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譯者: Marssi Draw
審譯者: Regina Chu
00:12
Let's talk about thrift.
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我們來談談節約。
00:15
Thrift is a concept where you
reduce, reuse and recycle,
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節約的概念是減少、再利用、回收,
00:19
but yet with an economic aspect
I think has a real potential for change.
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但還帶著一層經濟上的含意,
我認為這點很有改革的潛力。
00:25
My grandmother, she knew about thrift.
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我祖母懂節約。
00:27
This is her string jar.
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這是她裝繩子的罐子。
00:29
She never bought any string.
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她從來不買繩子。
00:30
Basically, she would collect string.
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基本上她都自己收集。
00:32
It would come from the butcher's,
it would come from presents.
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可能是肉販給的,
或是附在禮物上的。
她會放在罐子裡,要用的時候再拿。
00:35
She would put it in the jar
and then use it when it was needed.
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不管是用繩子來綁玫瑰花,
00:38
When it was finished,
whether it was tying up the roses
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還是我的腳踏車零件,
00:40
or a part of my bike,
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只要繩子用好,就會放回罐子裡。
00:41
once finished with that,
it'd go back into the jar.
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這是節約的好方法;用你所需,
00:44
This is a perfect idea of thrift;
you use what you need,
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因為你沒買東西,所以也省了錢。
00:47
you don't actually purchase anything,
so you save money.
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00:50
Kids also inherently know this idea.
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小孩也天生就會這招。
00:52
When you want to throw out
a cardboard box,
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你想扔紙箱子的時候,
00:54
the average kid will say, "Don't!
I want to use it for a robot head
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一般小孩都會說:「不要丟,
我想拿來做機器人的頭,
00:57
or for a canoe to paddle down a river."
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或是用來做獨木舟,
可以在河裡划水。」
01:00
They understand the value
of the second life of products.
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他們了解物品再生的價值。
01:04
So, I think thrift is
a perfect counterpoint
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我想節約是我們所處的
這個時代的完美對立面。
01:07
to the current age which we live in.
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01:09
All of our current products
are replaceable.
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現在所有商品都能被取代。
01:12
When we get that bright, new, shiny toy,
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我們拿到耀眼、嶄新、炫麗的玩具,
01:14
it's because, basically,
we got rid of the old one.
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基本上是因為我們丟了舊的。
01:17
The idea of that is, of course,
it's great in the moment,
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重點是,當下那一刻當然很美好,
01:21
but the challenge is,
as we keep doing this,
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但問題是,如果我們繼續這樣下去,
01:24
we're going to cause a problem.
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我們又會製造出麻煩。
01:26
That problem is that
there is really no way.
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麻煩在於真的無地可容。
01:29
When you throw something away,
it typically goes into a landfill.
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當你丟了某樣東西,
最後它會在垃圾掩埋場。
01:33
Now, a landfill is basically something
which is not going to go away,
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基本上掩埋場不會消失,
01:37
and it's increasing.
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反而會一直增加。
01:38
At the moment, we have about
1.3 billion tons of material every year
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現在我們每年有 13 億噸的東西
01:43
going into landfills.
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進了掩埋場。
01:44
By 2100, it's going to be
about four billion tons.
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到了 2100 年大約會有 40 億噸。
01:48
See, instead, I'd prefer
if we started thrifting.
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所以我希望大家開始節約。
01:51
What that means is, we consider materials
when they go into products
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這意味著我們要思考材料,
在這些材料變成商品、
01:56
and also when they get used,
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被使用過後,
01:57
and, at the end of their life:
When can they be used again?
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以及在它們壽終正寢時:
它們何時可再次被利用?
02:00
It's the idea of completely changing
the way we think about waste,
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這個概念會完全改變
我們思考廢棄物的方式,
02:03
so waste is no longer a dirty word --
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廢棄物不在是個骯髒的詞彙──
02:05
we almost remove
the word "waste" completely.
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我們幾乎刪除了「廢棄物」這個詞。
我們要找的就是資源。
02:07
All we're looking to is resources.
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02:09
Resource goes into a product
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資源會變成商品,
02:10
and then can basically go
into another product.
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之後可以再變成另一個商品。
02:15
We used to be good at thrifting.
