How young people join violent extremist groups -- and how to stop them | Erin Marie Saltman

169,206 views ใƒป 2017-09-18

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Tae-Hoon Chung ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gichung Lee
00:12
So in 2011, I altered my name
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2011๋…„์— ์ „ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”
00:16
so that I could participate in Far Right youth camp in Hungary.
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ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทน์šฐ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์บ ํ”„์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
I was doing a PhD looking at youth political socialization --
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ „ ์ฒญ๋…„์˜ ์ •์น˜์  ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”, ์ฆ‰ ์™œ ์ Š์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด
00:25
why young people were developing political ideologies
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์ด๋ฏธ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ซ“๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ
00:28
in a post-communist setting,
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๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๊ณผ์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:30
and I saw that a lot of young people I was talking to
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ ๋งŽ์€ ์ Š์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด
00:33
were joining the Far Right,
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๊ทน์šฐ ์บ ํ”„์— ๊ฐ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:35
and this was astounding to me.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €์—๊ฒ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
00:37
So I wanted to enroll in this youth camp
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์ด ์ฒญ๋…„ ์บ ํ”„์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•ด
00:39
to get a better understanding of why people were joining.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด์งธ์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
So a colleague enrolled me,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ ์ž…ํšŒ์‹œ์ผœ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:44
and my last name sounds a little bit too Jewish.
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์ œ ์„ฑ์ด ์ข€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ์ด๋ฆ„ ๊ฐ™์ž–์•„์š”.
00:47
So Erin got turned into Irรฉna,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—๋ฆฐ์€ ์•„์ด๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๊ณ 
00:50
and Saltman got turned into Sรณs,
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์†”ํŠธ๋งจ์€ ์‡ผ์‰ฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:52
which means "salty" in Hungarian.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์–ด๋กœ๋Š” "์งญ์งคํ•œ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And in Hungarian, your last name goes first,
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ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
00:57
so my James Bond name turned into "Salty Irena,"
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์ œ ์•”ํ˜ธ๋ช…์€ "์งญ์งคํ•œ ์ด๋ ˆ๋‚˜"๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:02
which is not something I would have naturally chosen for myself.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์ ‘ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด์ฃ .
01:06
But going to this camp,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์บ ํ”„์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†€๋ž๋˜ ๊ฑด
01:08
I was further shocked to realize that it was actually really fun.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
They talked very little about politics.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„  ์ •์น˜ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
01:15
It was mostly learning how to ride horses,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ง์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํƒ€๋Š”์ง€
01:18
shooting a bow and arrow,
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ํ™œ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
01:20
live music at night,
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์ €๋…์—” ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ ์Œ์•…์—
01:21
free food and alcohol,
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๋ฌด๋ฃŒ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ 
01:23
also some air-gun target practice
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์ด ์˜๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:26
using mainstream politicians' faces as targets.
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01:30
And this seemed like a very, actually, friendly, inclusive group
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์ง‘์‹œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ˜น์€
01:34
until you started talking or mentioning anything to do with the Roma population,
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์ด๋ฏผ์ž๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง„
๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
01:39
Jewish people or immigrants,
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01:41
and then the discourse would become very hate-based very quickly.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์ž ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ํ˜์˜ค ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:46
So it led me into my work now,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ
01:49
where we pose the question,
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"์–ด์งธ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ์šด๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ 
01:51
"Why do people join violent extremist movements,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"
01:54
and how do we effectively counter these processes?"
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๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:58
In the aftermath of horrible atrocities and attacks
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๋ฒจ๊ธฐ์—๋‚˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„
02:01
in places like Belgium, France, but all over the world,
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ํ˜์˜ค์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ž”ํ•™ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์˜ ์—ฌํŒŒ๋กœ
02:05
sometimes it's easier for us to think,
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"๋ญ, ์–˜๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์‹œ์˜คํŒจ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์–ด.
02:06
"Well, these must be sociopaths,
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์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์˜ ์• ๋“ค์ด ํ‹€๋ฆผ ์—†๊ณ 
02:08
these must be naturally violent individuals.
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ํฌ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒŒ ํ‹€๋ฆผ ์—†์ง€."๋ผ๊ณ 
02:12
They must have something wrong with their upbringing."
