Is the world getting better or worse? A look at the numbers | Steven Pinker

1,497,816 views ใƒป 2018-05-21

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: JY Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : keun_young Lee
00:13
Many people face the news each morning
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„์นจ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:16
with trepidation and dread.
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๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
Every day, we read of shootings,
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๋งค์ผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด
00:21
inequality, pollution, dictatorship,
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๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ, ๊ณตํ•ด, ๋…์žฌ ์ •๋ถ€
00:25
war and the spread of nuclear weapons.
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์ „์Ÿ, ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
These are some of the reasons
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ
00:30
that 2016 was called the "Worst. Year. Ever."
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 2016๋…„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  "์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ํ•ด"๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:35
Until 2017 claimed that record --
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2017๋…„์ด ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๊ฐฑ์‹ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:39
and left many people longing for earlier decades,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์ „์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
when the world seemed safer, cleaner and more equal.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊นจ๊ฟ‹ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
00:46
But is this a sensible way to understand the human condition
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
00:50
in the 21st century?
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ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
00:52
As Franklin Pierce Adams pointed out,
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ํ”„๋žญํด๋ฆฐ ํ”ผ์–ด์Šค ์•„๋‹ด์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
00:54
"Nothing is more responsible for the good old days
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"๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
00:57
than a bad memory."
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๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์„œ์ด๋‹ค."
00:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:01
You can always fool yourself into seeing a decline
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๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ง‰์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
if you compare bleeding headlines of the present
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์š”์ฆ˜์˜ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋ชฉ๊ณผ
01:07
with rose-tinted images of the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์žฅ๋ฐ‹๋น› ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์—์š”.
01:10
What does the trajectory of the world look like
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ถค์ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์™”๋Š”์ง€
01:13
when we measure well-being over time using a constant yardstick?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํ–‰๋ณต๋„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ฒ™๋„๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:17
Let's compare the most recent data on the present
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€
01:20
with the same measures 30 years ago.
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30๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
Last year, Americans killed each other at a rate of 5.3 per hundred thousand,
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์ž‘๋…„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 10๋งŒ ๋ช…๋‹น 5.3๋ช…์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
01:28
had seven percent of their citizens in poverty
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์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ 7%๊ฐ€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:31
and emitted 21 million tons of particulate matter
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2100๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๋จผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:35
and four million tons of sulfur dioxide.
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400๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
But 30 years ago, the homicide rate was 8.5 per hundred thousand,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 30๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋น„์œจ์ด 10๋งŒ ๋ช…๋‹น 8.5๋ช… ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:42
poverty rate was 12 percent
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๋นˆ๊ณค์œจ์€ 12% ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:44
and we emitted 35 million tons of particulate matter
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๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ 3,500๋งŒ ํ†ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:47
and 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide.
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์•„ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋Ÿ‰์€ 2,000๋งŒ ํ†ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
What about the world as a whole?
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋„ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:53
Last year, the world had 12 ongoing wars,
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์ž‘๋…„, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ 12๊ฐœ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:56
60 autocracies,
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60 ๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด ๋…์žฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ
01:59
10 percent of the world population in extreme poverty
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 10%๊ฐ€ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋นˆ๊ณค ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ 
02:02
and more than 10,000 nuclear weapons.
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ํ•ต๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” 10,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
But 30 years ago, there were 23 wars,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 30๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š”, ์ „์Ÿ ์ง€์—ญ์ด 23 ๊ณณ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:08
85 autocracies,
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85๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…์žฌ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:10
37 percent of the world population in extreme poverty
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 37%๊ฐ€ ๊ทน๋นˆ์ธต์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:13
and more than 60,000 nuclear weapons.
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ํ—ฅ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋Š” 60,000๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
True, last year was a terrible year for terrorism in Western Europe,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ž‘๋…„์€ ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ํ•ด๋กœ
02:21
with 238 deaths,
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238๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:24
but 1988 was worse with 440 deaths.
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1988๋…„์—๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์„œ 440๋ช…์ด ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:28
What's going on?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
02:30
Was 1988 a particularly bad year?
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1988๋…„์ด ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๋‚˜์œ ํ•œ ํ•ด์˜€๋‚˜์š”?
02:33
Or are these improvements a sign that the world, for all its struggles,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„
02:37
gets better over time?
