What a scrapyard in Ghana can teach us about innovation | DK Osseo-Asare

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Come with me to Agbogbloshie,

Pođite sa mnom u Agbogbloši,

a neighborhood in the heart of Accra,

naselje u srcu Akre,

named after a god that lives in the Odaw River.

nazvanom po bogu koji živi u reci Odav.

There's a slum, Old Fadama,

Tamo je sirotinjska četvrt Stara Fadama,

built on land reclaimed from the Korle Lagoon,

izgrađena na zemljištu koje je obnovljeno iz lagune Korle,

just before it opens into the Gulf of Guinea.

malo pre ulaza u Gvinejski zaliv.

There's a scrapyard here where people take apart all kinds of things,

Ovde se nalazi otpad na kome ljudi rasklapaju raznorazne stvari,

from mobile phones to computers,

od mobilnih telefona do kompjutera,

automobiles to even entire airplanes.

automobila, pa čak i čitavih aviona.

Agbogbloshie's scrapyard is famous

Otpad u Agbogblošiju je poznat

because it has become a symbol of the downside of technology:

jer je postao simbol mane tehnologije,

the problem of planned obsolescence.

problema planirane zastarelosti.

It's seen as a place where devices from around the world end their life,

Smatra se mestom na kome uređaji iz celog sveta završe svoj životni vek,

where your data comes to die.

gde podaci dolaze da skončaju.

These are the images that the media loves to show,

Ovo su slike koje mediji vole da prikažu,

of young men and boys burning wires and cables

sa mladićima i dečacima koji spaljuju žice i kablove

to recover copper and aluminum,

kako bi dobili bakar i aluminijum,

using Styrofoam and old tires as fuel,

pri čemu koriste stiropor i stare gume kao gorivo

seriously hurting themselves and the environment.

i ozbiljno škode sebi i životnoj sredini.

It's a super-toxic process,

To je vrlo toksičan proces

producing pollutants that enter the global ecosystem,

u kome se proizvode zagađivači koji ulaze u globalni ekosistem,

build up in fatty tissue

gomilaju se u masnom tkivu

and threaten the top of the food chain.

i prete vrhu lanca ishrane.

But this story is incomplete.

Ali, ova priča nije potpuna.

There's a lot we can learn from Agbogbloshie,

Možemo mnogo toga naučiti iz Agbogblošija,

where scrap collected from city- and nationwide is brought.

gde se donose sekundarne sirovine prikupljene iz grada i širom zemlje.

For so many of us,

Za mnoge od nas,

our devices are black boxes.

naši uređaji su crne kutije.

We know what they do,

Znamo šta rade,

but not how they work or what's inside.

ali ne i kako rade niti šta se nalazi unutra.

In Agbogbloshie, people make it their business

U Agbogblošiju, ljudi su se potrudili

to know exactly what's inside.

da saznaju šta je tačno unutra.

Scrap dealers recover copper, aluminum, steel, glass, plastic

Trgovci sekundarnim sirovinama izvlače bakar, aluminijum, čelik, staklo, plastiku

and printed circuit boards.

i štampane ploče.

It's called "urban mining."

To se zove „urbano rudarenje“.

It's now more efficient for us to mine materials from our waste.

Za nas je sada efikasnije da se materijali vade iz otpada.

There is 10 times more gold, silver, platinum, palladium

Ima 10 puta više zlata, srebra, platine i paladijuma

in one ton of our electronics

u jednoj toni naše elektronike

than in one ton of ore mined from beneath the surface of the earth.

nego u jednoj toni rude iskopane ispod zemljine površine.

In Agbogbloshie,

U Agbogblošiju,

weight is a form of currency.

težina je oblik valute.

Devices are dissected to recover materials, parts and components

Uređaji se seciraju da bi se dobili materijali, delovi i komponente

with incredible attention to detail,

uz neverovatno obraćanje pažnje na detalje,

down to the aluminum tips of electric plugs.

sve do aluminijumskih vrhova električnih utikača.

But scrap dealers don't destroy components that are still functional.

Ali trgovci sekundarnim sirovinama

ne uništavaju komponente koje su još uvek funkcionalne.

They supply them to repair workshops like this one in Agbogbloshie

Odnose ih u radionice za popravke kao što je ova u Agbogblošiju

and the tens of thousands of technicians across the country

i desetinama hiljada tehničara širom zemlje

that refurbish electrical and electronic equipment,

koji obnavljaju električnu i elektronsku opremu

and sell them as used products to consumers that may not be able to buy

i prodaju je kao korišćene proizvode potrošačima koji možda ne mogu da kupe

a new television or a new computer.

novi televizor ili kompjuter.