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以前我們很擅長節約。
02:17
My grandmother, again,
used to use old seed packets
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我祖母以前常用舊的種子袋
02:19
to paper the bathroom walls.
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貼在浴室當壁紙。
02:21
I think, though, there are companies
out there who understand this value
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我知道市面上
有些公司懂得這個價值,
02:24
and are promoting it.
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也在宣傳這個價值。
02:26
And a lot of the technologies
that have been developed for the smart age
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許多開發給智能時代的科技,
02:29
can also be adapted to reduce,
reuse and also thrift more proficiently.
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同樣也能被改造,減少、再利用,
且更有效能的節約。
02:34
And as a materials scientist,
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身為材料科學家,
02:36
what I've been tracking
over the last couple of decades
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我追蹤了 20 年,
02:38
is how companies
are getting smart at thrifting,
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來看公司行號如何聰明節約,
他們是怎麼能了解這個概念,
02:41
how they're able
to understand this concept
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並從中獲利。
02:43
and profit from it.
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02:45
I'm going to give you two examples.
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我舉兩個例子來說明。
第一個是很好的例子;
第二個不太好。
02:47
The first one, a good one;
the second one, not so good.
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02:49
The first is the automotive industry.
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第一個是汽車產業。
02:51
Not always known as the most
innovative or creative of industries,
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這行不是以創新、創意聞名的產業,
02:54
but it turns out, they're really,
really good at recycling their products.
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但是他們真的很擅長回收產品。
02:58
Ninety-five percent of every single car
that goes on the road
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95% 在路上跑的車子
03:01
gets recycled here.
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會回收到這裡。
03:03
And of that car, about
75 percent of the entire car
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至於車子本身大概 75% 的車體
03:06
actually gets used again.
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會被重新利用。
03:08
That includes, of course,
the old steel and aluminum
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這當然包含了舊方向盤和鋁,
03:11
but then also the plastics
from the fender and the interiors,
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而且還有擋泥板和車內的塑膠,
03:15
glass from the windows and the windshield
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窗戶的玻璃和擋風玻璃,
03:17
and also the tires.
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以及輪胎。
03:18
There's a mature and successful industry
that deals with these old cars
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有個成熟且成功的產業
在處理這些老舊汽車,
03:22
and basically recycles them
and puts them back into use
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回收再利用車輛,
03:25
as new cars or other new products.
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讓它們變成新車或其它新產品。
03:28
Even as we move towards
battery-powered cars,
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甚至在我們朝電動汽車邁進的時候,
03:31
there are companies that claim
they can recycle up to 90 percent
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還是有公司主張,他們能從
1100 噸電池中回收高達九成,
03:34
of the 11 million tons of batteries
that are going to be with us in 2020.
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這些電池在 2020 年
就會再給我們利用。
03:39
That, I think, is not perfect,
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我想這雖不完美,
03:40
but it's certainly good,
and it's getting better.
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但肯定很好,而且會變得更好。
03:43
The industry that's not doing so well
is the architecture industry.
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做得不太好的產業是建築業。
03:48
One of the challenges
with architecture has always been
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他們一直以來的挑戰在於
03:50
when we build up, we don't think
about taking down.
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我們蓋的時候沒想過要拆。
03:53
We don't dismantle,
we don't disassemble, we demolish.
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我們不分解、不拆開,我們破壞。
03:56
That's a challenge,
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這是個挑戰,
03:57
because it ends up that about a third
of all landfill waste in the US
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因為美國掩埋場中三分之一的垃圾
04:00
is architecture.
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來自建築業。
04:02
We need to think differently about this.
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我們得要換個角度來思考這件事。
04:04
There are programs that can actually
reduce some of this material.
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現在有些程式可以做到減少材料。
04:08
A good example is this.
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這裡有個好例子。
04:09
These are actually bricks that are made
from old demolition waste,
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這些磚塊其實是用廢建材做的,
04:12
which includes the glass,
the rubble, the concrete.
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裡面包含了玻璃、碎石和混凝土。
04:16
You put up a grinder,
put it all together, heat it up
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只要架起一個研磨機,
全部放一起,加熱,
04:18
and make these bricks we can
basically build more buildings from.