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๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:39
Might we even invoke the admittedly old-fashioned notion of progress?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ง„๋ณด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํƒ€๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„
02:45
To do so is to court a certain amount of derision,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋น„์›ƒ์Œ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
because I have found that intellectuals hate progress.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
02:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:54
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
02:57
And intellectuals who call themselves progressive really hate progress.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:02
Now, it's not that they hate the fruits of progress, mind you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๊ณผ์‹ค์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
Most academics and pundits
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ•™์ž์™€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
03:08
would rather have their surgery with anesthesia than without it.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:13
It's the idea of progress that rankles the chattering class.
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์ง„๋ณด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ† ๋ก ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฃน๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:17
If you believe that humans can improve their lot, I have been told,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:21
that means that you have a blind faith
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์“ธ๋ฐ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด๊ณ 
03:23
and a quasi-religious belief in the outmoded superstition
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์‚ฌ์ด๋น„ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ์บ๋ฌต์€ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ด๋ฉฐ
03:28
and the false promise of the myth of the onward march
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์ง„๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์นจ์—†์ด ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€
03:31
of inexorable progress.
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ํ—›๋œ ์•ฝ์†์„ ์‹ ๋ด‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
You are a cheerleader for vulgar American can-doism,
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๋„ˆํฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฒœ๋ฐ•ํ•œ 'ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค' ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
03:39
with the rah-rah spirit of boardroom ideology,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™”์ดํŒ… ์ •์‹ ์€
ํšŒ์˜์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ๋ฐธ๋ฆฌ, ์ƒ๊ณตํšŒ์˜์†Œ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Silicon Valley and the Chamber of Commerce.
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03:45
You are a practitioner of Whig history,
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๋„ˆํฌ๋Š” ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ง„๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:48
a naive optimist, a Pollyanna and, of course, a Pangloss,
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ํด๋ฆฌ์•„๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•œ ๋‚™์ฒœ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ด์ž
"๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๋‹ฅ์ณ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋˜
03:52
alluding to the Voltaire character who declared,
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03:55
"All is for the best in the best of all possible worlds."
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๋ณผํ…Œ๋ฅด์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ์† ๋“ฑ์žฅ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ธ ํŒฝ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‹ค.
03:58
Well, Professor Pangloss, as it happens, was a pessimist.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํŒฝ๊ทธ๋กœ์Šค ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ต๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋น„๊ด€๋ก ์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
A true optimist believes there can be much better worlds
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์ง„์งœ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ์ž๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ข‹์•„๋„
04:04
than the one we have today.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์ฃ .
04:06
But all of this is irrelevant,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
because the question of whether progress has taken place
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์ง„๋ณดํ–ˆ๋Š๋ƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
04:10
is not a matter of faith
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์‹ ๋…์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚™์ฒœ์  ๊ธฐ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
04:12
or having an optimistic temperament or seeing the glass as half full.
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์ปต์— ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
It's a testable hypothesis.
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์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
For all their differences,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
04:20
people largely agree on what goes into human well-being:
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
life, health, sustenance, prosperity, peace, freedom, safety, knowledge,
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์ˆ˜๋ช…, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์ƒ๊ณ„์œ ์ง€, ๋ถ€์œ ํ•จ, ํ‰ํ™”, ์ž์œ , ์•ˆ์ „, ๊ต์œก
04:30
leisure, happiness.
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์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™œ, ํ–‰๋ณต ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
04:32
All of these things can be measured.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋กœ ์ธก์ • ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
If they have improved over time, that, I submit, is progress.
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‚˜์•„์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง„๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:38
Let's go to the data,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
04:40
beginning with the most precious thing of all, life.
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์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ €, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
For most of human history, life expectancy at birth was around 30.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ„ธ์–ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ 30์„ธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
Today, worldwide, it is more than 70,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” 70์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:51
and in the developed parts of the world,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:53
more than 80.
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80์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
250 years ago, in the richest countries of the world,
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250๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
04:58
a third of the children did not live to see their fifth birthday,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด์˜ 30%๋Š” 5์„ธ ์ด์ „์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
before the risk was brought down a hundredfold.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์‚ฌ๋ง ์œ„ํ—˜์ด 100๋ถ„์˜ 1๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:05
Today, that fate befalls less than six percent of children
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋นˆ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ฐจ ๊ทธ ๋ถˆ์šดํ•œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด
05:08
in the poorest countries of the world.
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6% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Famine is one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.
