Andrew Connolly: What's the next window into our universe?

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković

So in 1781, an English composer,

Godine 1781, engleski kompozitor,

technologist and astronomer called William Herschel

tehnolog i astronom po imenu Vilijam Heršel

noticed an object on the sky that

primetio je na nebu objekat

didn't quite move the way the rest of the stars did.

koji se nije kretao baš kao ostale zvezde.

And Herschel's recognition that something was different,

I Heršelovo prepoznavanje da je nešto drugačije,

that something wasn't quite right,

da nešto nije kako treba,

was the discovery of a planet,

bilo je otkriće planete -

the planet Uranus,

planete Uran,

a name that has entertained

sa imenom koje je zabavljalo

countless generations of children,

nebrojene generacije dece,

but a planet that overnight

ali planete koja je preko noći

doubled the size of our known solar system.

udvostručila veličinu našeg sunčevog sistema.

Just last month, NASA announced the discovery

Prošle godine, NASA je objavila otkriće

of 517 new planets

517 novih planeta

in orbit around nearby stars,

u orbiti oko obližnjih zvezda,

almost doubling overnight the number of planets

skoro duplirajući preko noći broj planeta

we know about within our galaxy.

za koje znamo u našoj galaksiji.

So astronomy is constantly being transformed by this

Tako se astronomija neprestano transformiše

capacity to collect data,

ovim kapacitetom da sakuplja podatke,

and with data almost doubling every year,

i sa podacima koji se skoro udvostručuju svake godine.

within the next two decades, me may even

U toku sledeće dve decenije, možda ćemo čak

reach the point for the first time in history

po prvi put u istoriji dostići tačku

where we've discovered the majority of the galaxies

gde smo otkrili većinu galaksija

within the universe.

u svemiru.

But as we enter this era of big data,

Ali sa ulaskom u to doba velike količine podataka

what we're beginning to find is there's a difference

počinjemo da otkrivamo da postoji razlika

between more data being just better

između toga da je ta veća količina bolja

and more data being different,

i toga da je to drugačije,

capable of changing the questions we want to ask,

u stanju da promeni pitanja koja želimo da postavimo,

and this difference is not about how much data we collect,

i ta razlika nije u tome koliko podataka sakupljamo,

it's whether those data open new windows

već da li ti podaci otvaraju nove prozore

into our universe,

u naš svemir,

whether they change the way we view the sky.

da li oni menjaju to kako posmatramo nebo.

So what is the next window into our universe?

Šta je, dakle, sledeći prozor u naš svemir?

What is the next chapter for astronomy?

Koje je sledeće poglavlje za astronomiju?

Well, I'm going to show you some of the tools and the technologies

Pokazaću vam neke alate i tehnologije

that we're going to develop over the next decade,

koje ćemo razviti u sledećoj deceniji,

and how these technologies,

i kako će te tehnologije

together with the smart use of data,

zajedno sa pametnim korišćenjem podataka

may once again transform astronomy

možda još jednom transformisati astronomiju

by opening up a window into our universe,

otvaranjem prozora u naš svemir,

the window of time.

prozora vremena.

Why time? Well, time is about origins,

Zašto vremena? Pa, u vremenu je početak

and it's about evolution.

i evolucija.

The origins of our solar system,

Poreklo našeg sunčevog sistema,

how our solar system came into being,

kako je on postao,

is it unusual or special in any way?

da li je to na bilo koji način neuobičajeno ili naročito?

About the evolution of our universe.

Evolucija našeg svemira.

Why our universe is continuing to expand,

Zašto svemir nastavlja da se širi

and what is this mysterious dark energy

i šta je ta misteriozna tamna energija

that drives that expansion?

koja pokreće to širenje?

But first, I want to show you how technology

Ali prvo hoću da vam pokažem kako će tehnologija

is going to change the way we view the sky.

promeniti to kako vidimo nebo.

So imagine if you were sitting

Zamislite da sedite

in the mountains of northern Chile

na planinama severnog Čilea

looking out to the west

gledajući na zapad

towards the Pacific Ocean

ka Pacifiku

a few hours before sunrise.

nekoliko sati pre izlaska sunca.

