Andrew Connolly: What's the next window into our universe?

Prevoditelj: Marija Saric Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

So in 1781, an English composer,

Godine 1781., engleski skladatelj,

technologist and astronomer called William Herschel

tehnolog i astronom William Herschel

noticed an object on the sky that

primijetio je da se objekt na nebu

didn't quite move the way the rest of the stars did.

nije kretao kao i ostale zvijezde.

And Herschel's recognition that something was different,

Herschelovo zapažanje da je nešto drugačije,

that something wasn't quite right,

da nešto nije sasvim u redu,

was the discovery of a planet,

značilo je otkriće planeta,

the planet Uranus,

planeta Urana,

a name that has entertained

čije ime je zabavljalo

countless generations of children,

bezbrojne generacije djece,

but a planet that overnight

ali i planeta koji je preko noći

doubled the size of our known solar system.

udvostručio veličinu nama poznatog solarnog sustava.

Just last month, NASA announced the discovery

Samo prošli mjesec, NASA je objavila

of 517 new planets

otkriće 517 novih planeta

in orbit around nearby stars,

u orbiti oko obližnjih zvijezda,

almost doubling overnight the number of planets

čime se preko noći udvostručio broj planeta

we know about within our galaxy.

koje znamo u našoj galaksiji.

So astronomy is constantly being transformed by this

Astronomija se neprestano mijenja ovakvim

capacity to collect data,

kapacitetom skupljanja podataka,

and with data almost doubling every year,

a ako se podatci udvostručuju svake godine,

within the next two decades, me may even

u sljedeća dva desetljeća, možda ćemo

reach the point for the first time in history

doći do točke da po prvi puta u povijesti

where we've discovered the majority of the galaxies

otkrijemo većinu galaksija

within the universe.

u svemiru.

But as we enter this era of big data,

Kako ulazimo u ovo razdoblje mnoštva podataka,

what we're beginning to find is there's a difference

počinjemo shvaćati da postoji razlika

between more data being just better

između podataka koji su samo bolji

and more data being different,

i podataka koji su drugačiji,

capable of changing the questions we want to ask,

koji su u stanju promijeniti pitanja koja postavljamo

and this difference is not about how much data we collect,

i ovdje se ne radi o tome koliko podataka skupljamo,

it's whether those data open new windows

nego otvaraju li podatci nove prozore

into our universe,

u naš svemir,

whether they change the way we view the sky.

mijenjaju li način na koji gledamo nebo.

So what is the next window into our universe?

Koji je novi prozor u naš svemir?

What is the next chapter for astronomy?

Koje je iduće poglavlje u astronomiji?

Well, I'm going to show you some of the tools and the technologies

Pokazat ću vam neke alate i tehnologije

that we're going to develop over the next decade,

koje ćemo razviti tijekom sljedećeg desetljeća

and how these technologies,

te kako ove tehnologije

together with the smart use of data,

zajedno s pametnom upotrebom podataka

may once again transform astronomy

mogu ponovno trasformirati astronomiju

by opening up a window into our universe,

otvarajući prozor u naš svemir,

the window of time.

prozor vremena.

Why time? Well, time is about origins,

Zašto vremena? Vrijeme je povezano s postankom

and it's about evolution.

i evolucijom.

The origins of our solar system,

Postanak našeg solarnog sustava,

how our solar system came into being,

kako je naš solarni sustav nastao,

is it unusual or special in any way?

je li na neki način neobičan ili poseban?

About the evolution of our universe.

O evoluciji našeg svemira.

Why our universe is continuing to expand,

Zašto se naš svemir nastavlja širiti

and what is this mysterious dark energy

i što je ta tajanstvena tamna energija

that drives that expansion?

koja gura širenje?

But first, I want to show you how technology

Ali prvo, želim vam pokazati kako će tehnologija

is going to change the way we view the sky.

promijeniti način na koji vidimo nebo.

So imagine if you were sitting

Zamislite da sjedite

in the mountains of northern Chile

na planini u sjevernom Čileu

looking out to the west

te gledate na zapad

towards the Pacific Ocean

prema Tihom oceanu

a few hours before sunrise.

nekoliko sati prije zore.