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์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋ก์˜ ๋„ค ์žฌ์•™ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
05:15
It could bring devastation to any part of the world.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํŒŒ๋ฉธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
Today, famine has been banished
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์€ ์™ธ๋”ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜
05:20
to the most remote and war-ravaged regions.
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์ „์Ÿ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
200 years ago, 90 percent of the world's population
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200๋…„ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 90%๊ฐ€
05:26
subsisted in extreme poverty.
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๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:29
Today, fewer than 10 percent of people do.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” 10% ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:32
For most of human history,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด
05:34
the powerful states and empires
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š”
05:36
were pretty much always at war with each other,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋Š˜ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:38
and peace was a mere interlude between wars.
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์ „์Ÿ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž ์‹œ ๋™์•ˆ๋งŒ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
05:42
Today, they are never at war with each other.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์น˜๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:44
The last great power war
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์€
05:46
pitted the United States against China 65 years ago.
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65๋…„ ์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ „์Ÿ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
More recently, wars of all kinds have become fewer and less deadly.
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๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์™€์„œ๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์˜ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ค„์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:54
The annual rate of war has fallen from about 22 per hundred thousand per year
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์—ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ „์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋ง์ž ๋น„์œจ์€ 50๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— 10๋งŒ ๋ช…๋‹น 22๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:59
in the early '50s to 1.2 today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” 1.2๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
Democracy has suffered obvious setbacks
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๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
๋ฒ ๋„ค์ˆ˜์—˜๋ผ, ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„, ํ„ฐํ‚ค ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:05
in Venezuela, in Russia, in Turkey
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06:09
and is threatened by the rise of authoritarian populism
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๊ถŒ์œ„์ฃผ์˜์  ํฌํ“ฐ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์ด
06:12
in Eastern Europe and the United States.
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๋™์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:15
Yet the world has never been more democratic
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์ ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
than it has been in the past decade,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ 10๋…„ ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:19
with two-thirds of the world's people living in democracies.
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 2/3๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ฒด์ œํ•˜์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
Homicide rates plunge whenever anarchy and the code of vendetta
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์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
๋ฌด์ •๋ถ€ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜์˜ ์›์น™์„ ๋ฒ•๊ทœ์œจ์ด ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
are replaced by the rule of law.
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06:30
It happened when feudal Europe was brought under the control of centralized kingdoms,
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๋ด‰๊ฑด ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ด ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™”๋œ ์™•์ • ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋ฉด์„œ
06:35
so that today a Western European
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์„œ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š”
06:37
has 1/35th the chance of being murdered
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์ค‘์„ธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์‚ด์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด
06:39
compared to his medieval ancestors.
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1/35 ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
It happened again in colonial New England,
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์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋‰ด์ž‰๊ธ€๋žœ๋“œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๊ณ 
06:44
in the American Wild West when the sheriffs moved to town,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„œ๋ถ€์‹œ๋Œ€์—๋„ ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ
06:48
and in Mexico.
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Indeed, we've become safer in just about every way.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
Over the last century, we've become 96 percent less likely
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์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ
๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ง์œจ์€ 96%๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:58
to be killed in a car crash,
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07:00
88 percent less likely to be mowed down on the sidewalk,
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์ธ๋„์—์„œ ์ฐจ์— ์น˜์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ๋„ 88%๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:04
99 percent less likely to die in a plane crash,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 99%๋‚˜ ์ค„์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:08
95 percent less likely to be killed on the job,
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์—…๋ฌด ์ค‘์— ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 95% ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šค๋ฉฐ
07:11
89 percent less likely to be killed by an act of God,
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์ฒœ์žฌ์ง€๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 89%๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
such as a drought, flood, wildfire, storm, volcano,
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๊ฐ€๋ญ„, ํ™์ˆ˜, ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ, ํƒœํ’, ํ™”์‚ฐ ํญ๋ฐœ
07:19
landslide, earthquake or meteor strike,
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์‚ฐ์‚ฌํƒœ, ์ง€์ง„ ๋˜๋Š” ์šด์„ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:22
presumably not because God has become less angry with us
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์‹ ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ผ์ด ์ค„์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
07:25
but because of improvements in the resilience of our infrastructure.
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ณต์›๋ ฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
And what about the quintessential act of God,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์ฒœ์žฌ์ง€๋ณ€์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
07:33
the projectile hurled by Zeus himself?