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ์‰ฌ์šธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
And what's really tragic
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๋ƒ๋ฉด
02:16
is that oftentimes there's no one profile.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ข…์ข… ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Many people come from educated backgrounds,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’๊ณ 
02:22
different socioeconomic backgrounds,
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์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:24
men and women, different ages,
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‚จ์ž๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž, ๋‚˜์ด๋„ ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ณ 
02:27
some with families, some single.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ด์ฃ .
02:29
So why? What is this allure?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์™œ? ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ญ์— ๋Œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:32
And this is what I want to talk you through,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€
02:34
as well as how do we challenge this in a modern era?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
We do know, through research,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„๋Š” ๊ฑด
02:40
that there are quite a number of different things
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทน๋‹จํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š”
02:42
that affect somebody's process of radicalization,
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์ œ๋ฒ• ๋งŽ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ
02:45
and we categorize these into push and pull factors.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ถ”์ง„ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํก์ธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
And these are pretty much similar for Far Right, neo-Nazi groups
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๊ทน์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋‚˜์ฐŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ € ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ
02:52
all the way to Islamist extremist and terrorist groups.
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์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์ธ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ๋ฐ
02:55
And push factors are basically what makes you vulnerable
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์ถ”์ง„ ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทน๋‹จํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋น ์ง€๊ณ 
02:59
to a process of radicalization,
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ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
to joining a violent extremist group.
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03:03
And these can be a lot of different things,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:05
but roughly, a sense of alienation, a sense of isolation,
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๋Œ€๋žต ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์†Œ์™ธ๊ฐ, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ฐ
03:09
questioning your own identity,
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:11
but also feeling that your in-group is under attack,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†Œ์† ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ
03:14
and your in group might be based on a nationality or an ethnicity
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๊ทธ ์†Œ์† ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ตญ์  ํ˜น์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ
03:18
or a religion,
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ํ˜น์€ ์ข…๊ต ๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฑด๋ฐ
03:19
and feeling that larger powers around you are doing nothing to help.
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๋” ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:23
Now, push factors alone do not make you a violent extremist,
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์ด์ œ ์ถ”์ง„ ์š”์ธ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ
03:27
because if that were the fact,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:28
those same factors would go towards a group like the Roma population,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์‹œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:32
and they're not a violently mobilized group.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:34
So we have to look at the pull factors.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํก์ธ ์š”์ธ๋„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
What are these violent extremist organizations offering
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๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”
03:40
that other groups are not offering?
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์ด๋“ค ํญ๋ ฅ์  ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋งŒ์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
03:42
And actually, this is usually very positive things,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑด ํ˜•์ œ์• ๋‚˜ ์ž๋งค์• 
03:45
very seemingly empowering things,
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์†Œ์†๊ฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:47
such as brotherhood and sisterhood
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:49
and a sense of belonging,
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์œ ํ† ํ”ผ์•„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š”
03:50
as well as giving somebody a spiritual purpose,
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์˜์ ์ธ, ์‹ ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ธ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
03:53
a divine purpose to build a utopian society
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๋ณดํ†ต ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฒ‰๋ณด๊ธฐ์—”
03:57
if their goals can be met,
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์‚ถ์„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
but also a sense of empowerment and adventure.
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:02
When we look at foreign terrorist fighters,
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์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ „์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:04
we see young men with the wind in their hair
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์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นผ์„ ํœ˜๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
04:07
out in the desert and women going to join them
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ฉ๋ฅ˜ํ•ด ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋…ธ์„์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
04:09
to have nuptials out in the sunset.
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ํ˜ผ์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:12
It's very romantic, and you become a hero.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ญ๋งŒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜์›…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
04:16
For both men and women, that's the propaganda being given.
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๋‚จ์ž์™€ ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ์ „์„ ๋™์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
So what extremist groups are very good at
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์€
04:22
is taking a very complicated, confusing, nuanced world
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ท๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค
04:27
and simplifying that world into black and white,
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ํ‘๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ, ์„ ๊ณผ ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
good and evil.
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04:31
And you become what is good,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์„ ์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
04:33
challenging what is evil.
