnu snagu -

otprilike kao vlakna Kevlar -

so they're using it in things like bulletproof vests and helmets

pa se koristi za stvari poput pancira, kaciga i zimskih jakni.

and outdoor jackets.

It has a great performance.

Jako je izdržljiva.

But again, it's bioderived, and at the end of its life,

Još jednom, biološki je proizvedena, i na kraju upotrebe

it potentially can go back into the soil and get composted

se može vratiti u zemljište i razložiti

tako da se ponovo može upotrebiti kao novi materijal.

to again be potentially used as a new material.

I'd like to leave you with one last form which is biobased,

Završio bih poslednjom materijom koja ima biološku osnovu,

but this, I think, is like the ultimate thrift.

a to je po meni, štednja u svojoj krajnosti.

Think about the poster child for conspicuous consumption.

Razmislite o tipičnom predstavniku upadljive potrošnje.

It's the water bottle.

U pitanju je flaša vode.

We have too many of them, they're basically going everywhere,

Imamo ih previše, u suštini idu na sve strane,

they're a problem in the ocean.

predstavljaju problem za okean.

What do we do with them?

Šta da radimo sa njima?

This process is able not just to recycle them,

Ovaj proces je u stanju ne samo da ih reciklira,

but to recycle them infinitely.

već da ih reciklira unedogled.

Why is that interesting?

Zašto je to zanimljivo?

Because when we think about reusing and recycling,

Zato što, kada razmišljamo o ponovnom korišćenju i reciklaži

metals, glass, things like that, can be recycled as many times as you like.

metala, stakla i takvih stvari,

one se mogu reciklirati koliko god puta hoćete.

There's metal in your car

U vašem automobilu postoji metal

that may well have come from a 1950s Oldsmobile,

koji je možda poreklom sa Oldsmobila iz 1950-ih,

jer ga možete beskonačno reciklirati bez gubitaka sa aspekta performanse.

because you can recycle it infinitely with no loss of performance.

Plastics offer about once or twice of recycling,

Plastiku je moguće reciklirati jednom ili dva puta,

whether it's a bottle, whether it's a chair --

bilo da je u pitanju flaša, stolica -

whatever it is, if it's carpet --

šta god da je, ako je tepih -

after two times of recycling, whether it goes back into another chair, etc,

nakon što se dva puta reciklira, bilo da se vrati u drugu stolicu itd,

it tends to lose strength, it's no longer of any use.

obično izgubi snagu i više se ne može koristiti.

This, though, just using a few enzymes, is able to recycle it infinitely.

Ovo je, samo pomoću nekoliko enzima, u stanju da je reciklira beskonačno.

I take a bottle or a chair or some other plastic product,

Uzmem flašu, stolicu ili neki drugi proizvod od plastike,

I basically put it in with a few enzymes, they break it apart,

ubacim par enzima, oni je razlože

they basically put it back into its original molecules.

i ponovo sastave u originalne molekule.

And then from those molecules,

A zatim od tih molekula

možete napraviti drugu stolicu, tepih ili flašicu.

you can build another chair or carpet or bottle.

So, the cycle is infinite.

Dakle, ciklus je beskonačan.

The advantage with that, of course,

Prednost toga je, naravno,

is that you have potentially zero loss of material resources.

u tome što potencijalno nemate nimalo gubitka materijalnih resursa.

Again, the perfect idea of thrift.

Opet, savršena ideja štednje.

So in conclusion, I just want to have you think about -- if you make anything,

Za kraj, samo hoću da vas podstaknem da razmislite o tome da -

ako nešto pravite,

if you're any part of a design firm,

ako imate ulogu u nekoj firmi za dizajn,

if you basically are refurbishing your house --

ako renovirate kuću,

any aspect where you make something,

bilo šta da pravite -

think about how that product could potentially be used

razmislite o tome kako se taj proizvod potencijalno može upotrebiti

as a second life, or third life or fourth life.

drugi, treći ili četvrti put.

Design in the ability for it to be taken apart.

Osmislite to nešto u okviru mogućnosti da se kasnije rasklopi.

That, to me, is the ultimate thrift,

To je za mene krajnja štednja,

and I think that's basically what my grandmother would love.

i mislim da je to u suštini nešto što bi moja baba volela.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)