To eliminate waste, we need to rediscover thrift | Andrew Dent

116,376 views ・ 2018-04-26

TED


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Let's talk about thrift.
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Thrift is a concept where you reduce, reuse and recycle,
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but yet with an economic aspect I think has a real potential for change.
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My grandmother, she knew about thrift.
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This is her string jar.
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She never bought any string.
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Basically, she would collect string.
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It would come from the butcher's, it would come from presents.
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She would put it in the jar and then use it when it was needed.
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When it was finished, whether it was tying up the roses
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or a part of my bike,
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once finished with that, it'd go back into the jar.
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This is a perfect idea of thrift; you use what you need,
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you don't actually purchase anything, so you save money.
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Kids also inherently know this idea.
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When you want to throw out a cardboard box,
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the average kid will say, "Don't! I want to use it for a robot head
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or for a canoe to paddle down a river."
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They understand the value of the second life of products.
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So, I think thrift is a perfect counterpoint
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to the current age which we live in.
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All of our current products are replaceable.
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When we get that bright, new, shiny toy,
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it's because, basically, we got rid of the old one.
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The idea of that is, of course, it's great in the moment,
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but the challenge is, as we keep doing this,
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we're going to cause a problem.
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That problem is that there is really no way.
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When you throw something away, it typically goes into a landfill.
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Now, a landfill is basically something which is not going to go away,
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and it's increasing.
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At the moment, we have about 1.3 billion tons of material every year
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going into landfills.
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By 2100, it's going to be about four billion tons.
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See, instead, I'd prefer if we started thrifting.
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What that means is, we consider materials when they go into products
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and also when they get used,
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and, at the end of their life: When can they be used again?
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It's the idea of completely changing the way we think about waste,
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so waste is no longer a dirty word --
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we almost remove the word "waste" completely.
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All we're looking to is resources.
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Resource goes into a product
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and then can basically go into another product.
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We used to be good at thrifting.
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My grandmother, again, used to use old seed packets
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to paper the bathroom walls.
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I think, though, there are companies out there who understand this value
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and are promoting it.
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And a lot of the technologies that have been developed for the smart age
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can also be adapted to reduce, reuse and also thrift more proficiently.
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And as a materials scientist,
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what I've been tracking over the last couple of decades
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is how companies are getting smart at thrifting,
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how they're able to understand this concept
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and profit from it.
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I'm going to give you two examples.
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The first one, a good one; the second one, not so good.
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The first is the automotive industry.
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Not always known as the most innovative or creative of industries,
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but it turns out, they're really, really good at recycling their products.
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Ninety-five percent of every single car that goes on the road
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gets recycled here.
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And of that car, about 75 percent of the entire car
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actually gets used again.
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That includes, of course, the old steel and aluminum
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but then also the plastics from the fender and the interiors,
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glass from the windows and the windshield
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and also the tires.
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There's a mature and successful industry that deals with these old cars
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and basically recycles them and puts them back into use
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as new cars or other new products.
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Even as we move towards battery-powered cars,
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there are companies that claim they can recycle up to 90 percent
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of the 11 million tons of batteries that are going to be with us in 2020.
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That, I think, is not perfect,
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but it's certainly good, and it's getting better.
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The industry that's not doing so well is the architecture industry.
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One of the challenges with architecture has always been
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when we build up, we don't think about taking down.
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We don't dismantle, we don't disassemble, we demolish.
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That's a challenge,
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because it ends up that about a third of all landfill waste in the US
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is architecture.
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We need to think differently about this.
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There are programs that can actually reduce some of this material.
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A good example is this.
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These are actually bricks that are made from old demolition waste,
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which includes the glass, the rubble, the concrete.
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You put up a grinder, put it all together, heat it up
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and make these bricks we can basically build more buildings from.
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But it's only a fraction of what we need.
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My hope is that with big data and geotagging,
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we can actually change that,
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and be more thrifty when it comes to buildings.
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If there's a building down the block which is being demolished,
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are there materials there
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that the new building being built here can use?
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Can we use that, the ability to understand
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that all the materials available in that building are still usable?
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Can we then basically put them into a new building,
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without actually losing any value in the process?
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So now let's think about other industries.
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What are other industries doing to create thrift?
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Well, it turns out that there are plenty of industries
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that are also thinking about their own waste
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and what we can do with it.
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A simple example is the waste that they basically belch out
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as part of industrial processes.
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Most metal smelters give off an awful lot of carbon dioxide.
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Turns out, there's a company called Land Detector
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that's actually working in China and also soon in South Africa,
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that's able to take that waste gas --