This is the view of the night sky that you would see,

Ovo je noćno nebo koje biste vidjeli

and it's a beautiful view,

i pogled je divan,

with the Milky Way just peeking out over the horizon.

s Mliječnom stazom koja proviruje na horizontu.

but it's also a static view,

No ovo je i statičan pogled,

and in many ways, this is the way we think of our universe:

a tako i razmišljamo o našem svemiru:

eternal and unchanging.

kao vječnom i nepromjenjivom.

But the universe is anything but static.

No svemir je sve samo ne statičan.

It constantly changes on timescales of seconds

Neprestano se mijenja u rasponima od sekunde

to billions of years.

do milijardi godina.

Galaxies merge, they collide

Galaksije se spajaju, sudaraju se

at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour.

stotinama tisuća kilometara na sat.

Stars are born, they die,

Zvijezde se rađaju, umiru,

they explode in these extravagant displays.

eksplodiraju u ovim ekstravagantnim predstavama.

In fact, if we could go back

Ako se možemo vratiti

to our tranquil skies above Chile,

našem mirnom nebu iznad Čilea

and we allow time to move forward

i prikazati protok vremena

to see how the sky might change over the next year,

da vidimo promjene neba tijekom sljedeće godine,

the pulsations that you see

pulsacije koje vidite su

are supernovae, the final remnants of a dying star

supernove, posljednji tragovi umiruće zvijezde

exploding, brightening and then fading from view,

koji eksplodiraju, zasvijetle i izblijede iz pogleda.

each one of these supernovae

Svaka od ovih supernova je

five billion times the brightness of our sun,

pet milijardi puta svjetlija od našeg Sunca

so we can see them to great distances

stoga vidimo i vrlo udaljene,

but only for a short amount of time.

ali samo nakratko.

Ten supernova per second explode somewhere

Po deset supernova eksplodira u jednoj sekundi

in our universe.

negdje u našem svemiru.

If we could hear it,

Kada bismo ih mogli čuti

it would be popping like a bag of popcorn.

pucketale bi kao kokice.

Now, if we fade out the supernovae,

Ako zablijedimo supernove,

it's not just brightness that changes.

ne mijenja se samo svjetlina.

Our sky is in constant motion.

Naše nebo se neprestano kreće.

This swarm of objects you see streaming across the sky

Ovaj roj objekata koji putuje nebom su

are asteroids as they orbit our sun,

asteroidi u Sunčevoj orbiti,

and it's these changes and the motion

a ove promjene i kretanja

and it's the dynamics of the system

te dinamika sustava

that allow us to build our models for our universe,

omogućava nam izgradnju modela našeg svemira,

to predict its future and to explain its past.

kako bi predvidjeli budućnost i objasnili prošlost.

But the telescopes we've used over the last decade

Teleskopi koje smo koristili tijekom prošlog desetljeća

are not designed to capture the data at this scale.

nisu izgrađeni za hvatanje ovakvih podataka.

The Hubble Space Telescope:

Svemirski teleskop Hubble:

for the last 25 years it's been producing

u zadnjih 25 godina stvorio je

some of the most detailed views

neke od najdetaljnijih slika

of our distant universe,

dalekog svemira,

but if you tried to use the Hubble to create an image

ali kada bi Hubble pokušao uslikati nebo,

of the sky, it would take 13 million individual images,

slikao bi 13 milijuna pojedinačnih slika

about 120 years to do this just once.

tijekom 120 godina kako bi dobio tu sliku.

So this is driving us to new technologies

Ovo nas gura prema novim tehnologijama

and new telescopes,

i novim teleskopima,

telescopes that can go faint

teleskopima koji mogu ići u dubinu

to look at the distant universe

da vidimo daleki svemir,

but also telescopes that can go wide

ali i teleskope koji mogu ići u širinu

to capture the sky as rapidly as possible,

da uslikamo nebo što je brže moguće,

telescopes like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope,

teleskope poput Velikog teleskopa za sinoptički pregled neba

or the LSST,

ili LSST-a,

possibly the most boring name ever

što je vjerojatno najdosadniji naziv ikada

for one of the most fascinating experiments

za jedan od najfascinantnijih eksperimenata

in the history of astronomy,

u povijesti astronomije.

in fact proof, if you should need it,

Zapravo je dokaz, ako vam je potreban,

that you should never allow a scientist or an engineer

da nikada ne biste trebali dopustiti znanstveniku ili inženjeru

to name anything, not even your children. (Laughter)

da imenuje išta, čak ni svoju djecu. (Smijeh)

We're building the LSST.

