To eliminate waste, we need to rediscover thrift | Andrew Dent

116,440 views ・ 2018-04-26

TED


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翻译人员: Zihao Wang 校对人员: Peipei Xiang
00:12
Let's talk about thrift.
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让我们说说节俭。
00:15
Thrift is a concept where you reduce, reuse and recycle,
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节俭是一个关于减少使用, 重复利用,回收再利用的一个概念,
00:19
but yet with an economic aspect I think has a real potential for change.
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但在经济方面,我觉得 它可以带来真正的改变。
00:25
My grandmother, she knew about thrift.
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我的祖母,她知道怎么节俭。
00:27
This is her string jar.
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这是她放皮筋儿的罐子,
00:29
She never bought any string.
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她从来不买皮筋儿,
00:30
Basically, she would collect string.
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只是收集它们。
00:32
It would come from the butcher's, it would come from presents.
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这些皮筋儿来自于肉铺, 或者是礼品包装。
她会把绳子存到罐子里, 当需要用时,再取出来。
00:35
She would put it in the jar and then use it when it was needed.
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用完后——不管是 用它来扎玫瑰花束,
00:38
When it was finished, whether it was tying up the roses
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还是我的自行车部件,
00:40
or a part of my bike,
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用完后它就会重新回到罐子中。
00:41
once finished with that, it'd go back into the jar.
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这是一个很棒的节约理念; 你只用你需要的,
00:44
This is a perfect idea of thrift; you use what you need,
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不用去买太多东西, 所以能省不少钱。
00:47
you don't actually purchase anything, so you save money.
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00:50
Kids also inherently know this idea.
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孩子们天生就知道如何节俭,
00:52
When you want to throw out a cardboard box,
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当你想丢弃一个纸箱时,
00:54
the average kid will say, "Don't! I want to use it for a robot head
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孩子一般会说, “别扔!我想用来做机器人的头,
00:57
or for a canoe to paddle down a river."
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或者做成独木舟去漂流。”
01:00
They understand the value of the second life of products.
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他们知道产品二次利用的价值。
01:04
So, I think thrift is a perfect counterpoint
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我认为节俭与我们当今所处的
01:07
to the current age which we live in.
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时代完美对应。
01:09
All of our current products are replaceable.
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目前我们所有的产品都是可替代的。
01:12
When we get that bright, new, shiny toy,
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当我们得到一件 崭新的、闪亮的玩具,
01:14
it's because, basically, we got rid of the old one.
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是因为我们把旧的丢掉了。
01:17
The idea of that is, of course, it's great in the moment,
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没错,当时的感觉很美好,
01:21
but the challenge is, as we keep doing this,
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但如果我们一直这么做,
01:24
we're going to cause a problem.
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就会产生一个问题。
01:26
That problem is that there is really no way.
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问题就是,那些东西 根本没有办法真正的消失。
01:29
When you throw something away, it typically goes into a landfill.
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当我们丢掉一些东西时, 它们通常会被送到垃圾填埋场。
01:33
Now, a landfill is basically something which is not going to go away,
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而垃圾填埋场是不会消失的,
01:37
and it's increasing.
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而且现在规模还在不断增加。
01:38
At the moment, we have about 1.3 billion tons of material every year
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现在,我们每年把13亿吨垃圾
01:43
going into landfills.
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送到垃圾填埋场。
01:44
By 2100, it's going to be about four billion tons.
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2100年,这个数字会达到40亿吨。
01:48
See, instead, I'd prefer if we started thrifting.
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而我希望我们开始学会节俭,
01:51
What that means is, we consider materials when they go into products
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这意味着,我们要思考: 在产品的各个阶段,从生产制造,
01:56
and also when they get used,
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到消费使用,
01:57
and, at the end of their life: When can they be used again?
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最后到寿终正寝, 材料什么时候能被二次利用?
02:00
It's the idea of completely changing the way we think about waste,
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我们要彻底改变对垃圾的看法,
02:03
so waste is no longer a dirty word --
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让垃圾不再是一个肮脏的词——
我们几乎再也不需要 用“垃圾”这个词。
02:05
we almost remove the word "waste" completely.
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我们看到的只有资源。
02:07
All we're looking to is resources.
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02:09
Resource goes into a product
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这些资源会被制作成产品,
02:10
and then can basically go into another product.