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์ œ์šฐ์Šค ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
07:36
Yes, we are 97 percent less likely to be killed by a bolt of lightning.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์€ 97%๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
Before the 17th century,
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17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋Š”
07:45
no more than 15 percent of Europeans could read or write.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ ์ค‘์— ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ 15%๋ฅผ ๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Europe and the United States achieved universal literacy
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—
07:51
by the middle of the 20th century,
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์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:53
and the rest of the world is catching up.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ๋’ค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
Today, more than 90 percent of the world's population
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ 25์„ธ ์ดํ•˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜
07:59
under the age of 25 can read and write.
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90% ์ด์ƒ์ด ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
In the 19th century, Westerners worked more than 60 hours per week.
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์„œ์–‘์ธ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ๋‹น 60์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
08:07
Today, they work fewer than 40.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋Š” 40 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ•˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:10
Thanks to the universal penetration of running water and electricity
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์„ ์ง„๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋„๋ง๊ณผ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง์ด ์ „๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜๊ณ 
08:14
in the developed world
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08:16
and the widespread adoption of washing machines, vacuum cleaners,
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์„ธํƒ๊ธฐ, ์ง„๊ณต์ฒญ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์“ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ
08:20
refrigerators, dishwashers, stoves and microwaves,
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๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ , ์‹์‹œ์„ธ์ฒ™๊ธฐ, ๊ฐ€์Šค๋ ˆ์ธ์ง€, ์ „์ž๋ ˆ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:24
the amount of our lives that we forfeit to housework
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๊ฐ€์‚ฌ ๋…ธ๋™์— ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
08:27
has fallen from 60 hours a week
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์ฃผ๋‹น 60์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ
08:29
to fewer than 15 hours a week.
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15์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
Do all of these gains in health, wealth, safety, knowledge and leisure
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ์žฌ์‚ฐ, ์•ˆ์ „, ์ง€์‹ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ™œ์— ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:37
make us any happier?
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๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:39
The answer is yes.
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๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ '๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
In 86 percent of the world's countries,
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ 86%์—์„œ
08:42
happiness has increased in recent decades.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ํ–‰๋ณต์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:45
Well, I hope to have convinced you
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์ด์ œ ๋‚ฉ๋“์ด ๋˜์…จ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
that progress is not a matter of faith or optimism,
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์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚™๊ด€์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์ธ๋ฅ˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
but is a fact of human history,
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08:53
indeed the greatest fact in human history.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ค๋กœ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์‹ค์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:56
And how has this fact been covered in the news?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์˜จ ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
08:59
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:03
A tabulation of positive and negative emotion words in news stories
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๋‰ด์Šค ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ๋Š๋‚Œ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
09:07
has shown that during the decades in which humanity has gotten healthier,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ 
09:11
wealthier, wiser, safer and happier,
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๋” ๋ถ€์œ ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋” ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ , ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ
09:13
the "New York Times" has become increasingly morose
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๋‰ด์š• ํƒ€์ž„์ฆˆ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋šฑํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ 
09:18
and the world's broadcasts too have gotten steadily glummer.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์†ก์‚ฌ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์šธํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:22
Why don't people appreciate progress?
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์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:25
Part of the answer comes from our cognitive psychology.
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
We estimate risk using a mental shortcut called the "availability heuristic."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” "๊ฐ€์šฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋น ๋ฅธ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:33
The easier it is to recall something from memory,
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๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋– ์˜ค๋ฅผ์ˆ˜๋ก
09:36
the more probable we judge it to be.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
The other part of the answer comes from the nature of journalism,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
captured in this satirical headline from "The Onion,"
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The Onion ๋‰ด์Šค ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์กฐ๋กฑ ์„ž์ธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋ชฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:46
"CNN Holds Morning Meeting to Decide
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"CNN์€ ์•„์นจ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ
09:48
What Viewers Should Panic About For Rest of Day."
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๋ฌด์—‡์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์— ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆด์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
09:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:52
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:57
News is about stuff that happens, not stuff that doesn't happen.
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๋‰ด์Šค๋ž€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์ œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:01
You never see a journalist who says,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ์€ ์—†์ฃ .
10:03
"I'm reporting live from a country that has been at peace for 40 years,"
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"์ง€๋‚œ 40๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์˜จ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์ค‘๊ณ„๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:07
or a city that has not been attacked by terrorists.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
10:10
Also, bad things can happen quickly,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ์€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:13
but good things aren't built in a day.