This is the view of the night sky that you would see,

Ovo je slika noćnog neba koju biste videli,

and it's a beautiful view,

i slika je prelepa,

with the Milky Way just peeking out over the horizon.

sa Mlečnim putem koji izviruje iznad horizonta,

but it's also a static view,

ali ta slika je takođe i statična,

and in many ways, this is the way we think of our universe:

i uglavnom tako zamišljamo naš svemir,

eternal and unchanging.

večan i nepromenljiv.

But the universe is anything but static.

Ali svemir je sve, samo ne statičan.

It constantly changes on timescales of seconds

On se konstantno menja, kroz sekunde

to billions of years.

i milijarde godina.

Galaxies merge, they collide

Galaksije se spajaju, sudaraju

at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour.

stotinama hiljada kilometara na sat.

Stars are born, they die,

Zvezde se rađaju, umiru,

they explode in these extravagant displays.

eksplodiraju u ovim ekstravagantnim prizorima.

In fact, if we could go back

Kad bismo mogli da se vratimo

to our tranquil skies above Chile,

na naše mirno nebo iznad Čilea

and we allow time to move forward

i pustimo da prođe vreme

to see how the sky might change over the next year,

da bismo videli kako će se nebo promeniti za godinu dana,

the pulsations that you see

pulsacije koje vidite

are supernovae, the final remnants of a dying star

su supernove, konačni ostaci umiruće zvezde,

exploding, brightening and then fading from view,

koje eksplodiraju, zasijaju i nestaju s vidika,

each one of these supernovae

svaka od ovih supernova

five billion times the brightness of our sun,

je pet milijardi puta sjajnija od našeg Sunca,

so we can see them to great distances

tako da ih možemo videti na velikim razdaljinama,

but only for a short amount of time.

ali samo za kratko vreme.

Ten supernova per second explode somewhere

Deset supernova u sekundi eksplodira

in our universe.

negde u svemiru.

If we could hear it,

Kad bismo to mogli da čujemo,

it would be popping like a bag of popcorn.

bilo bi kao pucanje kese kokica.

Now, if we fade out the supernovae,

Ako zatamnimo supernove,

it's not just brightness that changes.

ne menja se samo sjajnost.

Our sky is in constant motion.

Naše nebo je u stalnom kretanju.

This swarm of objects you see streaming across the sky

Ovaj roj objekata koji se pruža preko neba

are asteroids as they orbit our sun,

su asteroidi koji kruže oko našeg sunca,

and it's these changes and the motion

i ove promene i kretanje

and it's the dynamics of the system

i dinamika sistema

that allow us to build our models for our universe,

omogućavaju nam da izgradimo modele za naš svemir,

to predict its future and to explain its past.

da predvidimo njegovu budućnost i objasnimo njegovu prošlost.

But the telescopes we've used over the last decade

Ali teleskopi koje smo koristili u poslednjoj deceniji

are not designed to capture the data at this scale.

nisu projektovani da zabeleže podatke u ovoj razmeri.

The Hubble Space Telescope:

Svemirski teleskop Habl:

for the last 25 years it's been producing

poslednjih 25 godina daje

some of the most detailed views

neke od najdetaljnijih slika

of our distant universe,

udaljenog svemira,

but if you tried to use the Hubble to create an image

ali ako biste pokušali da pomoću Habla napravite sliku neba,

of the sky, it would take 13 million individual images,

trebalo bi vam 13 miliona pojedinačnih slika

about 120 years to do this just once.

i oko 120 godina da to uradite.

So this is driving us to new technologies

To nas pokreće ka novim tehnologijama

and new telescopes,

i novim teleskopima

telescopes that can go faint

koji mogu da snimaju bleđe

to look at the distant universe

udaljeni svemir,

but also telescopes that can go wide

ali i koji idu u širinu

to capture the sky as rapidly as possible,

da bi snimili nebo što brže,

telescopes like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope,

teleskopima kao što je Veliki sinoptički teleskop za pregledanje

or the LSST,

ili LSST,

possibly the most boring name ever

verovatno najdosadnijeg naziva ikada

for one of the most fascinating experiments

za jedan od najfascinantnijih eksperimenata

in the history of astronomy,

u istoriji astronomije,

in fact proof, if you should need it,

što dokazuje

that you should never allow a scientist or an engineer

da nikada ne treba da dozvolite naučniku ili inženjeru

to name anything, not even your children. (Laughter)

da daje ime nečemu, čak ni deci. (Smeh)

We're building the LSST.