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我們就能用這些磚蓋起更多的建築。
04:21
But it's only a fraction of what we need.
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但這只是我們所需的一小部分。
04:23
My hope is that with big data
and geotagging,
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我希望透過大數據和定位
04:28
we can actually change that,
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能夠真正改變這一點,
04:29
and be more thrifty
when it comes to buildings.
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並且在蓋建築的時候可以更節約。
04:32
If there's a building down the block
which is being demolished,
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如果下個街區有棟建築準備要拆,
04:35
are there materials there
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那裡的舊建材
04:36
that the new building
being built here can use?
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能用來蓋新建築嗎?
04:39
Can we use that, the ability to understand
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我們能否運用能力來理解
04:42
that all the materials available
in that building are still usable?
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所有舊建築裡
可得的材料都能再利用?
04:45
Can we then basically put them
into a new building,
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我們能否就這樣把廢材蓋成新建物,
04:48
without actually losing
any value in the process?
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且在過程中毫不損失任何價值?
04:53
So now let's think about other industries.
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現在我們來想想其他產業。
04:55
What are other industries doing
to create thrift?
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其他產業是怎麼做到節約?
04:57
Well, it turns out
that there are plenty of industries
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其實有很多產業
也在思考自己的廢棄物,
05:00
that are also thinking
about their own waste
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以及能怎麼處理。
05:02
and what we can do with it.
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最簡單的例子就是他們直接
05:03
A simple example is the waste
that they basically belch out
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在生產過程中排除廢棄物。
05:06
as part of industrial processes.
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05:08
Most metal smelters give off
an awful lot of carbon dioxide.
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許多金屬冶煉廠釋放
極大量的二氧化碳。
05:11
Turns out, there's a company
called Land Detector
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有間公司叫地察 (Land Detector),
05:14
that's actually working in China
and also soon in South Africa,
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在中國營運,不久後也會在南非,
05:17
that's able to take that waste gas --
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他們能把廢氣──
05:20
about 700,000 tons per smelter --
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每個熔爐大約是 70 萬噸──
05:24
and then turn it into
about 400,000 tons of ethanol,
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變成 40 萬噸的乙醇,
05:27
which is equivalent to basically powering
250,000, or quarter of a million, cars
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這等於可以供 25 萬臺車
05:31
for a year.
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運行一整年。
05:32
That's a very effective use of waste.
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用這個方式處理廢棄物的效益很高。
05:36
How about products more close to home?
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那居家用品呢?
05:38
This is a simple solution.
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有一個簡單的方法
05:40
And it, again, takes the idea
of reducing, reusing,
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同樣也是採用減少、再利用的概念,
05:43
but then also with economic advantage.
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但還包含了經濟優勢。
05:45
So it's a simple process
of changing from a cut and sew,
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這個簡單的改造過程藉由裁縫,
05:48
where typically between
20 and 30 materials are used
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通常會有二、三十種用過的東西,
05:51
which are cut from a large cloth and then
sewn together or even sometimes glued,
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從一大塊布剪下來,然後縫在一起,
有時候甚至要用黏的,
05:55
they changed it and said
that they just knitted the shoe.
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他們改裝後說,他們編了這支鞋。
05:58
The advantage with this is not just
a simplification of the process,
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這樣做的優點不只是簡化過程,
06:01
it's also, "I've got one material.
I have zero waste,"
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還有「我運用原料,做到零廢棄」,
06:04
and then also, "I'm able to potentially
recycle that at the end of its life."
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加上「在這東西走到生命盡頭時,
我還能回收它」。
06:10
Digital manufacturing is also allowing us
to do this more effectively.
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數位化製造也讓我們
能更有效地達成這個目標。
06:13
In this case, it's actually creating
the theoretical limit of strength
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在這個部分,真的是幫原料
製造一個理論上的強度極限:
06:16
for a material:
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06:18
you cannot get any stronger
for the amount of material
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你無法讓這麼多的原料變得更強韌,
06:20
than this shape.
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除非用這個形狀。
06:22
So it's a basic simple block,
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這是基本磚,
06:24
but the idea is, I can extrapolate this,
I can make it into large formats,
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概念是,我可以向外推,
可以做成很大型的樣式,
06:27
I can make it into buildings, bridges,
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可以做成建築、橋梁,
06:29
but also airplane wings and shoes.