Gradimo LSST.

We expect it to start taking data by the end of this decade.

Očekujemo da će početi slati podatke do kraja ovog desetljeća.

I'm going to show you how we think

Pokazat ću vam kako mislimo

it's going to transform our views of the universe,

da će transformirati naša viđenja svemira

because one image from the LSST

jer je jedna slika s LSST-a

is equivalent to 3,000 images

jednaka 3000 slika

from the Hubble Space Telescope,

Svemirskog teleskopa Hubble.

each image three and a half degrees on the sky,

Svaka slika iznosi tri i pol stupnja na nebu,

seven times the width of the full moon.

sedam puta širine punog Mjeseca.

Well, how do you capture an image at this scale?

Kako uslikati sliku ove veličine?

Well, you build the largest digital camera in history,

Pa, izgradite najveći digitalni fotoaparat u povijesti,

using the same technology you find in the cameras in your cell phone

upotrebom iste tehnologije koja je u fotoaparatima vaših mobitela

or in the digital cameras you can buy in the High Street,

ili u digitalnim fotoaparatima koje kupujete u centru,

but now at a scale that is five and a half feet across,

ali sada u razmjeru većem od metar i pol širine,

about the size of a Volkswagen Beetle,

veličinom otprilike kao Volkswagen Buba,

where one image is three billion pixels.

gdje jedna slika ima tri milijarde piksela.

So if you wanted to look at an image

Ako želite vidjeti sliku

in its full resolution, just a single LSST image,

u punoj rezoluciji, samo jednu LSST-ovu sliku,

it would take about 1,500 high-definition TV screens.

trebalo bi vam oko 1500 TV ekrana visoke rezolucije.

And this camera will image the sky,

Ovaj fotoaparat će snimati nebo,

taking a new picture every 20 seconds,

okidajući novu sliku svakih 20 sekundi,

constantly scanning the sky

konstantno će skenirati nebo

so every three nights, we'll get a completely new view

tako da ćemo svake tri noći, imati potpuno novi pogled

of the skies above Chile.

na nebo iznad Čilea.

Over the mission lifetime of this telescope,

Tijekom trajanja misije ovog teleskopa,

it will detect 40 billion stars and galaxies,

otkrit će 40 milijardi zvijezda i galaksija

and that will be for the first time

i to će biti prvi puta

we'll have detected more objects in our universe

da ćemo otkriti više objekata u svemiru

than people on the Earth.

nego što je ljudi na Zemlji.

Now, we can talk about this

Možemo pričati o ovome

in terms of terabytes and petabytes

u terminima terabajta i petabajta

and billions of objects,

i milijardama objekata,

but a way to get a sense of the amount of data

no ako želimo dobiti dojam količine podataka

that will come off this camera

koje će ovaj fotoaparat poslati,

is that it's like playing every TED Talk ever recorded

to je kao da upalimo svaki TED Talk ikada snimljen,

simultaneously, 24 hours a day,

istovremeno, 24 sata na dan,

seven days a week, for 10 years.

sedam dana u tjednu, tijekom 10 godina.

And to process this data means

Procesuiranje ovih podataka znači

searching through all of those talks

pretraživati sve te govore

for every new idea and every new concept,

za svakom novom idejom i novim konceptom

looking at each part of the video

tako da gledate svaki dio videa

to see how one frame may have changed

kako bi našli promjenu jednog okvira videa

from the next.

u usporedbi sa sljedećim.

And this is changing the way that we do science,

Ovo mijenja način na koji se bavimo znanošću,

changing the way that we do astronomy,

mijenja način na koji se bavimo astronomijom

to a place where software and algorithms

jer softver i algoritmi

have to mine through this data,

moraju rovati kroz ove podatke,

where the software is as critical to the science

pri čemu je softver jednako neophodan znanosti

as the telescopes and the cameras that we've built.

kao i teleskopi i kamere koje gradimo.