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然后通过再利用变成另一件产品。
02:15
We used to be good at thrifting.
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我们过去很擅长节俭。
02:17
My grandmother, again, used to use old seed packets
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再说回我的祖母, 她曾经用旧的种子包装纸
02:19
to paper the bathroom walls.
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来当浴室的墙纸。
02:21
I think, though, there are companies out there who understand this value
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我认为,一些公司明白 产品重复利用的价值,
02:24
and are promoting it.
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而且正在推广它。
02:26
And a lot of the technologies that have been developed for the smart age
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许多智能时代的科技,
02:29
can also be adapted to reduce, reuse and also thrift more proficiently.
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也能帮助我们更好地 减少使用,重复利用,勤俭节约。
02:34
And as a materials scientist,
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作为一个材料学家,
02:36
what I've been tracking over the last couple of decades
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我一直在研究过去二十年
02:38
is how companies are getting smart at thrifting,
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企业在节俭方面取得的成效,
研究它们如何理解节俭这个概念,
02:41
how they're able to understand this concept
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并通过节俭获取利润。
02:43
and profit from it.
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02:45
I'm going to give you two examples.
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我给讲你们讲两个例子。
第一个是好的, 第二个是不太好的。
02:47
The first one, a good one; the second one, not so good.
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02:49
The first is the automotive industry.
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第一个例子是关于汽车制造业的。
02:51
Not always known as the most innovative or creative of industries,
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没有多少人会认为 这是一个极具创新的产业,
02:54
but it turns out, they're really, really good at recycling their products.
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而事实上,这个产业在 回收再利用方面做得十分出色。
02:58
Ninety-five percent of every single car that goes on the road
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所有在路上跑的汽车中,有95%
03:01
gets recycled here.
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都会被回收循环使用。
03:03
And of that car, about 75 percent of the entire car
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而每辆车75%的部分
03:06
actually gets used again.
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又会被回收重新使用。
03:08
That includes, of course, the old steel and aluminum
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回收的部分包括,废弃的钢和铝,
还有那些来自挡泥板 和汽车内部的塑料制品,
03:11
but then also the plastics from the fender and the interiors,
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车窗玻璃和挡风玻璃,
03:15
glass from the windows and the windshield
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03:17
and also the tires.
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以及轮胎。
03:18
There's a mature and successful industry that deals with these old cars
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有一个成熟的、成功的产业, 专门处理报废车辆,
03:22
and basically recycles them and puts them back into use
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对它们进行回收,并重新利用到
03:25
as new cars or other new products.
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新的汽车或其他产品中去。
03:28
Even as we move towards battery-powered cars,
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甚至我们的电动汽车,
03:31
there are companies that claim they can recycle up to 90 percent
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一些公司宣称, 它们最多可以回收再利用
03:34
of the 11 million tons of batteries that are going to be with us in 2020.
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到 2020 年所生产的 1100 万吨电池中的90%。
03:39
That, I think, is not perfect,
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我认为,这并不完美,
03:40
but it's certainly good, and it's getting better.
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但已经非常不错了, 而且还有改善的空间。
03:43
The industry that's not doing so well is the architecture industry.
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在这一方面做得 不太好的是建筑行业,
03:48
One of the challenges with architecture has always been
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其中一个原因是,
03:50
when we build up, we don't think about taking down.
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我们只考虑建筑物建造, 却不考虑拆卸的问题,
我们不会拆卸或拆除建筑物, 只会直接摧毁。
03:53
We don't dismantle, we don't disassemble, we demolish.
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03:56
That's a challenge,
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这是一个挑战,
03:57
because it ends up that about a third of all landfill waste in the US
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因为美国垃圾填埋场中有三分之一
04:00
is architecture.
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都是建筑垃圾。
04:02
We need to think differently about this.
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我们应该想想怎么解决这个问题。
04:04
There are programs that can actually reduce some of this material.
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有些做法可以减少建筑垃圾的产生。
04:08
A good example is this.
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举一个比较好的例子,
04:09
These are actually bricks that are made from old demolition waste,
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这些砖头是用建筑废渣料生产的,
04:12
which includes the glass, the rubble, the concrete.
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其成分包括玻璃、瓦砾和混凝土。
04:16
You put up a grinder, put it all together, heat it up
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把它们放进研磨机中,加热,
04:18
and make these bricks we can basically build more buildings from.
