What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you | Carolyn Bertozzi

250,481 views ใƒป 2017-09-10

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Changkyun Ahn ๊ฒ€ํ† : Seungmee Yun
00:12
This is a talk about sugar and cancer.
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋งํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์™€ ์•”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
I became interested in sugar when I was in college.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•™๋ถ€์ƒ ์‹œ์ ˆ, ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
Not this kind of sugar.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ฌ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
It was the sugar that our biology professors taught us about
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์ œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋•Œ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜
00:25
in the context of the coating of your cells.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹น๋ฅ˜ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
Maybe you didn't know that your cells are coated with sugar.
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์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
And I didn't know that, either,
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์ € ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ชฐ๋ž์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
00:36
until I took these courses in college,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:38
but back then --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š”,
00:39
and this was in, let's just call it the 1980s --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ฏค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์น˜์ฃ ,
00:44
people didn't know much about why our cells are coated with sugar.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
And when I dug through my notes, what I noticed I had written down
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ์—ฐํžˆ ์ œ ๋…ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ํ•„๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:52
is that the sugar coating on our cells is like the sugar coating
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'๋•…์ฝฉ M&M์ด ์„คํƒ• ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธํฌ๋„ ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ”ํŒ… ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค'
00:57
on a peanut M and M.
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๋ผ๊ณ  ์ ํ˜€์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
And people thought the sugar coating on our cells
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๋‹น์‹œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋‹น์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ง‰ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„
01:02
was like a protective coating
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ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
that somehow made our cells stronger or tougher.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:08
But we now know, many decades later,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ
01:10
that it's much more complicated than that,
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:13
and that the sugars on our cells are actually very complex.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋‹น ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:19
And if you could shrink yourself down to a little miniature airplane
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋งŒํผ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์–ด์„œ
01:24
and fly right along the surface of your cells,
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์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์„ ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
01:28
it might look something like this --
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์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
with geographical features.
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์ง€ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋“ฏ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:32
And now, the complex sugars are these trees and bushes --
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๊ทธ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹น๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ค๋ถˆ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
01:37
weeping willows that are swaying in the wind
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์ถ• ๋Š˜์–ด์ง„ ๋ฒ„๋“œ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
01:39
and moving with the waves.
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์ถค์ถ”๋“ฏ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
And when I started thinking about all these complex sugars
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹น๋“ค์ด ๋งˆ์น˜ ์„ธํฌํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š”
01:45
that are like this foliage on our cells,
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๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ๋“ค ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ฏค
01:48
it became one of the most interesting problems that I encountered
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ด์ž ํ™”ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค ์ค‘
01:51
as a biologist and also as a chemist.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
And so now we tend to think about the sugars
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:58
that are populating the surface of our cells
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์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ํ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋‹น๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ์น˜
02:01
as a language.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
They have a lot of information stored in their complex structures.
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์„ธํฌํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋‹น์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์†์— ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ €์žฅ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:08
But what are they trying to tell us?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
02:12
I can tell you that we do know some information
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋“ค ์ค‘
02:15
that comes from these sugars,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:17
and it's turned out already to be incredibly important
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ์ œ์•ฝ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ด๋‚˜ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
02:20
in the world of medicine.
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๋‹จ์–ธํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
For example, one thing your sugars are telling us
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์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋‹น์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
02:26
is your blood type.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜• ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
So your blood cells, your red blood cells, are coated with sugars,
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์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎํ˜€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:33
and the chemical structures of those sugars determine your blood type.
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์ด ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์„ ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
So for example, I know that I am blood type O.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์ด O ํ˜•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:41
How many people are also blood type O?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์ด O ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:44
Put your hands up.
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์† ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
02:46
It's a pretty common one,
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O ํ˜• ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ”ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์ธ๋ฐ,
02:47
so when so few hands go up, either you're not paying attention
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์†์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง‘์ค‘์„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
02:50
or you don't know your blood type, and both of those are bad.
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์ž๊ธฐ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด๋ฐ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋„ค์š”.
02:53
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:54
But for those of you who share the blood type O with me,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ Oํ˜• ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:56
what this means is that we have this chemical structure
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
on the surface of our blood cells:
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์ ํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:02
three simple sugars linked together to make a more complex sugar.