Gradimo LSST.

We expect it to start taking data by the end of this decade.

Očekujemo da počne da skuplja podatke do kraja ove decenije.

I'm going to show you how we think

Pokazaću vam kako mislimo

it's going to transform our views of the universe,

da će to transformisati naše slike svemira,

because one image from the LSST

jer jedna slika LSST-a

is equivalent to 3,000 images

ekvivalentna je 3.000 slika

from the Hubble Space Telescope,

svemirskog teleskopa Habl,

each image three and a half degrees on the sky,

i svaka slika je 3,5 stepeni na nebu,

seven times the width of the full moon.

7 puta šira od punog meseca.

Well, how do you capture an image at this scale?

Kako se napravi slika u ovoj razmeri?

Well, you build the largest digital camera in history,

Pa, napravite najveću digitalnu kameru na svetu

using the same technology you find in the cameras in your cell phone

koristeći istu tehnologiju kao u kamerama na vašem mobilnom telefonu

or in the digital cameras you can buy in the High Street,

ili u digitalnim kamerama koje možete kupiti u ulici Haj,

but now at a scale that is five and a half feet across,

ali u razmeri od 1,5 metra u prečniku,

about the size of a Volkswagen Beetle,

veličine Folksvagena Bube,

where one image is three billion pixels.

gde jedna slika ima 3 milijarde piksela.

So if you wanted to look at an image

Kad biste hteli da pogledate sliku

in its full resolution, just a single LSST image,

u punoj rezoluciji, samo jednu LSST sliku,

it would take about 1,500 high-definition TV screens.

trebalo bi vam oko 1.500 HD TV ekrana.

And this camera will image the sky,

A ova kamera će predstaviti nebo

taking a new picture every 20 seconds,

slikajući novu sliku svakih 20 sekundi,

constantly scanning the sky

konstantno skenirajući nebo

so every three nights, we'll get a completely new view

tako da na svake tri noći, dobijamo potpuno nov prikaz

of the skies above Chile.

neba iznad Čilea.

Over the mission lifetime of this telescope,

Tokom radnog veka ovog teleskopa

it will detect 40 billion stars and galaxies,

on će detektovati 40 milijardi zvezda i galaksija,

and that will be for the first time

i to će biti prvi put

we'll have detected more objects in our universe

da smo otkrili više objekata u svemiru

than people on the Earth.

nego što ima ljudi na Zemlji.

Now, we can talk about this

Možemo govoriti o tome

in terms of terabytes and petabytes

i u terabajtima i petabajtima

and billions of objects,

i u milijardama objekata,

but a way to get a sense of the amount of data

ali količina podataka

that will come off this camera

koje će dati ova kamera

is that it's like playing every TED Talk ever recorded

je kao kad bi gledali svaki TED govor ikada snimljen

simultaneously, 24 hours a day,

istovremeno, 24 sata dnevno,

seven days a week, for 10 years.

7 dana nedeljno, tokom 10 godina.

And to process this data means

I obraditi ove podatke znači

searching through all of those talks

pretražiti u svim tim govorima

for every new idea and every new concept,

sve nove ideje i sve nove koncepte,

looking at each part of the video

gledajući sve delove snimka

to see how one frame may have changed

da bi videli kako se jedan frejm

from the next.

razlikuje od sledećeg.

And this is changing the way that we do science,

I to menja naš način bavljenja naukom

changing the way that we do astronomy,

i način bavljenja astronomijom

to a place where software and algorithms

do mesta gde softver i algoritmi

have to mine through this data,

moraju da kopaju po ovim podacima,

where the software is as critical to the science

gde je softver ključan za nauku

as the telescopes and the cameras that we've built.

isto kao i teleskopi i kamere koje smo napravili.