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์•…๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:36
So I want to talk a little bit about ISIS, Daesh,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด์‹œ์Šค, ๋Œ€์‰ฌ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:40
because they have been a game changer in how we look at these processes,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„
04:44
and through a lot of the material and their tactics.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋’ค๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
They're very much a modern movement.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์šด๋™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
One of the aspects is the internet and the usage of social media,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๊ณผ ํŠธ์œ—๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ ํ—ค๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์ด๋‚˜
04:55
as we've all seen in headlines tweeting and videos of beheadings.
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๋‹จ๋‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ดค ๋“ฏ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:59
But the internet alone does not radicalize you.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๊ธ‰์ง„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
The internet is a tool.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์ฃ .
05:03
You don't go online shopping for shoes
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์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
05:05
and accidentally become a jihadist.
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์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ง€ํ•˜๋””์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
However, what the Internet does do is it is a catalyst.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์ด‰๋งค์ œ ์—ญํ• ์ด์ฃ .
05:11
It provides tools and scale and rapidity
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋Š ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
05:15
that doesn't exist elsewhere.
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๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์‹ ์†์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์ฃ .
05:16
And with ISIS, all of a sudden,
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ด ์•„์ด์‹œ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
05:19
this idea of a cloaked, dark figure of a jihadist changed for us.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ›„๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ์“ด ์Œ์นจํ•œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋””์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
All of a sudden, we were in their kitchens.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ €ํฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์— ๋“  ์…ˆ์ด ๋์ฃ .
05:26
We saw what they were eating for dinner.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ๋จน๋Š”์ง€ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
05:28
They were tweeting.
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ํŠธ์œ—์„ ๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
05:29
We had foreign terrorist fighters tweeting in their own languages.
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์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์ „์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ํŠธ์œ—์„ ๋‚ ๋ ธ์ฃ .
05:32
We had women going out there talking about their wedding day,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:35
about the births of their children.
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์ž๋…€์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
We had gaming culture, all of a sudden,
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒŒ์ž„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:39
and references to Grand Theft Auto being made.
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๋‹ค๋“ค '๊ทธ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ฐํ”„ํŠธ ์˜คํ† '๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
So all of a sudden, they were homey.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
They became human.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋์œผ๋ฉฐ
05:46
And the problem is that trying to counter it,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
05:49
lots of governments and social media companies
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๋งŽ์€ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ๊ธฐ์—…์ด
05:51
just tried to censor.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฒ€์—ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
How do we get rid of terrorist content?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฌผ์„ ์—†์•จ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
05:54
And it became a cat-and-mouse game
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฑด "ํ†ฐ๊ณผ ์ œ๋ฆฌ" ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
where we would see accounts taken down and they'd just come back up,
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๊ณ„์ •์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜์‚ด์•„๋‚˜๊ณ 
05:59
and an arrogance around somebody having a 25th account
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25๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ณ„์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ป๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์™€
06:02
and material that was disseminated everywhere.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฌผ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
But we also saw a dangerous trend --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:07
violent extremists know the rules and regulations of social media, too.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ๊ทœ์น™๊ณผ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:12
So we would see a banal conversation with a recruiter
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ์ง‘์ž์™€์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„์ “์ด
06:16
start on a mainstream platform,
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์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋๊ณ 
06:18
and at the point at which that conversation
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ด ๋˜๋ ค ํ•  ์ฆˆ์Œ
06:21
was going to become illegal,
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06:22
they would jump to a smaller, less regulated,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข€๋” ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œํ•œ
06:24
more encrypted platform.
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์ข€๋” ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
So all of a sudden, we couldn't track where that conversation went.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
06:30
So this is a problem with censorship,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฒ€์—ด์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
which is why we need to develop alternatives to censorship.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒ€์—ด์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:35
ISIS is also a game-changer because it's state-building.
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์•„์ด์‹œ์Šค๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋˜ํ•œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
It's not just recruiting combatants;
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์ „ํˆฌ๋ณ‘๋งŒ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
it's trying to build a state.
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
06:43
And what that means is all of a sudden,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ด๋ƒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ
06:45
your recruitment model is much more broad.
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๋ชจ์ง‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์—„์ฒญ ๋” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
You're not just trying to get fighters --
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์ „์‚ฌ๋งŒ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
06:49
now you need architects, engineers, accountants, hackers and women.