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์ด ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์ข€ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹น์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:05
And that, by definition, is blood type O.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ O ํ˜•์˜ ์ •์˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Now, how many people are blood type A?
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ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์ด A ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„ ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
03:12
Right here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
03:13
That means you have an enzyme in your cells
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๊ทธ ๋ง์ธ ์ฆ‰์Šจ, A ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:16
that adds one more building block,
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๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
03:19
that red sugar,
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ,
03:20
to build a more complex structure.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋‹น ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:22
And how many people are blood type B?
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ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜• B ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€?
03:26
Quite a few.
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๊ฝค ๋งŽ์ด ๊ณ„์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
03:27
You have a slightly different enzyme than the A people,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ A ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํšจ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
so you build a slightly different structure,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ตฌ์š”,
03:32
and those of you that are AB
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  AB ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€,
03:34
have the enzyme from your mother, the other enzyme from your father,
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ
03:37
and now you make both of these structures in roughly equal proportions.
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AB ํ˜•์ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
And when this was figured out,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ์—,
03:43
which is now back in the previous century,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ ,
03:46
this enabled one of the most important medical procedures in the world,
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
which, of course, is the blood transfusion.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
And by knowing what your blood type is,
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๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์„ ์•Œ๋ฉด,
03:54
we can make sure, if you ever need a transfusion,
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์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ—Œํ˜ˆ์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•กํ˜•์ด
03:57
that your donor has the same blood type,
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๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ์ˆ˜ํ˜ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ
03:59
so that your body doesn't see foreign sugars,
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๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ
04:03
which it wouldn't like and would certainly reject.
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์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
What else are the sugars on the surface of your cells trying to tell us?
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์ด๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์— ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:12
Well, those sugars might be telling us that you have cancer.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ชธ์— ์•”์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
So a few decades ago,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„ ์ „์—
04:20
correlations began to emerge from the analysis of tumor tissue.
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์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
And the typical scenario is a patient would have a tumor detected,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด,
04:30
and the tissue would be removed in a biopsy procedure
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์กฐ์ง ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์กฐ์ง์ƒ๊ฒ€์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๊ณ 
04:34
and then sent down to a pathology lab
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋กœ ๋„˜๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:37
where that tissue would be analyzed to look for chemical changes
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง์ด ์–ด๋–ค ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
04:41
that might inform the oncologist about the best course of treatment.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€์š”.
04:46
And what was discovered from studies like that
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€,
04:49
is that the sugars have changed
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๋‹น๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
when the cell transforms from being healthy to being sick.
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์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์•„ํ”ˆ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
And those correlations have come up again and again and again.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ž๊พธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ
05:04
But a big question in the field has been: Why?
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๊ฑฐ์ฃ  '๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ?'
05:08
Why do cancers have different sugars? What's the importance of that?
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์™œ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹น์„ ์ง€๋‹๊นŒ? ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์™œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?
05:13
Why does it happen, and what can we do about it if it does turn out
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์•”์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ
05:16
to be related to the disease process?
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์—ฐ๊ด€์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
05:21
So, one of the changes that we study
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
05:24
is an increase in the density of a particular sugar
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋‹น์˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
05:30
that's called sialic acid.
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์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
And I think this is going to be one of the most important sugars
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋‹น์ด ์ €ํฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹น์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
of our times,
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05:38
so I would encourage everybody to get familiar with this word.
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์™€ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ง€์‹œ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
Sialic acid is not the kind of sugar that we eat.
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์‹œ์•Œ ์‚ฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ๋‹น๋ถ„์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Those are different sugars.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„คํƒ•์ด์—์š”.
05:48
This is a kind of sugar that is actually found
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์ด ๋‹น์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ๋ชธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—์„œ
05:51
at certain levels on all of the cells in your body.
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹น์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
It's actually quite common on your cells.
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์‹ค์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ”ํ•œ ๋‹น์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
But for some reason,
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์•„์ง ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ,
06:00
cancer cells, at least in a successful, progressive disease,
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์ „์ด๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™•์„ฑํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก
06:05
tend to have more sialic acid
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
than a normal, healthy cell would have.