Now, thousands of discoveries

Tisuće će otkrića

will come from this project,

poteći iz ovoga projekta,

but I'm just going to tell you about two

ali navesti ću samo dvije

of the ideas about origins and evolution

ideje o postanku i evoluciji

that may be transformed by our access

koje bi se mogle transformirati našim pristupom

to data at this scale.

podatcima ovih razmjera.

In the last five years, NASA has discovered

U posljednjih pet godina, NASA je otkrila

over 1,000 planetary systems

preko 1000 planetarnih sustava

around nearby stars,

oko obližnjih zvijezda.

but the systems we're finding

No sustavi koje pronalazimo

aren't much like our own solar system,

nisu poput našeg solarnog sustava

and one of the questions we face is

i postavlja se pitanje

is it just that we haven't been looking hard enough

je li možda nismo dovoljno tražili

or is there something special or unusual

ili postoji nešto posebno ili neobično

about how our solar system formed?

u tome kako se naš solarni sustav oblikovao?

And if we want to answer that question,

Ako želimo odgovoriti na ovo pitanje,

we have to know and understand

moramo znati i razumjeti

the history of our solar system in detail,

povijest našeg solarnog sustava u detalje,

and it's the details that are crucial.

a detalji su doista presuđujući.

So now, if we look back at the sky,

Ako ponovno pogledamo nebo,

at our asteroids that were streaming across the sky,

u naše asteroide koji prelijeću preko neba,

these asteroids are like the debris of our solar system.

ovi asteroidi su poput ostataka našeg solarnog sustava.

The positions of the asteroids

Pozicija asteroida je

are like a fingerprint of an earlier time

poput otiska prsta nekog prošlog vremena

when the orbits of Neptune and Jupiter

u kojem su orbite Neptuna i Jupitera

were much closer to the sun,

bile puno bliže Suncu,

and as these giant planets migrated through our solar system,

a kako su ovi ogromni planeti migrirali kroz naš solarni sustav,

they were scattering the asteroids in their wake.

razbacivali su asteroide na svom putu.

So studying the asteroids

Proučavanje asteroida je

is like performing forensics,

poput forenzike,

performing forensics on our solar system,

forenzike nad našim solarnim sustavom,

but to do this, we need distance,

ali za ovo, treba nam udaljenost,

and we get the distance from the motion,

udaljenost dobivamo pokretom,

and we get the motion because of our access to time.

a pokret dobivamo našim pristupom vremenu.

So what does this tell us?

Što nam ovo govori?

Well, if you look at the little yellow asteroids

Ako pogledate u male žute asteroide

flitting across the screen,

koji prolaze ekranom,

these are the asteroids that are moving fastest,

ovi asteroidi se najbrže kreću

because they're closest to us, closest to Earth.

jer su nam najbliže, najbliže Zemlji.

These are the asteroids we may one day

Na ove asteroide bi možda mogli

send spacecraft to, to mine them for minerals,

slati letjelice i rudariti minerale,

but they're also the asteroids that may one day

ali ovo su asteroidi koji bi jednom mogli

impact the Earth,

i udariti u Zemlju

like happened 60 million years ago

kao prije 60 milijuna godina

with the extinction of the dinosaurs,

kada su izumrli dinosauri

or just at the beginning of the last century,

ili čak početkom prošlog stoljeća

when an asteroid wiped out

kada je asteroid uništio

almost 1,000 square miles of Siberian forest,

preko 2500 kvadratnih kilometara Sibirske šume

or even just last year, as one burnt up over Russia,

ili pak prošle godine, kada je jedan izgorio iznad Rusije

releasing the energy of a small nuclear bomb.

i ispustio energiju male nuklearne bombe.

So studying the forensics of our solar system

Proučavanje forenzike našeg solarnog sustava

doesn't just tell us about the past,

nam ne govori samo o prošlosti,

it can also predict the future, including our future.

nego može predvidjeti i budućnost, uključujući i našu budućnost.

Now when we get distance,

Kada se udaljimo,

we get to see the asteroids in their natural habitat,

vidimo asteroide u njihovom prirodnom staništu,

in orbit around the sun.

u orbiti oko Sunca.