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์ด์   ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด, ํšŒ๊ณ„์‚ฌ, ํ•ด์ปค์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ค ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:53
We've actually seen a huge increase of women going
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์ง€๋‚œ 24๊ฐœ์›” ํŠนํžˆ 12๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ
06:56
in the last 24, but especially 12 months.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋Š˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:59
Some countries, one in four of the people going over to join
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋– ๋‚œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๋„ท ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
07:02
are now women.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
And so, this really changes
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์ด๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:05
who we're trying to counter this process with.
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07:08
Now, not all doom and gloom.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ด๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
So the rest I'd like to talk about some of the positive things
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฑธ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งํ•  ํ…๋ฐ
07:13
and the new innovation in trying to prevent and counter violent extremism.
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ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
Preventing is very different than countering,
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์‘์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
and actually, you can think of it in medical terms.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:21
So preventative medicine is,
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์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์˜ํ•™์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๊ธ‰์ง„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ
07:24
how do we make it so you are naturally resilient
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07:27
to this process of radicalization,
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์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
07:29
whereas that is going to be different
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ
07:31
if somebody is already showing a symptom or a sign
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๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํžŒ ์ฆ์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ฃ .
07:34
of belonging to a violent extremist ideology.
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07:37
And so in preventative measures,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์  ์กฐ์ฒ˜์—์„ 
07:38
we're talking more about really broad groups of people
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์ •๋ง ํญ๋„“์€ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
07:41
and exposure to ideas
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๊ธ‰์ง„์  ์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๋งž์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
07:43
to make them resilient.
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๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Whereas it's very different
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌป๊ณ  ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
07:46
if somebody is starting to question and agree with certain things online,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์Šค์™€์Šคํ‹ฐ์นด ๋ฌธ์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:50
and it's also very different if somebody already has a swastika tattoo
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๊ทธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ํ‘น ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š”
07:54
and is very much embedded within a group.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ .
07:56
How do you reach them?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:58
So I'd like to go through three examples of each one of those levels
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ 
08:02
and talk you through
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๊ทธ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๋Š”
08:03
what some of the new ways of engaging with people are becoming.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:07
One is "Extreme Dialogue,"
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” "๋์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ™”"๋กœ
08:08
and it's an educational program that we helped develop.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
This one is from Canada,
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์ด๊ฑด ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ธ๋ฐ
08:14
and it's meant to create dialogues within a classroom setting,
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์ˆ˜์—… ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:18
using storytelling,
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๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:19
because violent extremism can be very hard to try to explain,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:22
especially to younger individuals.
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์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:25
So we have a network of former extremists and survivors of extremism
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฐ ์ด์ „์— ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์—์„œ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
08:29
that tell their stories through video and create question-giving to classrooms,
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๋น„๋””์˜ค๋กœ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค์ค€ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋˜์งˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
08:33
to start a conversation about the topic.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:35
These two examples show Christianne,
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์ด ๋‘ ์˜ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์„œ
08:37
who lost her son,
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์•„์ด์‹œ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์šฐ๋‹ค
08:39
who radicalized and died fighting for ISIS,
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์ฃฝ์€ ์•„๋“ค์„ ๋‘” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ์•ˆ๊ณผ
08:41
and Daniel is a former neo-Nazi
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์ด์ „์— ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
08:43
who was an extremely violent neo-Nazi,
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์‹ ๋‚˜์ฐŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์ผ์›์˜€๋˜ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์—˜์ด ๋‚˜์™€
08:45
and they pose questions about their lives and where they're at and regret,
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํ›„ํšŒํ• ์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๊ณ 
08:49
and force a classroom to have a dialogue around it.
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์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
Now, looking at that middle range of individuals,
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์ด์ œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒ
08:56
actually, we need a lot of civil society voices.
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์‹ค์ œ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
How do you interact with people that are looking for information online,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ
09:02
that are starting to toy with an ideology,
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์ด๋ฐ์˜ฌ๋กœ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ
09:04
that are doing those searching identity questions?
