To detect diseases earlier, let's speak bacteria's secret language | Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi

69,685 views

2019-04-19 ใƒป TED


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To detect diseases earlier, let's speak bacteria's secret language | Fatima AlZahra'a Alatraktchi

69,685 views ใƒป 2019-04-19

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Leslie Gauthier Reviewer: Camille Martรญnez
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Christina Hang A Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Young You
00:13
You don't know them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
You don't see them.
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๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
But they're always around,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ
00:21
whispering,
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์†์‚ญ์ด๋ฉฐ
00:23
making secret plans,
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์Œ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊พธ๋ฏธ๊ณ 
00:25
building armies with millions of soldiers.
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
And when they decide to attack,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ ๋ช…๋ น์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
00:33
they all attack at the same time.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
I'm talking about bacteria.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
00:40
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:42
Who did you think I was talking about?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค„ ์•„์…จ์–ด์š”?
00:46
Bacteria live in communities just like humans.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
They have families,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:50
they talk,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ 
์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜์ฃ .
00:52
and they plan their activities.
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00:53
And just like humans, they trick, deceive,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์†์ด๊ณ  ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ
00:56
and some might even cheat on each other.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ํ”ผ์šธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
What if I tell you that we can listen to bacterial conversations
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:03
and translate their confidential information into human language?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:08
And what if I tell you that translating bacterial conversations can save lives?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•ด์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”?
01:14
I hold a PhD in nanophysics,
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์ „ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ
01:16
and I've used nanotechnology to develop a real-time translation tool
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
that can spy on bacterial communities
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ
01:23
and give us recordings of what bacteria are up to.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
Bacteria live everywhere.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
They're in the soil, on our furniture
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ™ ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†์— ์‚ด๊ณ 
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์†์—๋„ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:32
and inside our bodies.
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01:34
In fact, 90 percent of all the live cells in this theater are bacterial.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ๊ทน์žฅ์— ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ 90%๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
Some bacteria are good for us;
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ด๋“์„ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
01:41
they help us digest food or produce antibiotics.
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ๋•๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
And some bacteria are bad for us;
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
they cause diseases and death.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ฃ .
01:49
To coordinate all the functions bacteria have,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
01:52
they have to be able to organize,
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์ƒํ˜ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
and they do that just like us humans --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
by communicating.
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:58
But instead of using words,
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๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
02:00
they use signaling molecules to communicate with each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
When bacteria are few,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ผ ๋•
02:05
the signaling molecules just flow away,
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๋ถ„์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์ € ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
like the screams of a man alone in the desert.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ํ™€๋กœ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๋ฅด๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
02:11
But when there are many bacteria, the signaling molecules accumulate,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๊ณ 
02:15
and the bacteria start sensing that they're not alone.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
They listen to each other.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:21
In this way, they keep track of how many they are
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
02:24
and when they're many enough to initiate a new action.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ก์…˜์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
And when the signaling molecules have reached a certain threshold,
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๋ถ„์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉด
02:32
all the bacteria sense at once that they need to act
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ์•ก์…˜์„ ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
02:35
with the same action.
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ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
So bacterial conversation consists of an initiative and a reaction,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€
๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ
02:42
a production of a molecule and the response to it.
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๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
In my research, I focused on spying on bacterial communities
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ
02:50
inside the human body.
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
How does it work?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
02:54
We have a sample from a patient.
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ํ™˜์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์š”.
02:56
It could be a blood or spit sample.
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด๋‚˜ ์นจ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
We shoot electrons into the sample,
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์— ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฉด
03:01
the electrons will interact with any communication molecules present,
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์ด ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:05
and this interaction will give us information
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์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
03:08
on the identity of the bacteria,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ธ์ง€
03:10
the type of communication
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๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
03:11
and how much the bacteria are talking.
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
But what is it like when bacteria communicate?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
Before I developed the translation tool,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „
03:23
my first assumption was that bacteria would have a primitive language,
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์ œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ถ”์ธก์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
03:27
like infants that haven't developed words and sentences yet.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:31
When they laugh, they're happy; when they cry, they're sad.
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋ฉด ์›ƒ๊ณ  ์Šฌํ”„๋ฉด ์šฐ๋Š”
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
Simple as that.
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03:36
But bacteria turned out to be nowhere as primitive as I thought they would be.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•œ ๋งŒํผ ์›์‹œ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
A molecule is not just a molecule.
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๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:42
It can mean different things depending on the context,
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์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
just like the crying of babies can mean different things:
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์šธ์Œ์ด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
03:49
sometimes the baby is hungry,
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์•„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:51
sometimes it's wet,
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ํ˜น์€ ๋•€์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:52
sometimes it's hurt or afraid.
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ํ˜น์€ ์•„ํ”„๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ์šธ์ฃ .
03:54
Parents know how to decode those cries.
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๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šธ์Œ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ค„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
And to be a real translation tool,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์ด ๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด
03:59
it had to be able to decode the signaling molecules
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๋ถ„์ž ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ•ด๋…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:02
and translate them depending on the context.
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์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:07