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生产出的砖头又能被 用于更多建筑中去了。
04:21
But it's only a fraction of what we need.
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但这只是很小的一部分。
04:23
My hope is that with big data and geotagging,
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我希望,我们能利用 大数据和地理定位
04:28
we can actually change that,
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改变这种状况,
04:29
and be more thrifty when it comes to buildings.
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把节俭这个概念运用到建筑业中。
04:32
If there's a building down the block which is being demolished,
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如果不远处有一栋楼正在被拆毁,
04:35
are there materials there
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拆下来的这些材料中
04:36
that the new building being built here can use?
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有没有一些是这边的 新建筑物可以使用的?
04:39
Can we use that, the ability to understand
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我们是否可以认为
04:42
that all the materials available in that building are still usable?
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这个建筑物所有的 建筑材料仍然可用?
04:45
Can we then basically put them into a new building,
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我们是否可以将它们用于 建造新的建筑物
04:48
without actually losing any value in the process?
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且不丧失它们自身的任何价值?
04:53
So now let's think about other industries.
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让我们再想想其他行业。
04:55
What are other industries doing to create thrift?
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其它行业是如何节俭的呢?
04:57
Well, it turns out that there are plenty of industries
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现在许多行业
都在思考如何解决
05:00
that are also thinking about their own waste
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生产废料这个问题。
05:02
and what we can do with it.
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05:03
A simple example is the waste that they basically belch out
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一个简单的例子, 就是在工业生产中
05:06
as part of industrial processes.
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排放的工业废气。
05:08
Most metal smelters give off an awful lot of carbon dioxide.
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许多金属冶炼厂会在生产中 排放大量的二氧化碳。
05:11
Turns out, there's a company called Land Detector
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我发现一个叫 Land Detector 的公司
在中国和南非开展工作,
05:14
that's actually working in China and also soon in South Africa,
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他们搜集工业废气——
05:17
that's able to take that waste gas --
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05:20
about 700,000 tons per smelter --
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一个冶炼厂可以搜集70万吨废气——
05:24
and then turn it into about 400,000 tons of ethanol,
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这些废气能转换成40万吨乙醇,
05:27
which is equivalent to basically powering 250,000, or quarter of a million, cars
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这相当于给25万量汽车提供了
05:31
for a year.
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一年的燃料。
05:32
That's a very effective use of waste.
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这是有效利用生产废料的方法。
05:36
How about products more close to home?
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那我们身边的产品呢?
05:38
This is a simple solution.
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这里有一个简单的办法,
05:40
And it, again, takes the idea of reducing, reusing,
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还是基于减少使用,重复利用的概念,
05:43
but then also with economic advantage.
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但同时能给经济带来好处。
05:45
So it's a simple process of changing from a cut and sew,
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这是一个简单的流程, 不再采用需要将
05:48
where typically between 20 and 30 materials are used
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20到30种材料的裁剪和缝制——
05:51
which are cut from a large cloth and then sewn together or even sometimes glued,
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即从大块布料中剪下 再缝制或粘在一起的做法,
05:55
they changed it and said that they just knitted the shoe.
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而是改用编织的方式。
05:58
The advantage with this is not just a simplification of the process,
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优点不仅仅是简化了流程,
而且我只需要一样材料, 没有浪费任何东西,
06:01
it's also, "I've got one material. I have zero waste,"
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06:04
and then also, "I'm able to potentially recycle that at the end of its life."
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以及在它寿终正寝时, 我还可以对它回收利用。
06:10
Digital manufacturing is also allowing us to do this more effectively.
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数字化制造也可以帮助我们 进行更有效的回收再利用。
这个例子说明了一种材料的
06:13
In this case, it's actually creating the theoretical limit of strength
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06:16
for a material:
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理论极限强度:
你不可能找到比这强度
06:18
you cannot get any stronger for the amount of material
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06:20
than this shape.
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更强的模型。
06:22
So it's a basic simple block,
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这是一个基本的、简单的方块,
06:24
but the idea is, I can extrapolate this, I can make it into large formats,
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但我可以在此基础上进行延伸, 并制作一些大型的东西,
06:27
I can make it into buildings, bridges,
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比如用来建楼、造桥,
06:29
but also airplane wings and shoes.