So every point in this visualization that you can see

Svaka točka koju vidite u ovom prikazu je

is a real asteroid.

stvarni asteroid.

Its orbit has been calculated from its motion across the sky.

Njegova orbita je izračunata pomoću njegovog kretanja po nebu.

The colors reflect the composition of these asteroids,

Boje označavaju sastav ovih asteroida,

dry and stony in the center,

suhih i kamenih u sredini,

water-rich and primitive towards the edge,

bogatih vodom i primitivnih prema rubovima,

water-rich asteroids which may have seeded

asteroidi bogati vodom koji su možda posijali

the oceans and the seas that we find on our planet

oceane i mora na našem planetu

when they bombarded the Earth at an earlier time.

dok su u prošlosti bombardirali Zemlju.

Because the LSST will be able to go faint

S obzirom da će LSST moći snimati duboko

and not just wide,

a ne samo široko,

we will be able to see these asteroids

moći ćemo vidjeti ove asteroide

far beyond the inner part of our solar system,

puno dalje od unutarnjeg dijela našeg solarnog sustava

to asteroids beyond the orbits of Neptune and Mars,

do asteroida iza orbita Neptuna i Marsa,

to comets and asteroids that may exist

do kometa i asteroida koji su možda

almost a light year from our sun.

gotovo svjetlosnu godinu udaljeni od našeg Sunca.

And as we increase the detail of this picture,

Kako povećavamo detalje ove slike

increasing the detail by factors of 10 to 100,

do faktora od 10 ili 100,

we will be able to answer questions such as,

možemo odgovoriti na pitanja:

is there evidence for planets outside the orbit of Neptune,

ima li dokaza o planetima izvan Neptunove orbite,

to find Earth-impacting asteroids

kako bi pronašli asteroide koji mogu udariti u Zemlju

long before they're a danger,

puno prije nego postanu opasni

and to find out whether, maybe,

te kako bismo saznali je li se

our sun formed on its own or in a cluster of stars,

naše Sunce možda oblikovalo samo ili u zvjezdanom jatu,

and maybe it's this sun's stellar siblings

a možda su i zvjezdana braća našeg Sunca

that influenced the formation of our solar system,

utjecala na oblikovanje našeg solarnog sustava

and maybe that's one of the reasons why solar systems like ours seem to be so rare.

i to je možda razlog zašto su solarni sustavi poput našeg rijetki.

Now, distance and changes in our universe —

Udaljenost i promjene u našem svemiru -

distance equates to time,

udaljenost je jednaka vremenu,

as well as changes on the sky.

kao i promjene na nebu.

Every foot of distance you look away,

Svaki metar udaljenosti

or every foot of distance an object is away,

ili svaki metar za koji je objekt udaljeniji,

you're looking back about a billionth of a second in time,

gledate oko milijardu sekunde u prošlost,

and this idea or this notion of looking back in time

a ova ideja ili teorija gledanja u prošlost je

has revolutionized our ideas about the universe,

iz temelja promijenila naše ideje o svemiru,

not once but multiple times.

ne jedanput nego nekoliko puta.

The first time was in 1929,

Prvi puta je to bilo 1929.,

when an astronomer called Edwin Hubble

kada je astronom Edwin Hubble

showed that the universe was expanding,

pokazao da se svemir širi,

leading to the ideas of the Big Bang.

što je dovelo do ideje Velikog praska.

And the observations were simple:

Zapažanja su bila jednostavna:

just 24 galaxies

samo 24 galaksije

and a hand-drawn picture.

i rukom nacrtan crtež.

But just the idea that the more distant a galaxy,

Sama ideja da što je galaksija udaljenija,

the faster it was receding,

ona brže uzmiče,

was enough to give rise to modern cosmology.

bila je dovoljna da prouzrokuje modernu kozmologiju.

A second revolution happened 70 years later,

Druga revolucija dogodila se 70 godina poslije

when two groups of astronomers showed

kada su dvije grupe astronoma pokazale

that the universe wasn't just expanding,

da osim širenja svemira,

it was accelerating,

on i ubrazava,

a surprise like throwing up a ball into the sky

iznenađenje poput bacanja lopte u zrak

and finding out the higher that it gets,

i što više ona leti,

the faster it moves away.

sve više i ubrzava.