Make no mistake about it, there are young hackers in Agbogbloshie --

Budite sigurni, u Agbogblošiju ima mladih hakera -

and I mean that in the very best sense of that word --

a to mislim u najboljem smislu te reči -

that know not only how to take apart computers

koji znaju ne samo da rastave kompjutere,

but how to put them back together, how to give them new life.

već i kako da ih ponovo sastave i udahnu im novi život.

Agbogbloshie reminds us that making is a cycle.

Agbogbloši nas podseća da je pravljenje proizvoda ciklus.

It extends to remaking and unmaking

Ono obuhvata i ponovno pravljenje i rastavljanje

in order to recover the materials that enable us to make something anew.

kako bismo ponovo dobili materijale

koji nam omogućavaju da napravimo nešto iznova.

We can learn from Agbogbloshie,

Možemo da učimo iz primera Agbogblošija,

where cobblers remake work boots,

gde obućari prepravljaju radničke čizme,

where women collect plastic from all over the city,

gde žene skupljaju plastiku iz celog grada,

sort it by type,

sortiraju je po vrsti,

shred it, wash it

iseku na komade, operu

and ultimately sell it back as feedstock to factories

i na kraju je prodaju kao sirovinu za fabrike

to make new clothing,

da bi se napravila nova odeća,

new plastic buckets

nove plastične kante

and chairs.

i stolice.

Steel is stockpiled separately,

Čelik se skladišti odvojeno,

where the carcasses of cars and microwaves and washing machines

gde tela automobila, mikrotalasnih peći i mašina za pranje veša

become iron rods for new construction;

postaju gvozdene šipke za novu izgradnju,

where roofing sheets become cookstoves;

gde krovni limovi postaju štednjaci,

where shafts from cars become chisels

gde vratila automobila postaju dleta

that are used to scrap more objects;

koje se koriste za dalje prikupljanje predmeta,

where aluminum recovered from the radiators of fridges

gde se aluminijum dobijen od hladnjaka frižidera

and air conditioners

i klima-uređaja

are melted down

topi

and use sand casting to make ornaments for the building industry,

i koristi se livenje u pesku za pravljenje ukrasa u građevinskoj industriji,

for pots which are sold just down the street in the Agbogbloshie market

za lonce koji se prodaju dole niz ulicu, na pijaci Agbogblošija

with a full array of locally made ovens, stoves and smokers,

sa širokom lepezom lokalno napravljenih rerni, peći i pušnica

which are used every day

koje se svakodnevno koriste

to make the majority of palm nut soups,

za pravljenje većine supa od palminog oraha,

of tea and sugar breads,

čaja i slatkog hleba,

of grilled tilapia in the city.

ribe na žaru u gradu.

They're made in roadside workshops like this one by welders like Mohammed,

Prave se u radionicama pokraj puta,

kao što je ova čiji je vlasnik, zavarivač Mohamed,

who recover materials from the waste stream

koji sakupljaju materijale kroz ciklus otpada

and use them to make all kinds of things,

i koriste ih da prave raznorazne stvari,

like dumbbells for working out out of old car parts.

kao što su tegovi za vežbanje od starih delova automobila.

But here's what's really cool:

Ali, evo šta je zaista zanimljivo.

the welding machines they use look like this,

Aparati za zavarivanje koje koriste izgledaju ovako,

and they're made by specially coiling copper

a napravljeni su od specijalno namotanog bakra

around electrical steel recovered from old transformer scrap.

oko električnog čelika koji je dobijen iz bačenih starih transformatora.

There's an entire industry just next to Agbogbloshie

Odmah do Agbogblošija postoji čitava industrija

making locally fabricated welding machines that power local fabrication.

pravljenja lokalno proizvedenih aparata za zavarivanje koji pokreću proizvodnju.

What's really cool as well is that there's a transfer of skills and knowledge

Sjajno je i to što postoji prenos veština i znanja

across generations,

kroz generacije,

from masters to apprentices,

sa majstora na šegrte,

but it's done through active learning, through heuristic learning,

ali se to radi kroz aktivno, heurističko učenje,

learning by doing and by making.

uči se kroz rad i pravljenje.

And this stands in sharp contrast

To je u oštroj suprotnosti

to the experience of many students in school,

sa iskustvom mnogih učenika u školama,

where lecturers lecture,

gde predavači predaju,

and students write things down and memorize them.

a učenici zapisuju i memorišu.

It's boring, but the real problem is

To je dosadno, ali pravi problem je taj

this somehow preempts their latent or their inherent entrepreneurial power.