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还可以用来制作 飞机机翼和普通的鞋子。
06:32
The idea here is, I'm minimizing the amount of material.
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这背后的逻辑就是 将使用的材料降到最少。
06:36
Here's a good example from architecture.
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这是一个来自建筑业的很好的例子。
06:38
Typically, these sorts of metal nodes are used to hold up large tent structures.
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这个金属连接节点通常被用于 固定大的帐篷结构。
06:43
In this case, it in was in the Hague, along a shopping center.
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这是关于荷兰海牙的 一个大型购物中心,
他们用了1600个左边的节点,
06:46
They used 1600 of the materials on the left.
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06:48
The difference is, by using the solution on the right,
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而用右边这个节点的不同之处在于,
06:51
they cut down the number of steps from seven to one,
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他们将安装步骤从7步减到了1步,
06:54
because the one on the left is currently welded,
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因为左边的这个是焊接而成的,
06:56
the one on the right is simply just printed.
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而右边这个是直接打印出来的。
06:58
And it was able to reduce waste to zero,
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这么做,可以实现零浪费,
07:00
cost less money
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还能降低成本,
07:02
and also, because it's made out of steel,
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同时,因为它是钢制品,
07:04
can be eventually recycled at the end of its life.
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以后可以重新回收再利用。
07:09
Nature also is very effective at thrift.
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大自然在节约方面 也是极其高效的,
07:12
Think about it: nature has zero waste.
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想一想:大自然不会生产任何垃圾,
07:14
Everything is useful for another process.
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每一样东西都能物尽其用。
07:17
So, in this case, nanocellulose,
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例如,纳米纤维,
07:19
which is basically one of the very fine building blocks of cellulose,
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它是纤维素极细微的组成部分,
07:22
which is one of the materials that makes trees strong,
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纤维素是能让树木如此 坚固的物质之一,
07:27
you can isolate it, and it works very much like carbon fiber.
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你可以对它进行分离, 它的性质跟碳纤维非常相似。
07:30
So, take that from a tree, form it into fibers,
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从树木中提取纤维素, 接着再制成纤维,
07:33
and then those fibers can strengthen things,
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然后这些纤维能用来加固东西,
例如飞机、建筑物、汽车。
07:35
such as airplanes, buildings, cars.
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07:38
The advantage of this, though, is it's not just bioderived,
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这一做法的优点是, 纳米纤维不仅仅来自于
可再生的生物资源,
07:41
comes from a renewable resource,
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07:42
but also that it is transparent,
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同时它还是透明的,
07:44
so it can be used in consumer electronics, as well as food packaging.
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因此可以应用在 消费电子产品和食品包装上。
07:48
Not bad for something that basically comes from the backyard.
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这种再利用还不错吧!
07:51
Another one from the biosource is synthetic spider silk.
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另一种来自生物界的材料 是合成蜘蛛丝。
07:54
Now, it's very hard to actually create spider silk naturally.
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用天然的方法 制造蜘蛛丝是很难的,
07:58
You can basically get it from spiders,
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你只能从蜘蛛获得蜘蛛丝,
但蜘蛛数量多了, 它们会自相残杀、互相蚕食,
08:00
but in large numbers, they tend to kill each other, eat each other,
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所以如果你像收集蚕丝那样
08:03
so you've got a problem with creating it,
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去收集蜘蛛丝的话,就会遇到问题。
08:05
in the same way you do with regular silk.
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那么,你可以做的 就是从蜘蛛中提取 DNA,
08:07
So what you can do is instead take the DNA from the spider,
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08:10
and put it into various different things.
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并将它放到不同的地方培养。
08:12
You can put it into bacteria, you can put it into yeast,
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你可以把它放到细菌里, 放到酵母里,
放到牛奶里。
08:15
you can put it into milk.
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08:16
And what you can do then is,
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之后,你能做的是,
08:18
the milk or the bacteria produce in much larger volumes
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当牛奶或细菌产生 大量的丝状物后,
08:21
and then from that, spin a yarn and then create a fabric or a rope.
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提取出来纺纱, 接着制作织物或绳子。
08:25
Again, bioderived, has incredible strength -- about the same as Kevlar --
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它来源于生物,有着惊人的强度—— 大约和芳纶纤维一样强,
08:29
so they're using it in things like bulletproof vests and helmets
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因此可以用来制作防弹背心和头盔,
以及户外夹克,
08:32
and outdoor jackets.