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์ข‹์€ ์ผ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์•„์นจ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
The papers could have run the headline,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ œ๋ชฉ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์น˜์ฃ .
10:17
"137,000 people escaped from extreme poverty yesterday"
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"์–ด์ œ 13๋งŒ7์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
10:22
every day for the last 25 years.
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25๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋งค์ผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:24
That's one and a quarter billion people leaving poverty behind,
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๊ธฐ๊ทผ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 12์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:29
but you never read about it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Also, the news capitalizes on our morbid interest
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์–ธ๋ก ์ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณ‘์  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
in what can go wrong,
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10:35
captured in the programming policy, "If it bleeds, it leads."
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"ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค์•ผ, ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ํŽธ์ง‘ ์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:40
Well, if you combine our cognitive biases with the nature of news,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ํŽธํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
10:43
you can see why the world has been coming to an end
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์™œ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๋๋‚  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ•ด์™”๋Š”์ง€
10:46
for a very long time indeed.
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์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
Let me address some questions about progress
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์ง„๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ• ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
that no doubt have occurred to many of you.
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜์…จ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:56
First, isn't it good to be pessimistic
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์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ๋น„๊ด€๋ก ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ๋„ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹๊นŒ์š”?
10:59
to safeguard against complacency,
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ํ˜„์‹ค์— ์•ˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:01
to rake the muck, to speak truth to power?
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๋ถ€์ •์„ ๋“ค์ถฐ๋‚ด ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์— ๋งž์„œ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:04
Well, not exactly.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ์€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
It's good to be accurate.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
11:08
Of course we should be aware of suffering and danger
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€
11:10
wherever they occur,
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์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
but we should also be aware of how they can be reduced,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
11:15
because there are dangers to indiscriminate pessimism.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋น„๊ด€๋ก ์—๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
One of them is fatalism.
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์šด๋ช…๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
If all our efforts at improving the world
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด
11:22
have been in vain,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ—›๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด
11:23
why throw good money after bad?
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์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ˆ์„ ๋” ๋“ค์ผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:25
The poor will always be with you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋Š˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:28
And since the world will end soon --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๊ณง ์ข…๋ง์„ ๋งž์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ..
11:30
if climate change doesn't kill us all,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:32
then runaway artificial intelligence will --
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ํ†ต์ œ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:34
a natural response is to enjoy life while we can,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ์ƒ์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ผ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die.
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๋‚ด์ผ ์ฃฝ๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋จน๊ณ , ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:42
The other danger of thoughtless pessimism is radicalism.
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๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋น„๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:46
If our institutions are all failing and beyond hope for reform,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„๊ถŒ์ด ๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฐœํ˜ํ•  ํฌ๋ง๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:50
a natural response is to seek to smash the machine,
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ 
11:53
drain the swamp,
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๋ถ€์ •๋ถ€ํŒจ๋ฅผ ์“ธ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ 
11:55
burn the empire to the ground,
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์กฐ์ง ์„ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒœ์›Œ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
on the hope that whatever rises out of the ashes
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๊ทธ ์žฟ๋”๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ญ๋“  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:00
is bound to be better than what we have now.
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๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:03
Well, if there is such a thing as progress,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ณด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:06
what causes it?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์›์ฒœ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
12:07
Progress is not some mystical force or dialectic lifting us ever higher.
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์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋น„๋กœ์šด ํž˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
12:12
It's not a mysterious arc of history bending toward justice.
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์ •์˜๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๊ถค์ ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
It's the result of human efforts governed by an idea,
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์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
an idea that we associate with the 18th century Enlightenment,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ 18์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:23
namely that if we apply reason and science
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
12:28
that enhance human well-being,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
12:30
we can gradually succeed.
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์ ์ฐจ ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:32
Is progress inevitable? Of course not.
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์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Progress does not mean that everything becomes better
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์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
for everyone everywhere all the time.
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12:42
That would be a miracle, and progress is not a miracle
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์ ์— ๊ฐ€๊น์ฃ .
์ง„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
but problem-solving.
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12:47
Problems are inevitable
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
and solutions create new problems which have to be solved in their turn.
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๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฐจ๋ก€๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
12:53
The unsolved problems facing the world today are gargantuan,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‚œ์ œ์™€ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
including the risks of climate change
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ฃ .