And they showed this

I pokazali su ovo

by measuring the brightness of supernovae,

mjerenjem svjetline supernove

and how the brightness of the supernovae

te toga da je svjetlina supernove

got fainter with distance.

bila blijeđa što je udaljenija.

And these observations were more complex.

Ova zapažanja bila su kompliciranija.

They required new technologies and new telescopes,

Zahtijevala su nove tehnologije i nove teleskope

because the supernovae were in galaxies

jer su supernove bile u galaksijama

that were 2,000 times more distant

koje su 2000 puta udaljenije

than the ones used by Hubble.

od onih koje je Hubble koristio.

And it took three years to find just 42 supernovae,

Tri godine su tražili samo 42 supernove

because a supernova only explodes

jer supernova eksplodira

once every hundred years within a galaxy.

jednom u sto godina unutar jedne galaksije.

Three years to find 42 supernovae

Tri godine za pronalazak 42 supernove,

by searching through tens of thousands of galaxies.

pretraživanjem desetaka tisuća galaksija.

And once they'd collected their data,

Kada su prikupili podatke,

this is what they found.

pronašli su ovo.

Now, this may not look impressive,

Ovo možda ne izgleda impresivno,

but this is what a revolution in physics looks like:

ali ovako izgleda revolucija u fizici:

a line predicting the brightness of a supernova

linija koja predviđa svjetlinu supernove

11 billion light years away,

udaljene 11 milijardi svjetlosnih godina

and a handful of points that don't quite fit that line.

i skup točaka koji baš i ne idu uz liniju.

Small changes give rise to big consequences.

Male promjene dovode do velikih posljedica.

Small changes allow us to make discoveries,

Male promjene nam omogućavaju otkrića

like the planet found by Herschel.

poput planeta kojeg je Herschel pronašao.

Small changes turn our understanding

Male promjene okreću naše razumijevanje

of the universe on its head.

svemira naglavačke.

So 42 supernovae, slightly too faint,

Dakle, 42 supernove, koje su malo preblijede

meaning slightly further away,

što znači malo udaljenije,

requiring that a universe must not just be expanding,

koje iziskuju širenje svemira,

but this expansion must be accelerating,

ali i ubrzavanje tog širenja

što je otkrilo novi sastavni dio našeg svemira,

revealing a component of our universe

which we now call dark energy,

koji sada nazivamo tamnom energijom,

a component that drives this expansion

sastavni dio koji gura ovo širenje

and makes up 68 percent of the energy budget

i tvori 68% energetskog proračuna

of our universe today.

našeg svemira.

So what is the next revolution likely to be?

Kako će izgledati sljedeća revolucija?

Well, what is dark energy and why does it exist?

Što je tamna energija i zašto postoji?

Each of these lines shows a different model

Svaka od ovih linija pokazuje drugačiji model toga

for what dark energy might be,

što bi tamna energija mogla biti

showing the properties of dark energy.

i pokazuje svojstva tamne energije.

They all are consistent with the 42 points,

Konzistentne su u sve 42 točke,

but the ideas behind these lines

ali ideje iza ovih linija su

are dramatically different.

drastično različite.

Some people think about a dark energy

Neki smatraju da se tamna energija

that changes with time,

s vremenom mijenja

or whether the properties of the dark energy

ili da su svojstva tamne energije

are different depending on where you look on the sky.

drugačija ovisno o tome gdje gledate.

Others make differences and changes

Drugi pripisuju razlike i promjene

to the physics at the sub-atomic level.

fizici na subatomskoj razini.

Or, they look at large scales

Ili, gledaju velike razmjere

and change how gravity and general relativity work,

i mijenjaju način rada gravitacije i opće relativnosti

or they say our universe is just one of many,

ili smatraju da je naš svemir jedan od mnogih,

part of this mysterious multiverse,

dio misterioznog multiverzuma.

but all of these ideas, all of these theories,

Sve su ove ideje, sve su ove teorije,

amazing and admittedly some of them a little crazy,

zadivljujuće, a neke i malo lude,

but all of them consistent with our 42 points.

sve su konzistentne s naše 42 točke.