što to nekako gasi njihovu skrivenu ili urođenu preduzetničku moć.

They know books but not how to make stuff.

Znaju sa knjigama, ali ne kako da prave stvari.

Four years ago, my cofounder Yasmine Abbas and I asked:

Pre četiri godine, moj suosnivač Jasmin Abas i ja smo se zapitali

What would happen if we could couple

šta bi se desilo ako bismo udružili

the practical know-how of makers in the informal sector

praktično umeće proizvođača u neformalnom sektoru

with the technical knowledge of students and young professionals

sa tehničkim znanjem učenika i mladih profesionalaca

in STEAM fields --

iz stručnih oblasti -

science, technology, engineering, arts and mathematics --

nauke, tehnologije, inženjeringa, umetnosti i matematike -

to build a STEAM-powered innovation engine

kako bi se izgradio inovativni motor zasnovan na njima,

to drive what we call "Sankofa Innovation," which I'll explain.

kako bi se pokrenulo ono što nazivamo „Inovacija sankofa“, što ću objasniti.

We took forays into the scrapyard

Upali smo na otpad

to look for what could be repurposed,

da vidimo šta se može iskoristiti,

like DVD writers that could become laser etchers,

kao što su rezači za DVD koji postaju laserski uređaji za graviranje

or the power supplies of old servers

ili napajanja starih servera

for a start-up in Kumasi making 3D printers out of e-waste.

za startap u Kumasiju koji pravi 3D štampače od elektronskog otpada.

The key was to bring together young people from different backgrounds

Ključno je bilo okupiti mlade ljude iz različitih sredina

that ordinarily never have anything to do with each other,

koji inače nisu povezani međusobno,

to have a conversation about how they could collaborate

da bi se poveo razgovor o tome kako mogu sarađivati

and to test and develop new machines and tools

i kako da testiraju i razviju ove mašine i alatke

that could allow them to shred and strip copper instead of burning it,

koje bi im omogućile da iseku i oljušte bakar umesto da ga pale,

to mold plastic bricks and tiles,

da oblikuju plastične cigle i pločice,

to build new computers out of components recovered from dead electronics,

da naprave nove računare od komponenti dobijenih iz bačene elektronike,

to build a drone.

da bi se napravio dron.

And here you can see it flying for the first time in Agbogbloshie.

Ovde vidite kako prvi put leti u Agbogblošiju.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Yasmine and I have collaborated with over 1,500 young people,

Jasmin i ja smo sarađivali sa više od 1 500 mladih ljudi,

750 from STEAM fields,

750 njih iz prethodno navedenih područja rada,

and over 750 grassroots makers and scrap dealers

i preko 750 lokalnih proizvođača i trgovaca sekundarnim materijalima

from Agbogbloshie and beyond.

iz Agbogblošija i šire.

They've joined hands together to develop a platform

Ujedinili su se da bi razvili platformu

which they call Spacecraft,

koju nazivaju „Kreativni prostor“,

a hybrid physical and digital space for crafting,

hibridni fizički i digitalni prostor za izradu

more of a process than a product,

koji je više proces nego proizvod,

an open architecture for making,

otvorena arhitektura za stvaranje,

which involves three parts:

a obuhvata tri dela:

a makerspace kiosk, which is prefab and modular;

prostor za razmenu u vidu kioska koji je montažan i modularan,

tool kits which can be customized based on what makers want to make;

alate koji se mogu prilagoditi u skladu sa time šta proizvođači žele da naprave

and a trading app.

i aplikaciju za trgovanje.

We built the app specifically with the needs of the scrap dealers

Posebno smo napravili aplikaciju

pre svega imajući u vidu potrebe trgovaca sekundarnim sirovinama,

in mind first,

because we realized that it was not enough to arm them with information

jer smo shvatili da nije dovoljno naoružati ih informacijama

and upgraded technology

i poboljšanom tehnologijom

if we wanted them to green their recycling processes;

ako hoćemo da ekološki unaprede svoj proces recikliranja;

they needed incentives.

potreban im je podsticaj.

Scrap dealers are always looking for new scrap and new buyers

Trgovci sekundarnim sirovinama uvek traže nove materijale i nove kupce

and what interests them is finding buyers who will pay more

i zanima ih pronalaženje kupaca koji će platiti više

for clean copper than for burnt.

za čisti bakar nego za spaljeni.

We realized that in the entire ecosystem,

Shvatili smo da u celom ekosistemu

everyone was searching for something.

svako traži nešto.

