How young people join violent extremist groups -- and how to stop them | Erin Marie Saltman

169,206 views ・ 2017-09-18

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So in 2011, I altered my name
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so that I could participate in Far Right youth camp in Hungary.
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I was doing a PhD looking at youth political socialization --
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why young people were developing political ideologies
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in a post-communist setting,
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and I saw that a lot of young people I was talking to
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were joining the Far Right,
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and this was astounding to me.
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So I wanted to enroll in this youth camp
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to get a better understanding of why people were joining.
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So a colleague enrolled me,
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and my last name sounds a little bit too Jewish.
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So Erin got turned into Iréna,
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and Saltman got turned into Sós,
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which means "salty" in Hungarian.
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And in Hungarian, your last name goes first,
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so my James Bond name turned into "Salty Irena,"
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which is not something I would have naturally chosen for myself.
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But going to this camp,
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I was further shocked to realize that it was actually really fun.
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They talked very little about politics.
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It was mostly learning how to ride horses,
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shooting a bow and arrow,
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live music at night,
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free food and alcohol,
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also some air-gun target practice
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using mainstream politicians' faces as targets.
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And this seemed like a very, actually, friendly, inclusive group
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until you started talking or mentioning anything to do with the Roma population,
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Jewish people or immigrants,
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and then the discourse would become very hate-based very quickly.
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So it led me into my work now,
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where we pose the question,
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"Why do people join violent extremist movements,
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and how do we effectively counter these processes?"
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In the aftermath of horrible atrocities and attacks
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in places like Belgium, France, but all over the world,
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sometimes it's easier for us to think,
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"Well, these must be sociopaths,
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these must be naturally violent individuals.
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They must have something wrong with their upbringing."
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And what's really tragic
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is that oftentimes there's no one profile.
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Many people come from educated backgrounds,
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different socioeconomic backgrounds,
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men and women, different ages,
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some with families, some single.
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So why? What is this allure?
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And this is what I want to talk you through,
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as well as how do we challenge this in a modern era?
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We do know, through research,
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that there are quite a number of different things
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that affect somebody's process of radicalization,
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and we categorize these into push and pull factors.
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And these are pretty much similar for Far Right, neo-Nazi groups
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all the way to Islamist extremist and terrorist groups.
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And push factors are basically what makes you vulnerable
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to a process of radicalization,
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to joining a violent extremist group.
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And these can be a lot of different things,
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but roughly, a sense of alienation, a sense of isolation,
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questioning your own identity,
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but also feeling that your in-group is under attack,
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and your in group might be based on a nationality or an ethnicity
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or a religion,
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and feeling that larger powers around you are doing nothing to help.
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Now, push factors alone do not make you a violent extremist,
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because if that were the fact,
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those same factors would go towards a group like the Roma population,
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and they're not a violently mobilized group.
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So we have to look at the pull factors.
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What are these violent extremist organizations offering
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that other groups are not offering?
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And actually, this is usually very positive things,
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very seemingly empowering things,
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such as brotherhood and sisterhood
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and a sense of belonging,
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as well as giving somebody a spiritual purpose,
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a divine purpose to build a utopian society
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if their goals can be met,
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but also a sense of empowerment and adventure.
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When we look at foreign terrorist fighters,
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we see young men with the wind in their hair
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out in the desert and women going to join them
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to have nuptials out in the sunset.
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It's very romantic, and you become a hero.
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For both men and women, that's the propaganda being given.
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So what extremist groups are very good at
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is taking a very complicated, confusing, nuanced world
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and simplifying that world into black and white,
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good and evil.
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And you become what is good,
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challenging what is evil.
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So I want to talk a little bit about ISIS, Daesh,
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because they have been a game changer in how we look at these processes,
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and through a lot of the material and their tactics.
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They're very much a modern movement.
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One of the aspects is the internet and the usage of social media,
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as we've all seen in headlines tweeting and videos of beheadings.
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But the internet alone does not radicalize you.
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The internet is a tool.
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You don't go online shopping for shoes
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and accidentally become a jihadist.
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However, what the Internet does do is it is a catalyst.
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It provides tools and scale and rapidity
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that doesn't exist elsewhere.
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And with ISIS, all of a sudden,
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this idea of a cloaked, dark figure of a jihadist changed for us.
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All of a sudden, we were in their kitchens.
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We saw what they were eating for dinner.
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They were tweeting.
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We had foreign terrorist fighters tweeting in their own languages.
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We had women going out there talking about their wedding day,
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about the births of their children.
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We had gaming culture, all of a sudden,
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and references to Grand Theft Auto being made.
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So all of a sudden, they were homey.
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They became human.
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And the problem is that trying to counter it,
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lots of governments and social media companies
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just tried to censor.
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How do we get rid of terrorist content?