So how can we hope to make sense of this

Možemo li se nadati dati smisao

over the next decade?

ovome tijekom sljedećeg desetljeća.

Well, imagine if I gave you a pair of dice,

Zamislite da sam vam dao dvije kockice

and I said you wanted to see whether those dice

i rekao da pogledate jesu li kockice

were loaded or fair.

namještene ili ispravne.

One roll of the dice would tell you very little,

Jedno bacanje kockice reklo bi vam jako malo,

but the more times you rolled them,

ali što biste ih više bacali,

the more data you collected,

više podataka biste imali

the more confident you would become,

te biste postajali sve uvjereniji

not just whether they're loaded or fair,

ne samo u to jesu li namještene ili ispravne

but by how much, and in what way.

nego i koliko i na koji način.

It took three years to find just 42 supernovae

Trebalo je tri godine da se pronađu 42 supernove

because the telescopes that we built

jer izgrađeni teleskopi

could only survey a small part of the sky.

mogu vidjeti samo mali djelić neba.

With the LSST, we get a completely new view

S LSST-em, imat ćemo potpuno novi pogled

of the skies above Chile every three nights.

na nebo iznad Čilea, svake tri noći.

In its first night of operation,

U svojoj prvoj noći rada,

it will find 10 times the number of supernovae

pronaći će 10 puta više supernova

used in the discovery of dark energy.

nego što je korišteno u otkriću tamne energije.

This will increase by 1,000

Ovo će se povećati za 1000

within the first four months:

u prva četiri mjeseca:

1.5 million supernovae by the end of its survey,

1,5 milijuna supernova do kraja pretraživanja.

each supernova a roll of the dice,

Svaka supernova je poput bacanja kockice,

each supernova testing which theories of dark energy

svaka supernova testira koje su teorije o tamnoj energiji

are consistent, and which ones are not.

konzistentne, a koje nisu.

And so, by combining these supernova data

Kombinacijom ovih podataka o supernovama

with other measures of cosmology,

s drugim kozmološkim mjerama,

we'll progressively rule out the different ideas

postupno ćemo isključivati razne ideje

and theories of dark energy

i teorije o tamnoj energiji

until hopefully at the end of this survey around 2030,

sve do kraja ovog pretraživanja, oko 2030. godine,

we would expect to hopefully see

kada s nadom očekujemo vidjeti

a theory for our universe,

teoriju o našem svemiru,

a fundamental theory for the physics of our universe,

osnovnu teoriju fizike našeg svemira

to gradually emerge.

i njezinu postupnu pojavu.

Now, in many ways, the questions that I posed

Na neki način, pitanja koja sam postavio su

are in reality the simplest of questions.

doista najjednostavnija pitanja.

We may not know the answers,

Možda nemamo odgovore,

but we at least know how to ask the questions.

ali barem znamo postaviti pitanja.

Ako je pregledavanje desetaka tisuća galaksija

But if looking through tens of thousands of galaxies

revealed 42 supernovae that turned

otkrilo 42 supernove

our understanding of the universe on its head,

i okrenulo naše razumijevanje svemira naglavačke,

when we're working with billions of galaxies,

kada budemo radili s milijardama galaksija,

how many more times are we going to find

koliko puta ćemo naći

42 points that don't quite match what we expect?

još 42 točke koje se ne poklapaju s onim što očekujemo?

Like the planet found by Herschel

Kao planet koji je Herschel pronašao

or dark energy

ili tamna energija

or quantum mechanics or general relativity,

ili kvantna mehanika ili opća relativnost,

all ideas that came because the data

sve ideje koje su se javile jer se podatci

didn't quite match what we expected.

nisu poklapali s onim što smo očekivali.

What's so exciting about the next decade of data

Ono što je uzbudljivo u idućem desetljeću podataka

in astronomy is,

u astronomiji jeste to

we don't even know how many answers

da ne znamo koliko odgovora

are out there waiting,

nas čeka,

answers about our origins and our evolution.

odgovora o našem postanku i našoj evoluciji.

How many answers are out there

Koliko nas odgovora čeka

that we don't even know the questions

za koje čak ne znamo ni pitanja

that we want to ask?

koja želimo postaviti?

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)