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์ •์ƒ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:11
And why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
06:12
What does that mean?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜ ๋œปํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:15
Well, what we've learned
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:16
is that it has to do with your immune system.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ์ฒด์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
So let me tell you a little bit about the importance of your immune system
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
in cancer.
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์•”์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:25
And this is something that's, I think, in the news a lot these days.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
You know, people are starting to become familiar with the term
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์ ‘ํ•˜์ž–์•„์š”.
06:32
"cancer immune therapy."
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"๋ฉด์—ญํ•ญ์•”์š”๋ฒ•"
06:34
And some of you might even know people
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
06:36
who are benefiting from these very new ways of treating cancer.
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์ง€์ธ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์ด ์ตœ์‹  ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
06:41
What we now know is that your immune cells,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ, ์ฆ‰ ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์†์˜ ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด
06:44
which are the white blood cells coursing through your bloodstream,
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๋งค์ผ๊ฐ™์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
protect you on a daily basis from things gone bad --
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๋ณ€์งˆ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆด ๋งค์ผ๋งค์ผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
06:53
including cancer.
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์•”๋„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฌํ•จ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:55
And so in this picture,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
06:57
those little green balls are your immune cells,
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์ € ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ์ž‘์€ ๊ณต ๊ฐ™์€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์ด๊ตฌ์š”,
07:00
and that big pink cell is a cancer cell.
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์ € ํฐ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
And these immune cells go around and taste all the cells in your body.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง›์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
That's their job.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์Ÿค๋“ค ์ผ์ด์—์š”.
07:10
And most of the time, the cells taste OK.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง›์€ ์ •์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
07:13
But once in a while, a cell might taste bad.
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์ด๋”ฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ง›์ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:16
Hopefully, that's the cancer cell,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•”์„ธํฌ์ผ ๋•Œ, ๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„
07:18
and when those immune cells get the bad taste,
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋‚˜์œ ๋ง›์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:20
they launch an all-out strike and kill those cells.
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๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋™์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฃฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:24
So we know that.
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:25
We also know that if you can potentiate that tasting,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ '๋ง›๋ณด๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ' ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
07:30
if you can encourage those immune cells to actually take a big old bite
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
07:33
out of a cancer cell,
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ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ์ž… ๋ฒ ์–ด๋ฌผ์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด,
07:35
you get a better job protecting yourself from cancer every day
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ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ์— ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์•”์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ชธ์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
07:38
and maybe even curing a cancer.
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์•”์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋„ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ 
07:41
And there are now a couple of drugs out there in the market
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹œํŒ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋‘์–ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€
07:44
that are used to treat cancer patients
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
07:46
that act exactly by this process.
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์•” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:49
They activate the immune system
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๊ทธ ์•ฝ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
07:51
so that the immune system can be more vigorous
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๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด ๋” ์™•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
07:53
in protecting us from cancer.
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์•”์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:55
In fact, one of those drugs
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์•ฝ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
07:57
may well have spared President Jimmy Carter's life.
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์ง€๋ฏธ ์นดํ„ฐ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:01
Do you remember, President Carter had malignant melanoma
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์ง€๋ฏธ์นดํ„ฐ ์ „ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ์•…์„ฑ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ด ๋ณ‘์ด ๋‡Œ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„
08:05
that had metastasized to his brain,
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
08:08
and that diagnosis is one that is usually accompanied by numbers
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์—๋Š” ์˜†์— ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
like "months to live."
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"๋‚จ์€ ์ƒ์กด ๊ฐœ์›” ์ˆ˜"
08:14
But he was treated with one of these new immune-stimulating drugs,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ž๊ทน ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ ,
08:19
and now his melanoma appears to be in remission,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ข…์€ ์ฐจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
08:22
which is remarkable,
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๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ
08:24
considering the situation only a few years ago.
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๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์•„๋„ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ์ „์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:27
In fact, it's so remarkable
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ฌ์„œ
08:29
that provocative statements like this one:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์˜ ๋„๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:32
"Cancer is having a penicillin moment," people are saying,
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"์ด์ œ ์•”๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค" (ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ฐ์—ผ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์ค„์—ˆ๋“ฏ์ด)
08:36
with these new immune therapy drugs.