13:00
and nuclear war,
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13:01
but we must see them as problems to be solved,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ’€์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
not apocalypses in waiting,
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๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ฌ ์ข…๋ง์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:06
and aggressively pursue solutions
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
like Deep Decarbonization for climate change
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ์ €ํƒ„์†Œํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‚˜
13:12
and Global Zero for nuclear war.
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ํ•ต์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์ œ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ฒด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:15
Finally, does the Enlightenment go against human nature?
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:19
This is an acute question for me,
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์ œ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฏผํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
13:22
because I'm a prominent advocate of the existence of human nature,
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
with all its shortcomings and perversities.
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๋น„๋ก ๋‹จ์ ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์ง‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ด๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:28
In my book "The Blank Slate,"
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"๋นˆ ์„œํŒ(The Blank Slate)"๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ ์ €์„œ์—์„œ
13:30
I argued that the human prospect is more tragic than utopian
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์ €๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:34
and that we are not stardust, we are not golden
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ
13:37
and there's no way we are getting back to the garden.
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์—๋ด ๋™์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:39
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:42
But my worldview has lightened up
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ €๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
in the 15 years since "The Blank Slate" was published.
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15๋…„ ์ „์— ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด ์ถœ๊ฐ„๋œ ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์ฃ .
13:47
My acquaintance with the statistics of human progress,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ ‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:50
starting with violence
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ํญ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:51
but now encompassing every other aspect of our well-being,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰๋ณต์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
13:55
has fortified my belief
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๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
that in understanding our tribulations and woes,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋ จ๊ณผ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:00
human nature is the problem,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
14:02
but human nature, channeled by Enlightenment norms and institutions,
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๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ์ œ๋„๋กœ ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด์ง„ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์€
14:06
is also the solution.
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์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
Admittedly, it's not easy to replicate my own data-driven epiphany
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์Œ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ฑ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
with humanity at large.
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14:16
Some intellectuals have responded
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์ œ ์ €์„œ "Enlightenment Now"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•œ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
with fury to my book "Enlightenment Now,"
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14:21
saying first how dare he claim that intellectuals hate progress,
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์ฒซ์งธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€์‹์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:25
and second, how dare he claim that there has been progress.
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ณด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:28
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:32
With others, the idea of progress just leaves them cold.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง„๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ„ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
Saving the lives of billions,
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ์–ต ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
14:37
eradicating disease, feeding the hungry,
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๊ทผ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
14:40
teaching kids to read?
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ฝ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นœ๋‹ค๊ณ ?
14:42
Boring.
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์ด์   ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ.
14:44
At the same time, the most common response I have received from readers is gratitude,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋…์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
gratitude for changing their view of the world
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์ค˜์„œ ๊ณ ๋ง™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
14:51
from a numb and helpless fatalism
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๋ฌด๊ฐ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ•œ ์šด๋ช…๋ก ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด
14:54
to something more constructive,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฑด์„ค์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋น„์žฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:55
even heroic.
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14:57
I believe that the ideals of the Enlightenment
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๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ
14:59
can be cast a stirring narrative,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์ „ํ•  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
and I hope that people with greater artistic flare
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์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์†œ์”จ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
15:04
and rhetorical power than I
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15:06
can tell it better and spread it further.
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์ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
15:09
It goes something like this.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
We are born into a pitiless universe,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ…Œ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
facing steep odds against life-enabling order
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์ƒ๋ช… ์œ ์ง€์˜ ์งˆ์„œ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์—ญ๊ฒฝ์— ๋งž์„œ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
15:18
and in constant jeopardy of falling apart.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆด ๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:21
We were shaped by a process that is ruthlessly competitive.
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ๋ฌด์ž๋น„ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:25
We are made from crooked timber,
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๋’คํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
15:27
vulnerable to illusions, self-centeredness
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ํ™˜์ƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด๊ณ 
15:30
and at times astounding stupidity.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์ฃ .
15:33
Yet human nature has also been blessed with resources
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ž์งˆ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
that open a space for a kind of redemption.
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15:39
We are endowed with the power to combine ideas recursively,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋Š”
15:42
to have thoughts about our thoughts.
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์ฒœ๋ถ€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:45
We have an instinct for language,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
15:47
allowing us to share the fruits of our ingenuity and experience.
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์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์‹ค์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
We are deepened with the capacity for sympathy,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
15:54
for pity, imagination, compassion, commiseration.