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:07
How do we provide alternatives for that?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:09
And that's when we combine large groups of civil society voices
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์ด๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‹œ๋ฏผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—
09:13
with creatives, techies, app developers, artists, comedians,
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์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๋“ค, ์•ฑ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๋“ค, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋“ค, ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์–ธ๋“ค ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฌด๋ ค
09:17
and we can create really specified content
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
09:20
and actually, online, disseminate it to very strategic audiences.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
So one example would be creating a satirical video
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ๊ณตํฌ์ฆ์„ ์กฐ๋กฑํ•˜๋Š”
09:27
which makes fun of Islamophobia,
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ํ’์ž ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
09:30
and targeting it to 15- to 20-year-olds online
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15์‚ด์—์„œ 20์‚ด ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์šฐ์›”์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:34
that have an interest in white power music
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๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งจ์ฒด์Šคํ„ฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
09:36
and live specifically in Manchester.
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์ฒญ๋…„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:38
We can use these marketing tools to be very specific,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
09:41
so that we know when somebody's viewing, watching
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๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
09:44
and engaging with that content,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋น ์ ธ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:46
it's not just the average person, it's not me or you --
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๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ฆ‰, ์ €๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:48
it's a very specific audience that we are looking to engage with.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
Even more downstream, we developed a pilot program called "One to One,"
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์ข€ ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” "1๋Œ€1"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์„ ๋„ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:56
where we took former extremists
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ํ•œ๋•Œ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์ž์˜€๋˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค๋‹ค
09:57
and we had them reach out directly to a group of labeled neofascists
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์‹ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ด์Šฌ๋žŒ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์ž๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฐํžŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ณผ
10:02
as well as Islamist extremists,
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๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด
10:04
and put direct messages through Facebook Messenger into their inbox, saying,
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ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ๋ฉ”์‹ ์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹ ํ•จ์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
"Hey, I see where you're going. I've been there.
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"์•ผ, ๋‚œ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„. ๋‚˜๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๋ดค๊ฑฐ๋“ .
10:10
If you want to talk, I'm here."
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์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ฉด ์•Œ์ง€? ๋‚œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์„๊ฒŒ."
10:12
Now, we kind of expected death threats from this sort of interaction.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•  ๋• ์ฃฝ์ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:15
It's a little alarming to have a former neo-Nazi say, "Hey, how are you?"
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์ด์ „์˜ ์‹ ๋‚˜์น˜์ฃผ์˜์ž๊ฐ€ "์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ด?" ์ด๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ์ด์ž–์•„์š”.
10:19
But actually, we found that around 60 percent
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
10:22
of the people reached out to responded,
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๋Œ€๋žต 60% ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:24
and of that, around another 60 percent had sustained engagement,
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๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์šด๋Œ€ ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋žต 60%๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์ฃ .
10:28
meaning that they were having conversations
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ์€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•ด
10:30
with the hardest people to reach about what they were going through,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€
10:34
planting seeds of doubt
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์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹น์„ ์‹ฌ๊ณ 
10:35
and giving them alternatives for talking about these subjects,
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์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:38
and that's really important.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
So what we're trying to do
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
10:43
is actually bring unlikely sectors to the table.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ์€ ๋„์ €ํžˆ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:46
We have amazing activists all over the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ํ™œ๋™๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:48
but oftentimes, their messages are not strategic
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์ข…์ข… ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์ „๋žต์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
10:50
or they don't actually reach the audiences they want to reach.
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ํ˜น์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชฉํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์™€ ์ ‘์ด‰ํ•˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
So we work with networks of former extremists.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฐ ์ „์ง ๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜์ฃ .
10:55
We work with networks of young people in different parts of the world.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋”ด์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And we work with them to bring the tech sector to the table
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ
11:02
with artists and creatives and marketing expertise
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๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์•„
11:05
so that we can actually have a more robust and challenging of extremism
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๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์— ์ข€ ๋” ๊ตณ๊ฑดํ•˜๊ฒŒ
๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
that works together.
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11:11
So I would say that if you are in the audience
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
11:14
and you happen to be a graphic designer,
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ํ˜น์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:17
a poet, a marketing expert,
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์‹œ์ธ, ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€
11:19
somebody that works in PR,
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PR ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:21
a comedian --
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์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์–ธ์ด์‹œ๋ผ๋ฉด
11:22
you might not think that this is your sector,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
11:24
but actually, the skills that you have right now
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด
11:27
might be exactly what is needed
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๊ธ‰์ง„์ฃผ์˜์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
11:29
to help challenge extremism effectively.
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ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:32
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:33
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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