Makers are searching for materials, parts, components, tools, blueprints

Proizvođači traže materijale, delove, komponente, alate i nacrte

to make what it is they want to make.

da naprave ono što žele.

They're also finding a way to let customers and clientele

Takođe pronalaze način da omoguće mušteriji i klijenteli

find out that they can repair a blender

da saznaju da mogu da poprave blender

or fix an iron

ili peglu

or, as we learned yesterday, to make a french fry machine.

ili, kao što smo juče saznali, da naprave mašinu za pomfrit.

On the flip side, you find that there are end users

Sa druge strane, vidite da postoje krajnji korisnici

that are desperately looking for someone that can make them a french fry machine,

koji očajnički traže nekoga ko može da im napravi mašinu za pomfrit,

and you have scrap dealers who are looking how they can collect this scrap,

i imate prodavce sekundarnih sirovina koji traže kako da sakupe materijale,

process it, and turn it back into an input for new making.

obrade ih i preokrenu u početni materijal za novi proizvod.

We tried to untangle that knot of not knowing

Pokušali smo da razmrsimo taj čvor neobaveštenosti

to allow people to find what they need to make what they want to make.

kako bismo omogućili ljudima da nađu šta im treba da bi napravili šta žele.

We prototyped the makerspace kiosk in Agbogbloshie,

Napravili smo prototip kioska za razmenu znanja u Agbogblošiju

conceived as the opposite of a school:

koji je zamišljen kao suprotnost školi:

a portal into experiential and experimental making

kao prolaz u pravljenje kroz iskustvo i eksperiment

that connects local and global

koje povezuje lokalno i globalno

and connects making with remaking and unmaking.

i povezuje proizvodnju sa ponovnim pravljenjem i rasklapanjem.

We made a rule that everything had to be made from scratch

Doneli smo pravilo da sve mora biti napravljeno od nule

using only materials made in Ghana

samo uz pomoć materijala napravljenih u Gani

or sourced from the scrapyard.

ili dobijenih sa otpada.

The structures essentially are simple trusses which bolt together.

Strukture su u suštini jednostavne rešetke koje se spajaju.

It takes about two hours to assemble one module with semi-skilled labor,

Potrebno je oko dva sata

za sastavljanje jednog modula sa polukvalifikovanim radnicima,

and by developing tooling and jigs and rigs,

i razvojem alata i opreme

we were able to actually build these standardized parts

uspeli smo da napravimo standardizovane delove

within this ecosystem of artisanal welders

u ovom ekosistemu zanatlija zavarivača

with the precision of one millimeter --

sa preciznošću od jednog milimetra -

of course, using made-in-Agbogbloshie welding machines,

naravno, pomoću mašina za zavarivanje napravljenih u Agbogblošiju,

as well as for the tools,

kao i alata,

which can lock, the toolboxes, and stack to make workbenches,

koji mogu zaključati u kutijama za alat, i složiti ih da budu radni stolovi,

and again, customized based on what you want to make.

i, još jednom, prilagođeni su onome što želite da napravite.

We've tested the app in Agbogbloshie

Testirali smo aplikaciju u Agbogblošiju

and are getting ready to open it up to other maker ecosystems.

i spremamo se da je otvorimo za druge ekosisteme proizvođača.

In six months, we'll have finished three years of testing

Za šest meseci završićemo tri godine testiranja

the makerspace kiosk,

kioska za razmenu znanja,

which I have to admit, we've subjected to some pretty horrific abuse.

koji smo, moram da priznam, podvrgli nekim užasnim zloupotrebama.

But it's for a good cause,

Ali, sve to je sa dobrim razlogom,

because based on the results of that testing,

jer smo na osnovu rezultata tog testiranja

we've been able to redesign an upgraded version of this makerspace.

mogli da osmislimo poboljšanu verziju ovog prostora za razmenu.

If a fab lab is large, expensive, and fixed in place,

Ako je izgrađena laboratorija velika, skupa i fiksirana na jednom mestu,

think of this as the counterpoint:

razmislite o sledećem kao kontrast tome:

something low-cost,

o nečemu jeftinom,

which can be locally manufactured,

što se može lokalno proizvesti,

which can be expanded and kitted out incrementally

što se može proširiti i postepeno opremiti

as makers acquire resources.

kad proizvođači zatraže sredstva.

You can think of it as a toolshed,

Možete to zamisliti kao ostavu za alat

where makers can come and check out tools

gde proizvođači mogu da dođu, pogledaju alatke

and take them via handcart

i odnesu ih kolicima

to wherever they want in the city to make what it is they want to make.

gde god da im odgovara u gradu da naprave šta god žele da naprave.