And who knows?
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
04:08
Maybe Google Translate will adopt this soon.
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์•„๋งˆ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:14
Let me give you an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
04:16
I've brought some bacterial data that can be a bit tricky to understand
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์ „ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ
04:19
if you're not trained,
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04:20
but try to take a look.
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์ผ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:23
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:26
Here's a happy bacterial family that has infected a patient.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
Let's call them the Montague family.
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์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๊ทœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด์ฃ .
04:35
They share resources, they reproduce, and they grow.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์›์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
One day, they get a new neighbor,
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด์›ƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:44
bacterial family Capulet.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์บํ“ฐ๋ฆฟ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
04:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
04:48
Everything is fine, as long as they're working together.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
But then something unplanned happens.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘, ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
04:56
Romeo from Montague has a relationship with Juliet from Capulet.
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๋ชฌํ…Œ๊ทœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ๋กœ๋ฏธ์˜ค์™€ ์บํ“ฐ๋ฆฟ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ค„๋ฆฌ์—ฃ์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:02
And yes, they share genetic material.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ „๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:05
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:10
Now, this gene transfer can be dangerous to the Montagues
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์ด์ œ ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ด๋™์€ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๊ทœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ˜‘์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:13
that have the ambition to be the only family in the patient they have infected,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๊ณ ํ”ˆ ์•ผ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:17
and sharing genes contributes
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด๋Š”
05:18
to the Capulets developing resistance to antibiotics.
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์บํ“ฐ๋ฆฟ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
So the Montagues start talking internally to get rid of this other family
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชฌํ…Œ๊ทœ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:28
by releasing this molecule.
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๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:32
And with subtitles:
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋ง‰๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜์š”.
05:34
[Let us coordinate an attack.]
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[์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„์™€์ค˜.]
05:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:37
Let's coordinate an attack.
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณต๋ชจํ•ด๋ณด์ž.
05:41
And then everybody at once responds
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ
05:44
by releasing a poison that will kill the other family.
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์บํ“ฐ๋ฆฟ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ๋…์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
05:48
[Eliminate!]
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[์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ผ!]
05:52
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:55
The Capulets respond by calling for a counterattack.
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์บํ“ฐ๋ฆฟ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
[Counterattack!]
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[๋ฐ˜๊ฒฉ!]
06:00
And they have a battle.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:04
This is a video of real bacteria dueling with swordlike organelles,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์นผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธํฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์˜์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
where they try to kill each other
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
06:10
by literally stabbing and rupturing each other.
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๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐŒ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํ„ฐํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:14
Whoever's family wins this battle becomes the dominant bacteria.
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์ด ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
So what I can do is to detect bacterial conversations
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:23
that lead to different collective behaviors
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ณด์…จ๋˜ ์‹ธ์›€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด ํ–‰๋™์„
06:25
like the fight you just saw.
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
And what I did was to spy on bacterial communities
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜
06:30
inside the human body
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
in patients at a hospital.
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06:34
I followed 62 patients in an experiment,
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์ €๋Š” 62๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
06:37
where I tested the patient samples for one particular infection,
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์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„
06:41
without knowing the results of the traditional diagnostic test.
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ํŠน์ • ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
Now, in bacterial diagnostics,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•™์—์„œ๋Š”
06:48
a sample is smeared out on a plate,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ ‘์‹œ์— ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅด๊ณ 
06:50
and if the bacteria grow within five days,
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์ด ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ 5์ผ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
06:53
the patient is diagnosed as infected.
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์–‘์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
When I finished the study and I compared the tool results
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€
07:00
to the traditional diagnostic test and the validation test,
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์ €ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ง„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
07:03
I was shocked.
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์ „ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
It was far more astonishing than I had ever anticipated.
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์ œ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
But before I tell you what the tool revealed,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „
๋จผ์ € ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
I would like to tell you about a specific patient I followed,
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07:15
a young girl.
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ํ•œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œ๋…€์ฃ .
07:16
She had cystic fibrosis,
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์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ๋‚ญํฌ์„ฑ ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
a genetic disease that made her lungs susceptible to bacterial infections.
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์ด ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ํ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
This girl wasn't a part of the clinical trial.
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์ด ์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
I followed her because I knew from her medical record
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๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด ์†Œ๋…€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์•“๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„
07:28
that she had never had an infection before.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์— ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ์—ผ ๋ณ‘๋ ฅ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Once a month, this girl went to the hospital
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ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ์ด ์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
07:33
to cough up a sputum sample that she spit in a cup.
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ํƒ€์•ก ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ปต์— ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
This sample was transferred for bacterial analysis
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์ด ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:40
at the central laboratory
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์ค‘์•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ๋ณด๋‚ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
so the doctors could act quickly if they discovered an infection.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ์‹ ์†ํžˆ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:46
And it allowed me to test my device on her samples as well.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋„ ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:49
The first two months I measured on her samples, there was nothing.
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์†Œ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ๊ฐ„์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
But the third month,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹ฌ์—
07:54
I discovered some bacterial chatter in her sample.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:58