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還有機翼和鞋子。
06:32
The idea here is, I'm minimizing
the amount of material.
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這裡的概念是,我減少原料的用量。
06:36
Here's a good example from architecture.
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我來舉一個建築上的好例子。
06:38
Typically, these sorts of metal nodes
are used to hold up large tent structures.
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這些金屬接頭常用來支撐大帳篷。
06:43
In this case, it in was in the Hague,
along a shopping center.
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這個例子是在海牙,
一個購物中心旁邊。
他們用了 1600 個左邊的原料。
06:46
They used 1600
of the materials on the left.
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06:48
The difference is, by using
the solution on the right,
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不同的是,改用右邊的之後,
06:51
they cut down the number of steps
from seven to one,
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他們把七個步驟減少到只剩一個,
06:54
because the one on the left
is currently welded,
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因為左邊要用焊接的,
06:56
the one on the right
is simply just printed.
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而右邊只要用印的。
06:58
And it was able to reduce waste to zero,
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所以能做到零廢棄,
07:00
cost less money
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減少支出,
07:02
and also, because it's made out of steel,
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還有因為這是鋼材做的,
07:04
can be eventually recycled
at the end of its life.
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最終可以回收。
07:09
Nature also is very effective at thrift.
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大自然在節約上也做得很成功。
07:12
Think about it: nature has zero waste.
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你們想想:大自然是零廢棄。
07:14
Everything is useful for another process.
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每個東西對某個過程都有助益。
07:17
So, in this case, nanocellulose,
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這個例子是奈米纖維素,
07:19
which is basically one of the very fine
building blocks of cellulose,
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基本上這是非常精細的纖維素構件,
07:22
which is one of the materials
that makes trees strong,
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也是讓樹木茁壯的元素之一,
07:27
you can isolate it, and it works
very much like carbon fiber.
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你可以將它分離,就能達到
非常像碳纖維的功能。
07:30
So, take that from a tree,
form it into fibers,
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所以從樹上分解,做成纖維狀,
07:33
and then those fibers
can strengthen things,
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這些纖維可以強化東西,
例如飛機、建築和汽車。
07:35
such as airplanes, buildings, cars.
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07:38
The advantage of this, though,
is it's not just bioderived,
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它的優點不只是從生物衍生而來,
來自可再生資源,
07:41
comes from a renewable resource,
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07:42
but also that it is transparent,
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而且是透明的,
07:44
so it can be used in consumer electronics,
as well as food packaging.
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所以可以用在電子產品
和食物包裝上。
07:48
Not bad for something that basically
comes from the backyard.
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自家後院就有的東西還算不錯。
07:51
Another one from the biosource
is synthetic spider silk.
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另一個來自生物資源的例子
是合成蜘蛛絲。
07:54
Now, it's very hard to actually
create spider silk naturally.
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真的要做天然蜘蛛絲很難。
07:58
You can basically get it from spiders,
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你可以從蜘蛛身上取得絲,
08:00
but in large numbers, they tend
to kill each other, eat each other,
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但牠們大多會自相殘殺、吃掉彼此,
08:03
so you've got a problem with creating it,
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所以要製造會有問題,
如果你用和一般絲同樣方式。
08:05
in the same way you do with regular silk.
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所以可以做的
是從蜘蛛身上取 DNA,
08:07
So what you can do is instead
take the DNA from the spider,
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08:10
and put it into various different things.
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然後放進不同的東西裡,
08:12
You can put it into bacteria,
you can put it into yeast,
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可以放進細菌裡、酵母裡,
08:15
you can put it into milk.
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放進牛奶裡。
08:16
And what you can do then is,
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接下來你可以做的是……
08:18
the milk or the bacteria produce
in much larger volumes
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牛奶或細菌會製造出更大的量,
08:21
and then from that, spin a yarn
and then create a fabric or a rope.
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你就可以從中紡紗,製作布料或繩索。
08:25
Again, bioderived, has incredible
strength -- about the same as Kevlar --
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同樣的生物衍生、無比強韌,
和刻維拉纖維差不多,
08:29
so they're using it in things like
bulletproof vests and helmets
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所以被用來像是防彈衣、安全帽
和戶外夾克等等。
08:32
and outdoor jackets.