Now, thousands of discoveries

Hiljade otkrića

will come from this project,

će doći iz ovog projekta,

but I'm just going to tell you about two

ali reći ću vam samo za dve ideje

of the ideas about origins and evolution

o poreklu i evoluciji

that may be transformed by our access

koje se možda trasformišu zahvaljujući našem pristupu

to data at this scale.

podacima u ovoj razmeri.

In the last five years, NASA has discovered

U poslednjih pet godina, NASA je otkrila

over 1,000 planetary systems

preko 1.000 planetarnih sistema

around nearby stars,

oko obližnjih zvezda,

but the systems we're finding

ali sistemi koje pronalazimo

aren't much like our own solar system,

ne liče mnogo na naš solarni sistem,

and one of the questions we face is

i jedno od pitanja sa kojim se susrećemo je:

is it just that we haven't been looking hard enough

da li nismo dovoljno uporno tražili,

or is there something special or unusual

ili ima nešto posebno ili neobično

about how our solar system formed?

u tome kako je naš solarni sistem formiran?

And if we want to answer that question,

I ako hoćemo da odgovorimo na to pitanje,

we have to know and understand

treba da znamo i razumemo

the history of our solar system in detail,

istoriju našeg solarnog sistema u detalje,

and it's the details that are crucial.

i ti detalji su ključni.

So now, if we look back at the sky,

Ako sad opet pogledamo u nebo,

at our asteroids that were streaming across the sky,

u asteroide koji se pružaju preko neba,

these asteroids are like the debris of our solar system.

ovi asteroidi su kao krhotine našeg solarnog sistema.

The positions of the asteroids

Položaj asteroida

are like a fingerprint of an earlier time

je kao otisak prsta ranijeg vremena

when the orbits of Neptune and Jupiter

kada su orbite Neptuna i Jupitera

were much closer to the sun,

bile mnogo bliže Suncu,

and as these giant planets migrated through our solar system,

i kako su se ove džinovske planete selile kroz naš solarni sistem,

they were scattering the asteroids in their wake.

sejale su asteroide svojim tragom.

So studying the asteroids

Proučavanje asteroida

is like performing forensics,

je kao forenzika

performing forensics on our solar system,

nad našim solarnim sistemom,

but to do this, we need distance,

ali da bismo to uradili, treba nam distanca,

and we get the distance from the motion,

a distancu dobijamo od pokreta,

and we get the motion because of our access to time.

a pokret dobijamo zbog našeg pristupa vremenu.

So what does this tell us?

Šta nam ovo onda govori?

Well, if you look at the little yellow asteroids

Pa, ako pogledate male žute asteroide

flitting across the screen,

kako jure preko ekrana,

these are the asteroids that are moving fastest,

ovo su asteroidi koji se kreću najbrže

because they're closest to us, closest to Earth.

jer su nam najbliži, najbliži Zemlji.

These are the asteroids we may one day

Na ove asteroide možda jednog dana

send spacecraft to, to mine them for minerals,

pošaljemo letelice da iskopavaju minerale,

but they're also the asteroids that may one day

ali oni takođe mogu jednog dana

impact the Earth,

udariti u Zemlju,

like happened 60 million years ago

kao što se desilo pre 60 miliona godina

with the extinction of the dinosaurs,

sa istrebljenjem dinosaurusa,

or just at the beginning of the last century,

ili početkom prošlog veka,

when an asteroid wiped out

kad je asteroid zbrisao

almost 1,000 square miles of Siberian forest,

skoro 2.500 kvadratnih kilometara sibirske šume,

or even just last year, as one burnt up over Russia,

ili čak prošle godine, kad je jedan sagoreo iznad Rusije

releasing the energy of a small nuclear bomb.

oslobađajući energiju manje nuklearne bombe.

So studying the forensics of our solar system

Tako da nam proučavanje forenzike našeg solarnog sistema

doesn't just tell us about the past,

ne govori samo o prošlosti,

it can also predict the future, including our future.

već može da predvidi i budućnost, uključujući i našu.

Now when we get distance,

Kada dobijemo distancu,

we get to see the asteroids in their natural habitat,

uspevamo da vidimo asteroide u svom prirodnom okruženju,

in orbit around the sun.

u orbiti oko Sunca.