And moving into the next phase, we're planning to also add

Prelazimo u sledeću fazu gde planiramo da takođe dodamo

ceiling-mounted CNC bots,

CNC robote postavljene na plafonu,

which allow makers to cocreate together with robots.

što omogućava proizvođačima da stvaraju zajedno sa robotima.

Ultimately, this is a kit of parts,

Naposletku, ovo je komplet delova

which can be assembled locally within the informal sector

koji se mogu lokalno montirati u okviru neformalnog sektora

using standardized parts

pomoću standardizovanih delova

which can be upgraded collectively through an open-source process.

koji se mogu kolektivno nadograditi kroz otvoreni proces.

In totality, this entire makerspace system

Sve u svemu, ovaj ceo sistem razmene između proizvođača

tries to do five things:

pokušava da postigne pet stvari:

to enable emerging makers to gather the resources they need

da omogući novim proizvođačima da prikupe sredstva koja su im potrebna

and the tools to make what they want to make;

i alat da bi napravili ono što žele da naprave,

to learn by doing and from others;

da uče kroz svoj rad i od drugih,

to produce more and better products;

da proizvode više i bolje proizvode,

to be able to trade to generate steady income;

da mogu da trguju kako bi ostvarili stalni prihod

and ultimately, to amplify not only their reputation as a maker,

i najzad, ne samo da se ojača njihova reputacija proizvođača,

but their maker potential.

već i njihov proizvođački potencijal.

Sankofa is one of the most powerful Adinkra symbols of the Akan peoples

Sankofa je jedan od najmoćnijih simbola adinkra naroda Akan

in Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire,

u Gani i Obali Slonovače,

and it can be represented as a bird reaching onto its back to collect an egg,

i može se predstaviti kao ptica koja poseže ka svojim leđima da uzme jaje,

a symbol of power.

simbol moći.

It translates literally from the Twi as "return and get it,"

Bukvalan prevod za jezika čvi je „vrati se i uzmi“,

and what this means is that if an individual or a community or a society

a to znači da, ako pojedinac, zajednica ili društvo

wants to have a successful future, they have to draw on the past.

žele da imaju uspešnu budućnost, moraju se osloniti na prošlost.

To acquire and master existing ways of doing,

Moraju steći i usvojiti postojeće načine rada,

access the knowledge of their ancestors.

pristupiti znanju svojih predaka.

And this is very relevant

To je veoma bitno

if we want to think about an inclusive future for Africa today.

ako danas želimo da razmišljamo o inkluzivnoj budućnosti Afrike.

We have to start from the ground up,

Moramo početi od temelja,

mining what already works for methods and for models,

iskopati ono što već funkcioniše što se tiče metoda i modela,

and to think about how might we be able to connect,

i razmišljati o tome kako da se povežemo

in a kind of "both-and," not "either-or" paradigm,

u okviru paradigme „i-i“ umesto „ili-ili“,

the innovation capacity of this growing network

inovativnog kapaciteta ove sve veće mreže

of tech hubs and incubators across the continent

tehnoloških centara i inkubatora širom kontinenta,

and to rethink beyond national boundaries and political boundaries,

i da preispitamo stvari nezavisno od nacionalnih i političkih granica,

to think about how we can network innovation in Africa

da razmislimo o tome kako možemo povezati inovacije u Africi

with the spirit of Sankofa

sa duhom sankofe

and the existing capacity of makers at the grassroots.

i postojećim kapacitetom proizvođača na lokalnom nivou.

If, in the future, someone tells you

Ako vam ubuduće neko kaže

Agbogbloshie is the largest e-waste dump in the world,

da je Agbogbloši najveća deponija elektronskog smeća na svetu,

I hope you can correct them

nadam se da ćete ih ispraviti

and explain to them that a dump is a place where you throw things away

i objasniti im da je deponija mesto gde se bacaju stvari

and leave them forever;

i ostave se zauvek;

a scrapyard is where you take things apart.

a ovaj otpad je mesto gde se stvari rasklapaju.

Waste is something that no longer has any value,

Smeće je nešto što više nema nikakvu vrednost,

whereas scrap is something that you recover

dok su sekundarne sirovine nešto što se može obnoviti

specifically to use it to remake something new.

sa posebnom namenom da se iskoristi kako bi se napravilo nešto novo.

Making is a cycle,

Pravljenje je ciklus,

and African makerspaces are already pioneering and leading

i afrički proizvođači su već začetnici i predvodnici

circular economy at the grassroots.

kružne ekonomije na lokalnom nivou.

Let's make more and better together.

Hajde da pravimo stvari bolje i više.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)