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And it became a cat-and-mouse game
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where we would see accounts taken down and they'd just come back up,
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and an arrogance around somebody having a 25th account
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and material that was disseminated everywhere.
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But we also saw a dangerous trend --
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violent extremists know the rules and regulations of social media, too.
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So we would see a banal conversation with a recruiter
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start on a mainstream platform,
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and at the point at which that conversation
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was going to become illegal,
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they would jump to a smaller, less regulated,
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more encrypted platform.
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So all of a sudden, we couldn't track where that conversation went.
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So this is a problem with censorship,
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which is why we need to develop alternatives to censorship.
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ISIS is also a game-changer because it's state-building.
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It's not just recruiting combatants;
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it's trying to build a state.
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And what that means is all of a sudden,
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your recruitment model is much more broad.
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You're not just trying to get fighters --
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now you need architects, engineers, accountants, hackers and women.
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We've actually seen a huge increase of women going
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in the last 24, but especially 12 months.
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Some countries, one in four of the people going over to join
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are now women.
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And so, this really changes
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who we're trying to counter this process with.
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Now, not all doom and gloom.
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So the rest I'd like to talk about some of the positive things
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and the new innovation in trying to prevent and counter violent extremism.
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Preventing is very different than countering,
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and actually, you can think of it in medical terms.
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So preventative medicine is,
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how do we make it so you are naturally resilient
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to this process of radicalization,
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whereas that is going to be different
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if somebody is already showing a symptom or a sign
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of belonging to a violent extremist ideology.
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And so in preventative measures,
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we're talking more about really broad groups of people
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and exposure to ideas
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to make them resilient.
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Whereas it's very different
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if somebody is starting to question and agree with certain things online,
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and it's also very different if somebody already has a swastika tattoo
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and is very much embedded within a group.
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How do you reach them?
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So I'd like to go through three examples of each one of those levels
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and talk you through
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what some of the new ways of engaging with people are becoming.
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One is "Extreme Dialogue,"
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and it's an educational program that we helped develop.
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This one is from Canada,
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and it's meant to create dialogues within a classroom setting,
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using storytelling,
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because violent extremism can be very hard to try to explain,
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especially to younger individuals.
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So we have a network of former extremists and survivors of extremism
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that tell their stories through video and create question-giving to classrooms,
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to start a conversation about the topic.
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These two examples show Christianne,
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who lost her son,
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who radicalized and died fighting for ISIS,
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and Daniel is a former neo-Nazi
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who was an extremely violent neo-Nazi,
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and they pose questions about their lives and where they're at and regret,
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and force a classroom to have a dialogue around it.
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Now, looking at that middle range of individuals,
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actually, we need a lot of civil society voices.
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How do you interact with people that are looking for information online,
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that are starting to toy with an ideology,
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that are doing those searching identity questions?
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How do we provide alternatives for that?
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And that's when we combine large groups of civil society voices
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with creatives, techies, app developers, artists, comedians,
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and we can create really specified content
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and actually, online, disseminate it to very strategic audiences.
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So one example would be creating a satirical video
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which makes fun of Islamophobia,
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and targeting it to 15- to 20-year-olds online
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that have an interest in white power music
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and live specifically in Manchester.
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We can use these marketing tools to be very specific,
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so that we know when somebody's viewing, watching
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and engaging with that content,
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it's not just the average person, it's not me or you --
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it's a very specific audience that we are looking to engage with.
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Even more downstream, we developed a pilot program called "One to One,"
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where we took former extremists
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and we had them reach out directly to a group of labeled neofascists
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as well as Islamist extremists,
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and put direct messages through Facebook Messenger into their inbox, saying,
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"Hey, I see where you're going. I've been there.
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If you want to talk, I'm here."
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Now, we kind of expected death threats from this sort of interaction.
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It's a little alarming to have a former neo-Nazi say, "Hey, how are you?"
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But actually, we found that around 60 percent
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of the people reached out to responded,
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and of that, around another 60 percent had sustained engagement,
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meaning that they were having conversations
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with the hardest people to reach about what they were going through,
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planting seeds of doubt
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and giving them alternatives for talking about these subjects,
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and that's really important.
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So what we're trying to do
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is actually bring unlikely sectors to the table.
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We have amazing activists all over the world,
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but oftentimes, their messages are not strategic
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or they don't actually reach the audiences they want to reach.
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So we work with networks of former extremists.
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We work with networks of young people in different parts of the world.
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And we work with them to bring the tech sector to the table
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with artists and creatives and marketing expertise
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so that we can actually have a more robust and challenging of extremism
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that works together.
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So I would say that if you are in the audience
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and you happen to be a graphic designer,
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a poet, a marketing expert,
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somebody that works in PR,
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a comedian --
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you might not think that this is your sector,
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but actually, the skills that you have right now
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might be exactly what is needed
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to help challenge extremism effectively.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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