So every point in this visualization that you can see

Svaka tačka u ovom prikazu koji vidite

is a real asteroid.

je pravi asteroid.

Its orbit has been calculated from its motion across the sky.

Njegova orbita je izračunata iz njegovog kretanja preko neba.

The colors reflect the composition of these asteroids,

Boje odražavaju sastav ovih asteroida,

dry and stony in the center,

suvih i kamenitih u centru,

water-rich and primitive towards the edge,

bogatih vodom i primitivnih ka obodu,

water-rich asteroids which may have seeded

asteroida bogatih vodom koji su možda posejali

the oceans and the seas that we find on our planet

okeane i mora koja možemo naći na našoj planeti

when they bombarded the Earth at an earlier time.

kad su bombardovali Zemlju u prošlosti.

Because the LSST will be able to go faint

Pošto će LSST moći da snima bleđe,

and not just wide,

a ne samo šire,

we will be able to see these asteroids

moći ćemo da vidimo ove asteroide

far beyond the inner part of our solar system,

daleko izvan unutrašnjeg dela našeg solarnog sistema,

to asteroids beyond the orbits of Neptune and Mars,

do asteroida iza orbita Neptuna i Marsa,

to comets and asteroids that may exist

do kometa i asteroida koji možda postoje

almost a light year from our sun.

skoro svetlosnu godinu daleko od Sunca.

And as we increase the detail of this picture,

I kako uvećavamo detalje ove slike

increasing the detail by factors of 10 to 100,

10 do 100 puta,

we will be able to answer questions such as,

moći ćemo da odgovorimo na pitanja kao što je:

is there evidence for planets outside the orbit of Neptune,

ima li dokaza za postojanje planeta izvan Neptunove orbite,

to find Earth-impacting asteroids

da pronađemo asteroide koji mogu da udare u Zemlju

long before they're a danger,

pre nego što postanu opasni,

and to find out whether, maybe,

i da otkrijemo da li je možda

our sun formed on its own or in a cluster of stars,

naše Sunce formirano samo ili u klasteru zvezda,

and maybe it's this sun's stellar siblings

ili su možda Sunčeve sestre-zvezde

that influenced the formation of our solar system,

uticale na formiranje našeg solarnog sistema,

and maybe that's one of the reasons why solar systems like ours seem to be so rare.

i možda je to jedan od razloga zašto su solarni sistemi kao što je naš retki.

Now, distance and changes in our universe —

Udaljenost i promene u našem svemiru -

distance equates to time,

udaljenost je u vezi sa vremenom,

as well as changes on the sky.

kao i promene na nebu.

Every foot of distance you look away,

Svaku stopu daljine koju gledate

or every foot of distance an object is away,

ili svaku stopu udaljenosti objekta,

you're looking back about a billionth of a second in time,

gledate unazad za oko milijarditi deo sekunde

and this idea or this notion of looking back in time

i ova ideja ili predstava o gledanju unazad kroz vreme

has revolutionized our ideas about the universe,

transformisala je naše ideje o svemiru,

not once but multiple times.

ne jednom, već više puta.

The first time was in 1929,

Prvi put je to bilo 1929,

when an astronomer called Edwin Hubble

kada je astronom po imenu Edvin Habl

showed that the universe was expanding,

pokazao da se svemir širi,

leading to the ideas of the Big Bang.

što je dovelo do ideja o Velikom prasku.

And the observations were simple:

A posmatranja su bila jednostavna:

just 24 galaxies

samo 24 galaksije

and a hand-drawn picture.

i crtež nacrtan rukom.

But just the idea that the more distant a galaxy,

Ali sama ideja da što je galaksija udaljenija,

the faster it was receding,

to se još više udaljava

was enough to give rise to modern cosmology.

bila je dovoljna da da podstreka modernoj kosmologiji.

A second revolution happened 70 years later,

Druga revolucija desila se 70 godina kasnije,

when two groups of astronomers showed

kad su dve grupe astronoma pokazale

that the universe wasn't just expanding,

da univerzum ne samo da se širi

it was accelerating,

već i ubrzava,

a surprise like throwing up a ball into the sky

iznenađenje kao kad biste bacili loptu u vazduh

and finding out the higher that it gets,

i otkrili da što više leti,

the faster it moves away.

to brže ide.