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์—ฐ๋ฏผ, ์ƒ์ƒ, ๋™์ •, ์œ„๋กœ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:59
These endowments have found ways to magnify their own power.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:03
The scope of language has been augmented
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์–ธ์–ด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š”
16:05
by the written, printed and electronic word.
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ํ•„๊ธฐ๋ฌผ, ์ธ์‡„๋ฌผ, ์ „์ž ๋ฌธ์„œ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
Our circle of sympathy has been expanded
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๊ณต๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋„ ๋„“ํ˜€ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
by history, journalism and the narrative arts.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ, ์–ธ๋ก , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:15
And our puny rational faculties have been multiplied
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ณด์ž˜ ๊ฒƒ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:18
by the norms and institutions of reason,
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”๊ณผ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„
16:20
intellectual curiosity, open debate,
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์ง€์  ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ† ๋ก 
16:24
skepticism of authority and dogma
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๊ถŒ์œ„๊ณผ ์ข…๊ต ๊ต๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ
16:26
and the burden of proof to verify ideas
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ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:29
by confronting them against reality.
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16:32
As the spiral of recursive improvement
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๊ฑฐ๋“ญ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๋กœ ํž˜์„ ๋ชจ์•„
16:34
gathers momentum,
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16:36
we eke out victories against the forces that grind us down,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌด๋„ˆ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ํž˜๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›Œ ํž˜๊ฒจ์šด ์Šน๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘ก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:40
not least the darker parts of our own nature.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์–ด๋‘์šด ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์‹ธ์›Œ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฃ .
16:43
We penetrate the mysteries of the cosmos, including life and mind.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์‹ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํŒŒํ•ด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:48
We live longer, suffer less, learn more,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด๊ณ , ๋œ ๊ณ ํ†ต ๋ฐ›๊ณ , ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ , ๋” ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ
16:52
get smarter and enjoy more small pleasures
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์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋”์šฑ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
and rich experiences.
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16:57
Fewer of us are killed, assaulted, enslaved, exploited
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์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ‘นํ–‰์„ ๋‹นํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•™๋Œ€๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
17:01
or oppressed by the others.
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ํ•๋ฐ•๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ์ค„์—ˆ์ฃ .
17:03
From a few oases, the territories with peace and prosperity are growing
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๋ช‡ ๊ตฐ๋ฐ ์˜ค์•„์‹œ์Šค์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰ํ™”์™€ ๋ฒˆ์˜์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ 
17:08
and could someday encompass the globe.
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:11
Much suffering remains
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์•„์ง ๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๊ณ 
17:13
and tremendous peril,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
17:15
but ideas on how to reduce them have been voiced,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
17:18
and an infinite number of others are yet to be conceived.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋„ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:22
We will never have a perfect world,
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์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
and it would be dangerous to seek one.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
But there's no limit to the betterments we can attain
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌดํ•œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
if we continue to apply knowledge to enhance human flourishing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:34
This heroic story is not just another myth.
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์ด ์˜์›…๋‹ด์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์‹ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
Myths are fictions, but this one is true,
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์‹ ํ™”๋Š” ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
true to the best of our knowledge, which is the only truth we can have.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ง„์‹ค์ธ ์ง€์‹์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:44
As we learn more,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐฐ์šธ์ˆ˜๋ก
17:46
we can show which parts of the story continue to be true and which ones false,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•  ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
as any of them might be and any could become.
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:54
And this story belongs not to any tribe
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ธ์ข…๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
17:56
but to all of humanity,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
to any sentient creature with the power of reason
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์ด์„ฑ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
18:02
and the urge to persist in its being,
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์ง€๊ฐ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ์˜์›…๋‹ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:05
for it requires only the convictions
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค์ง ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
that life is better than death,
354
1087360
2176
์‚ถ์ด ์ฃฝ์Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
18:09
health is better than sickness,
355
1089560
1936
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
18:11
abundance is better than want,
356
1091520
2136
ํ’๋ถ€ํ•จ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
18:13
freedom is better than coercion,
357
1093680
2416
์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์••๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
18:16
happiness is better than suffering
358
1096120
2176
ํ–‰๋ณต์ด ๊ณ ๋‚œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
18:18
and knowledge is better than ignorance and superstition.
359
1098320
3400
์ง€์‹์ด ๋ฌด์ง€๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:22
Thank you.
360
1102520
1216
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:23
(Applause)
361
1103760
3800
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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