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08:33
It has a great performance.
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性能十分出众。
08:34
But again, it's bioderived, and at the end of its life,
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但别忘了,这是生物衍生物,
当它不再有使用价值时, 就可以变成土地里的肥料,
08:37
it potentially can go back into the soil and get composted
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作为一种新的东西重新被利用。
08:40
to again be potentially used as a new material.
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08:44
I'd like to leave you with one last form which is biobased,
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最后,我还想给你们介绍 一种基于生物的产品,
而我觉得,这才是终极的节俭。
08:47
but this, I think, is like the ultimate thrift.
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08:49
Think about the poster child for conspicuous consumption.
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想想挥霍式消费的典型代表,
08:51
It's the water bottle.
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那就是矿泉水瓶。
08:53
We have too many of them, they're basically going everywhere,
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我们有非常多的这样的水瓶, 它们无处不在,
08:56
they're a problem in the ocean.
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是海洋污染重要来源之一。
08:58
What do we do with them?
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那我们能做些什么呢?
我们不仅应该让 水瓶可以回收再利用,
09:00
This process is able not just to recycle them,
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09:02
but to recycle them infinitely.
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而且应该让这个过程无限进行下去。
09:04
Why is that interesting?
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为什么这点很有意思呢?
09:05
Because when we think about reusing and recycling,
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因为像那些能重复利用 和回收再利用的东西,
09:08
metals, glass, things like that, can be recycled as many times as you like.
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比如金属、玻璃等等, 都能被回收再利用很多次。
09:13
There's metal in your car
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比如你的汽车的金属配件,
09:15
that may well have come from a 1950s Oldsmobile,
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可能来自19世纪50年代的 奥尔兹莫比尔汽车。
09:18
because you can recycle it infinitely with no loss of performance.
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因为你可以无限地 回收这些金属,没有一点损耗。
而塑料只能被回收再利用一到两次,
09:21
Plastics offer about once or twice of recycling,
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不管是塑料水瓶, 还是塑料椅子——
09:24
whether it's a bottle, whether it's a chair --
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09:26
whatever it is, if it's carpet --
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不论是什么,还比如地毯——
09:27
after two times of recycling, whether it goes back into another chair, etc,
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如果它被回收过两次后, 不论被用来制作椅子还是其他东西,
它的强度都会降低, 不能再被用来制作任何东西了。
09:31
it tends to lose strength, it's no longer of any use.
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然而我们可以利用酶, 让塑料可以无限回收再利用。
09:33
This, though, just using a few enzymes, is able to recycle it infinitely.
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09:37
I take a bottle or a chair or some other plastic product,
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比如,我可以拿塑料瓶、 塑料椅或其他塑料制品,
09:40
I basically put it in with a few enzymes, they break it apart,
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在里面加入一些酶, 酶会将它们分解成
09:44
they basically put it back into its original molecules.
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最原始的分子形态。
09:46
And then from those molecules,
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之后,用这些分子,
重新制作塑料椅、地毯和塑料水瓶。
09:48
you can build another chair or carpet or bottle.
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09:51
So, the cycle is infinite.
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所以,这可以是个无限循环。
09:53
The advantage with that, of course,
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当然,这样做的优点是,
09:55
is that you have potentially zero loss of material resources.
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你不会浪费任何物质资源。
09:58
Again, the perfect idea of thrift.
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再强调一次, 这是一个节俭的好方法。
10:02
So in conclusion, I just want to have you think about -- if you make anything,
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总结一下,我想让大家思考—— 如果你需要制作什么东西,
10:06
if you're any part of a design firm,
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如果你是设计公司的一员,
10:08
if you basically are refurbishing your house --
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如果你需要翻修你的房子——
10:11
any aspect where you make something,
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不论你想做什么东西,
10:13
think about how that product could potentially be used
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都请想一想,这个产品二次利用,
10:16
as a second life, or third life or fourth life.
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三次利用,四次利用后 都能拿来做什么。
10:19
Design in the ability for it to be taken apart.
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产品应该被设计成易被分解的。
10:23
That, to me, is the ultimate thrift,
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我认为这就是终极的节俭,
我想这会是我祖母希望看到的。
10:25
and I think that's basically what my grandmother would love.
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10:28
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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