And they showed this

I to su nam pokazali

by measuring the brightness of supernovae,

mereći sjajnost supernova

and how the brightness of the supernovae

i to kako sjajnost supernova

got fainter with distance.

bledi s udaljenošću.

And these observations were more complex.

Ova posmatranja su bila složenija.

They required new technologies and new telescopes,

Zahtevala su nove tehnologije i nove teleskope

because the supernovae were in galaxies

jer su supernove bile u galaksijama

that were 2,000 times more distant

koje su 2.000 puta udaljenije

than the ones used by Hubble.

od onih koje je koristio Habl.

And it took three years to find just 42 supernovae,

I trebalo je tri godine za nalaženje 42 supernove,

because a supernova only explodes

jer supernova eksplodira samo

once every hundred years within a galaxy.

jednom u sto godina u galaksiji.

Three years to find 42 supernovae

Tri godine za nalaženje 42 supernove

by searching through tens of thousands of galaxies.

pretraživanjem desetina hiljada galaksija.

And once they'd collected their data,

I kad su sakupili podatke,

this is what they found.

ovo je ono što su pronašli.

Now, this may not look impressive,

Možda ne izgleda impresivno,

but this is what a revolution in physics looks like:

ali ovako izgleda revolucija u fizici:

a line predicting the brightness of a supernova

linija koja predviđa sjajnost supernove

11 billion light years away,

udaljene 11 milijardi svetlosnih godina

and a handful of points that don't quite fit that line.

i nekoliko tačaka koje ne pripadaju toj liniji.

Small changes give rise to big consequences.

Male promene daju podstrek velikim posledicama.

Small changes allow us to make discoveries,

Male promene nam omogućavaju otkrića,

like the planet found by Herschel.

kao planeta koju je otkrio Heršel.

Small changes turn our understanding

Male promene preokreću naše shvatanje

of the universe on its head.

svemira.

So 42 supernovae, slightly too faint,

42 supernove, malo izbledele,

meaning slightly further away,

znači da su malo dalje,

requiring that a universe must not just be expanding,

zahtevajući da se svemir ne samo širi,

but this expansion must be accelerating,

već to širenje mora da se ubrzava,

revealing a component of our universe

otkrivajući komponentu svemira

which we now call dark energy,

koju zovemo tamna energija,

a component that drives this expansion

komponentu koja pokreće ovo širenje

and makes up 68 percent of the energy budget

i čini 68 procenata energetskog budžeta

of our universe today.

našeg svemira danas.

So what is the next revolution likely to be?

Kako će onda izgledati sledeća revolucija?

Well, what is dark energy and why does it exist?

Šta je tamna energija i zašto ona postoji?

Each of these lines shows a different model

Svaka od ovih linija pokazuje različit model

for what dark energy might be,

onoga šta bi tamna energija mogla da bude,

showing the properties of dark energy.

pokazujući osobine tamne energije.

They all are consistent with the 42 points,

Sve su u skladu sa te 42 tačke,

but the ideas behind these lines

ali ideja iza ovih linija

are dramatically different.

je drastično drugačija.

Some people think about a dark energy

Neki ljudi shvataju tamnu energiju

that changes with time,

kao promene s vremenom

or whether the properties of the dark energy

ili da li se osobine tamne energije

are different depending on where you look on the sky.

razlikuju u zavisnosti od toga u koji deo neba gledate.

Others make differences and changes

Drugi prave razlike i promene

to the physics at the sub-atomic level.

u fizici na subatomskom nivou.

Or, they look at large scales

Ili gledaju u velikim razmerama

and change how gravity and general relativity work,

i menjaju ono kako gravitacija i opšta relativnost funkcionišu,

or they say our universe is just one of many,

ili kažu da je naš univerzum samo jedan od mnogih,

part of this mysterious multiverse,

deo misterioznog multiverzuma,

but all of these ideas, all of these theories,

ali od svih ovih ideja i teorija

amazing and admittedly some of them a little crazy,

neverovatno je, i sigurno da su neke od njih malo lude,

but all of them consistent with our 42 points.

ali sve su u skladu sa naše 42 tačke.