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08:33
It has a great performance.
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效能很好。
08:34
But again, it's bioderived,
and at the end of its life,
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同樣的,生物衍生,
而且在它的生命盡頭
能夠回歸大地、拿來堆肥,
08:37
it potentially can go back
into the soil and get composted
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有機會再拿來做成新的材料。
08:40
to again be potentially used
as a new material.
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08:44
I'd like to leave you with one
last form which is biobased,
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最後我想介紹給大家的是
以生物為基礎,
但我想這也是極致的節約。
08:47
but this, I think,
is like the ultimate thrift.
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08:49
Think about the poster child
for conspicuous consumption.
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想想炫耀型消費的最佳範例。
08:51
It's the water bottle.
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水瓶。
08:53
We have too many of them,
they're basically going everywhere,
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我們有太多水瓶,基本上到處都是,
08:56
they're a problem in the ocean.
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是海洋裡的大麻煩。
08:58
What do we do with them?
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我們該拿它們怎麼辦?
09:00
This process is able
not just to recycle them,
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這個過程不只是要回收,
09:02
but to recycle them infinitely.
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而是要無限的回收。
09:04
Why is that interesting?
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這有什麼意思?
09:05
Because when we think
about reusing and recycling,
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因為每當我們想到再利用和回收,
09:08
metals, glass, things like that,
can be recycled as many times as you like.
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金屬、玻璃這類的東西,
你愛回收幾次都可以。
09:13
There's metal in your car
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你車子裡的金屬
09:15
that may well have come
from a 1950s Oldsmobile,
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可能來自 1950 年代的老爺車,
09:18
because you can recycle it infinitely
with no loss of performance.
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因為你可以無限回收,
而且它的功效絲毫不減。
09:21
Plastics offer about
once or twice of recycling,
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塑膠大約能回收一到兩次,
09:24
whether it's a bottle,
whether it's a chair --
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不管是瓶子、椅子,
09:26
whatever it is, if it's carpet --
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還是地毯,
09:27
after two times of recycling, whether
it goes back into another chair, etc,
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兩次回收後,不管是回收成
另一張椅子還是什麼,
都會失去它的強度,變得一無是處。
09:31
it tends to lose strength,
it's no longer of any use.
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09:33
This, though, just using a few enzymes,
is able to recycle it infinitely.
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針對這點,其實只要用一點酶
就能讓它永久回收。
09:37
I take a bottle or a chair
or some other plastic product,
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我拿瓶子、椅子或其它塑膠製品,
09:40
I basically put it in with a few enzymes,
they break it apart,
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放進一點酶,將之分解,
09:44
they basically put it back
into its original molecules.
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就會將它還原到最初的分子。
09:46
And then from those molecules,
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然後從那些分子,
你就可以做出另一個
椅子、地毯或瓶子。
09:48
you can build another chair
or carpet or bottle.
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09:51
So, the cycle is infinite.
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因此循環是無限的。
09:53
The advantage with that, of course,
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當然,這個優點是
09:55
is that you have potentially
zero loss of material resources.
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你能有零損失的原料資源。
09:58
Again, the perfect idea of thrift.
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同樣是節約的絕佳點子。
10:02
So in conclusion, I just want to have
you think about -- if you make anything,
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結論是,我只希望大家想想,
如果你製造任何東西,
10:06
if you're any part of a design firm,
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如果你是設計公司的一員,
10:08
if you basically
are refurbishing your house --
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如果你正在改建房子,
10:11
any aspect where you make something,
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不管你在做什麼,
10:13
think about how that product
could potentially be used
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想想那個產品
在它第二、第三、第四次生命中,
可以如何再利用。
10:16
as a second life, or third life
or fourth life.
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10:19
Design in the ability for it
to be taken apart.
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用讓它能被分解的方式來設計它。
10:23
That, to me, is the ultimate thrift,
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對我來說,這就是節約的極致,
10:25
and I think that's basically
what my grandmother would love.
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我想這也是我祖母會喜歡的方式。
10:28
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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