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฉด์—ญ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋•๋ถ„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:38
I mean, that's an incredibly bold thing to say about a disease
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์ œ ๋ง์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์˜ค๋žœ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋™์•ˆ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ธ์›Œ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „ํˆฌ์—์„œ
08:41
which we've been fighting for a long time
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์ ธ์™”๋˜ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:43
and mostly losing the battle with.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋‹ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
08:46
So this is very exciting.
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:48
Now what does this have to do with sugars?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์™€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:51
Well, I'll tell you what we've learned.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
When an immune cell snuggles up against a cancer cell to take a taste,
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์•”์„ธํฌ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ๋ง›์„ ๋ณผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๋•Œ,
09:01
it's looking for signs of disease,
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๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง•ํ›„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:03
and if it finds those signs,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง•ํ›„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ฉด,
09:05
the cell gets activated and it launches a missile strike and kills the cell.
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜์–ด ๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํผ๋ถ“๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
But if that cancer cell has a dense forest of that sugar, sialic acid,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์ผ ์•”์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ•œ ์ˆฒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹น, ์ฆ‰ ์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ธ์—ฌ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
09:17
well, it starts to taste pretty good.
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๋ญ, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ข‹์€ ๋ง›์ด ๋‚˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
09:21
And there's a protein on immune cells that grabs the sialic acid,
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์ € ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ์š”,
09:25
and if that protein gets held at that synapse
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ € ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์•”์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ์˜
09:29
between the immune cell and the cancer cell,
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ํ‹ˆ์—์„œ ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™๋“ค๋ ค ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
09:32
it puts that immune cell to sleep.
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๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ž ์ž ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
The sialic acids are telling the immune cell,
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์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:38
"Hey, this cell's all right. Nothing to see here, move along.
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"์–ด์ด, ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ€์ฉกํ•ด. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ณผ์ผ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋ด."
09:42
Look somewhere else."
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09:44
So in other words,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
09:45
as long as our cells are wearing a thick coat of sialic acid,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ,
09:51
they look fabulous, right?
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๊ทผ์‚ฌํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
09:53
It's amazing.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•ด์š”
09:56
And what if you could strip off that coat
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
09:59
and take that sugar away?
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๋‹น์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
10:01
Well, your immune system
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š”
10:04
might be able to see that cancer cell for what it really is:
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์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒด, ์ฆ‰ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
10:09
something that needs to be destroyed.
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ 
10:12
And so this is what we're doing in my lab.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €ํฌ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:15
We're developing new medicines
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:17
that are basically cell-surface lawnmowers --
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๋งˆ์น˜ '์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ž”๋””๊นŽ์ด' ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
10:21
molecules that go down to the surface of these cancer cells
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์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ, ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‹œ์•Œ์‚ฐ์„
10:25
and just cut off those sialic acids,
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๊นŽ์•„๋‚ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:28
so that the immune system can reach its full potential
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:32
in eliminating those cancer cells from our body.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
10:36
So in closing,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ,
10:39
let me just remind you again:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:41
your cells are coated with sugars.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎํ˜€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:44
The sugars are telling cells around that cell
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์ด ๋‹น๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ธํฌ์ธ์ง€ ๋‚˜์œ ์„ธํฌ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ
10:49
whether the cell is good or bad.
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์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
And that's important,
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๊ทธ ์ ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
because our immune system needs to leave the good cells alone.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ๋†”๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:56
Otherwise, we'd have autoimmune diseases.
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์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ„, ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ์งˆํ™˜์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
But once in a while, cancers get the ability
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๊ฐ„ํ˜น ์•”์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—
๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹น๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ 
11:03
to express these new sugars.
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11:04
And now that we understand
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๋‹น๋“ค์ด
11:06
how those sugars mesmerize the immune system,
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๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
11:09
we can come up with new medicines to wake up those immune cells,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•ฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๋„๋กํ•˜๊ณ 
11:13
tell them, "Ignore the sugars, eat the cell
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"๋‹น์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค."
11:16
and have a delicious snack, on cancer."
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"์•”์„ธํฌ, ๋ง›์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์–ด" ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
(Applause)
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(ํ™˜ํ˜ธ)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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