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about 700,000 tons per smelter --
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and then turn it into about 400,000 tons of ethanol,
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which is equivalent to basically powering 250,000, or quarter of a million, cars
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for a year.
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That's a very effective use of waste.
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How about products more close to home?
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This is a simple solution.
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And it, again, takes the idea of reducing, reusing,
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but then also with economic advantage.
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So it's a simple process of changing from a cut and sew,
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where typically between 20 and 30 materials are used
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which are cut from a large cloth and then sewn together or even sometimes glued,
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they changed it and said that they just knitted the shoe.
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The advantage with this is not just a simplification of the process,
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it's also, "I've got one material. I have zero waste,"
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and then also, "I'm able to potentially recycle that at the end of its life."
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Digital manufacturing is also allowing us to do this more effectively.
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In this case, it's actually creating the theoretical limit of strength
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for a material:
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you cannot get any stronger for the amount of material
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than this shape.
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So it's a basic simple block,
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but the idea is, I can extrapolate this, I can make it into large formats,
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I can make it into buildings, bridges,
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but also airplane wings and shoes.
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The idea here is, I'm minimizing the amount of material.
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Here's a good example from architecture.
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Typically, these sorts of metal nodes are used to hold up large tent structures.
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In this case, it in was in the Hague, along a shopping center.
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They used 1600 of the materials on the left.
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The difference is, by using the solution on the right,
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they cut down the number of steps from seven to one,
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because the one on the left is currently welded,
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the one on the right is simply just printed.
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And it was able to reduce waste to zero,
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cost less money
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and also, because it's made out of steel,
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can be eventually recycled at the end of its life.
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Nature also is very effective at thrift.
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Think about it: nature has zero waste.
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Everything is useful for another process.
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So, in this case, nanocellulose,
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which is basically one of the very fine building blocks of cellulose,
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which is one of the materials that makes trees strong,
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you can isolate it, and it works very much like carbon fiber.
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So, take that from a tree, form it into fibers,
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and then those fibers can strengthen things,
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such as airplanes, buildings, cars.
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The advantage of this, though, is it's not just bioderived,
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comes from a renewable resource,
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but also that it is transparent,
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so it can be used in consumer electronics, as well as food packaging.
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Not bad for something that basically comes from the backyard.
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Another one from the biosource is synthetic spider silk.
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Now, it's very hard to actually create spider silk naturally.
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You can basically get it from spiders,
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but in large numbers, they tend to kill each other, eat each other,
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so you've got a problem with creating it,
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in the same way you do with regular silk.
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So what you can do is instead take the DNA from the spider,
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and put it into various different things.
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You can put it into bacteria, you can put it into yeast,
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you can put it into milk.
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And what you can do then is,
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the milk or the bacteria produce in much larger volumes
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and then from that, spin a yarn and then create a fabric or a rope.
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Again, bioderived, has incredible strength -- about the same as Kevlar --
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so they're using it in things like bulletproof vests and helmets
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and outdoor jackets.
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It has a great performance.
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But again, it's bioderived, and at the end of its life,
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it potentially can go back into the soil and get composted
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to again be potentially used as a new material.
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I'd like to leave you with one last form which is biobased,
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but this, I think, is like the ultimate thrift.
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Think about the poster child for conspicuous consumption.
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It's the water bottle.
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We have too many of them, they're basically going everywhere,
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they're a problem in the ocean.
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What do we do with them?
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This process is able not just to recycle them,
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but to recycle them infinitely.
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Why is that interesting?
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Because when we think about reusing and recycling,
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metals, glass, things like that, can be recycled as many times as you like.
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There's metal in your car
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that may well have come from a 1950s Oldsmobile,
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because you can recycle it infinitely with no loss of performance.
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Plastics offer about once or twice of recycling,
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whether it's a bottle, whether it's a chair --
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whatever it is, if it's carpet --
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after two times of recycling, whether it goes back into another chair, etc,
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it tends to lose strength, it's no longer of any use.
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This, though, just using a few enzymes, is able to recycle it infinitely.
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I take a bottle or a chair or some other plastic product,
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I basically put it in with a few enzymes, they break it apart,
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they basically put it back into its original molecules.
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And then from those molecules,
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you can build another chair or carpet or bottle.
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So, the cycle is infinite.
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The advantage with that, of course,
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is that you have potentially zero loss of material resources.
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Again, the perfect idea of thrift.
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So in conclusion, I just want to have you think about -- if you make anything,
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if you're any part of a design firm,
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if you basically are refurbishing your house --
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any aspect where you make something,
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think about how that product could potentially be used
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as a second life, or third life or fourth life.
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Design in the ability for it to be taken apart.
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That, to me, is the ultimate thrift,
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and I think that's basically what my grandmother would love.
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(Applause)
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