The bacteria were coordinating to damage her lung tissue.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค ๊ณต๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
But the traditional diagnostics showed no bacteria at all.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง„๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
I measured again the next month,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ธก์ •์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
08:09
and I could see that the bacterial conversations became even more aggressive.
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์ „ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋” ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
Still, the traditional diagnostics showed nothing.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง„๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„๋ฌด ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:18
My study ended, but a half a year later, I followed up on her status
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋๋‚ฌ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:22
to see if the bacteria only I knew about had disappeared
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์ €ํฌ๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐœ์ž… ์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
without medical intervention.
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08:28
They hadn't.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
08:30
But the girl was now diagnosed with a severe infection
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๊ทธ ์†Œ๋…€๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ
08:32
of deadly bacteria.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
It was the very same bacteria my tool discovered earlier.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๋งค์šฐ ํก์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:40
And despite aggressive antibiotic treatment,
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์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
08:43
it was impossible to eradicate the infection.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ ๋ฝ‘๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Doctors deemed that she would not survive her 20s.
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์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ 20๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
When I measured on this girl's samples,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋…€์˜ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ
08:54
my tool was still in the initial stage.
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์ €ํฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์•„์ง ์‹œ์ž‘ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
I didn't even know if my method worked at all,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€์กฐ์ฐจ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
therefore I had an agreement with the doctors
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์€ ์ž„์ƒ์‹œํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
09:01
not to tell them what my tool revealed
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
in order not to compromise their treatment.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:06
So when I saw these results that weren't even validated,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆ…์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
I didn't dare to tell
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09:10
because treating a patient without an actual infection
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ
09:13
also has negative consequences for the patient.
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:17
But now we know better,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•˜๊ณ 
09:18
and there are many young boys and girls that still can be saved
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์•„์ง ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œ๋…„ ์†Œ๋…€๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
because, unfortunately, this scenario happens very often.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
Patients get infected,
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ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜๊ณ 
09:28
the bacteria somehow don't show on the traditional diagnostic test,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ง„๋‹จ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ฐ€
09:31
and suddenly, the infection breaks out in the patient with severe symptoms.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฆ์„ธ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
And at that point, it's already too late.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:39
The surprising result of the 62 patients I followed
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์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ 62๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์ค‘
09:42
was that my device caught bacterial conversations
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๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋˜
09:45
in more than half of the patient samples
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํ™˜์ž ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์—์„œ
09:47
that were diagnosed as negative by traditional methods.
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
In other words, more than half of these patients went home thinking
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๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด, ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ์—ผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€
09:55
they were free from infection,
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:56
although they actually carried dangerous bacteria.
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๋น„๋ก ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
10:01
Inside these wrongly diagnosed patients,
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์˜ค์ง„์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š”
10:03
bacteria were coordinating a synchronized attack.
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ณต๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
They were whispering to each other.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์†์‚ญ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:09
What I call "whispering bacteria"
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"์†์‚ญ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„"๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:11
are bacteria that traditional methods cannot diagnose.
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๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
So far, it's only the translation tool that can catch those whispers.
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์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์†์‚ญ์ž„์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
I believe that the time frame in which bacteria are still whispering
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง ์†์‚ญ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์ด
10:23
is a window of opportunity for targeted treatment.
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ํ‘œ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ ˆํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
If the girl had been treated during this window of opportunity,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ด ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋™์•ˆ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด
10:30
it might have been possible to kill the bacteria
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
in their initial stage,
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10:34
before the infection got out of hand.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์†์„ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:39
What I experienced with this young girl made me decide to do everything I can
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์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์†Œ๋…€์™€ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
์ €๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ถ€์น˜๋„๋ก
10:43
to push this technology into the hospital.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
Together with doctors,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
10:47
I'm already working on implementing this tool in clinics
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์ง„๋ฃŒ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
to diagnose early infections.
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๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
10:53
Although it's still not known how doctors should treat patients
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๋น„๋ก ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ์†์‚ญ์ž„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์ง€
10:56
during the whispering phase,
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์•„์ง์€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
10:58
this tool can help doctors keep a closer eye on patients in risk.
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋•์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
It could help them confirm if a treatment had worked or not,
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์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ณ 
11:05
and it could help answer simple questions:
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—๋„ ๋‹ต์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
Is the patient infected?
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ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:10
And what are the bacteria up to?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
11:12
Bacteria talk,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:14
they make secret plans,
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๋น„๋ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ 
11:16
and they send confidential information to each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
But not only can we catch them whispering,
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์†์‚ญ์ž„์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด
11:22
we can all learn their secret language
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ 
11:25
and become ourselves bacterial whisperers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์†์‚ญ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
And, as bacteria would say,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:31
"3-oxo-C12-aniline."
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"3-oxo-C12-aniline."
[๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด: ๋]
11:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:36
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
11:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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