So how can we hope to make sense of this

Kako se nadamo da ćemo razumeti ovo

over the next decade?

tokom sledeće decenije?

Well, imagine if I gave you a pair of dice,

Zamislite da imate par kockica

and I said you wanted to see whether those dice

i želite da vidite da li su te kockice

were loaded or fair.

nameštene ili regularne.

One roll of the dice would tell you very little,

Jedno bacanje će vam reći vrlo malo,

but the more times you rolled them,

ali što ih više puta bacite,

the more data you collected,

više podataka ćete sakupiti

the more confident you would become,

i bićete sigurniji

not just whether they're loaded or fair,

ne samo u to da li su nameštene ili regularne,

but by how much, and in what way.

već i u kojoj meri i na koji način.

It took three years to find just 42 supernovae

Trebalo je tri godine da se pronađe samo 42 supernove,

because the telescopes that we built

jer su teleskopi koje smo gradili

could only survey a small part of the sky.

mogli da gledaju samo mali deo neba.

With the LSST, we get a completely new view

Sa LSST-om, dobijamo potpuno nov pogled

of the skies above Chile every three nights.

na nebo iznad Čilea na svake tri noći.

In its first night of operation,

U prvoj noći rada,

it will find 10 times the number of supernovae

pronaći će 10 puta više supernova

used in the discovery of dark energy.

nego što je korišćeno u otkriću tamne energije.

This will increase by 1,000

To će se uvećati za 1.000

within the first four months:

u prva četiri meseca:

1.5 million supernovae by the end of its survey,

1,5 miliona supernova do kraja rada,

each supernova a roll of the dice,

svaka supernova kao bacanje kockice,

each supernova testing which theories of dark energy

svaka supernova testira koje su teorije o tamnoj energiji

are consistent, and which ones are not.

dosledne, a koje ne.

And so, by combining these supernova data

I tako, kombinujući ove podatke o supernovama

with other measures of cosmology,

sa drugim merama kosmologije,

we'll progressively rule out the different ideas

postepeno ćemo isključiti različite ideje

and theories of dark energy

i teorije o tamnoj energiji

until hopefully at the end of this survey around 2030,

dok, nadamo se, krajem istraživanja oko 2030,

we would expect to hopefully see

ne vidimo kako se

a theory for our universe,

teorija našeg svemira,

a fundamental theory for the physics of our universe,

osnovna teorija za fiziku našeg svemira,

to gradually emerge.

postepeno pojavljuje.

Now, in many ways, the questions that I posed

Na više načina, pitanja koja sam postavio

are in reality the simplest of questions.

su u suštini najprostija pitanja.

We may not know the answers,

Možda ne znamo odgovore na njih,

but we at least know how to ask the questions.

ali barem znamo kako da ih postavimo.

But if looking through tens of thousands of galaxies

Ali ako je pretraživanje desetina hiljada galaksija

revealed 42 supernovae that turned

otkrilo 42 supernove koje su okrenule

our understanding of the universe on its head,

naglavačke naše razumevanje svemira,

when we're working with billions of galaxies,

kad radimo sa milijardama galaksija,

how many more times are we going to find

koliko puta ćemo još pronaći

42 points that don't quite match what we expect?

42 tačke koje se ne poklapaju kako smo očekivali?

Like the planet found by Herschel

Kao planeta koju je pronašao Heršel

or dark energy

ili tamna energija

or quantum mechanics or general relativity,

ili kvantna mehanika ili opšta relativnost,

all ideas that came because the data

sve ideje koje su javile jer se podaci

didn't quite match what we expected.

nisu baš poklapali kao što smo očekivali.

What's so exciting about the next decade of data

Ono što je uzbudljivo u vezi sa sledećom decenijom podataka

in astronomy is,

u astronomiji je to

we don't even know how many answers

da čak i ne znamo koliko odgovora

are out there waiting,

čeka da bude otkriveno,

answers about our origins and our evolution.

odgovora o našem poreklu i evoluciji.

How many answers are out there

Koliko odgovora postoji

that we don't even know the questions

za koje čak i ne znamo

da postavimo pitanja?

that we want to ask?

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)