Susan Etlinger: What do we do with all this big data?

153,066 views ใƒป 2014-10-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jina Bae ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeong-Lan Kinser
00:13
Technology has brought us so much:
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
the moon landing, the Internet,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์—” ๋‹ฌ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท
00:18
the ability to sequence the human genome.
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์ธ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์„ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:21
But it also taps into a lot of our deepest fears,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:24
and about 30 years ago,
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์•ฝ 30 ๋…„ ์ „,
00:26
the culture critic Neil Postman wrote a book
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๋ฌธํ™” ํ‰๋ก ๊ฐ€์ธ ๋„ค์ผ ํฌ์Šค๋งŒ์€
"์ฃฝ๋„๋ก ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
called "Amusing Ourselves to Death,"
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00:31
which lays this out really brilliantly.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
And here's what he said,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง€ ์˜ค์—˜๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋”์Šค ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ์˜
00:35
comparing the dystopian visions
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๋ฐ˜์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•œ ๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:38
of George Orwell and Aldous Huxley.
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00:41
He said, Orwell feared we would become
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ,
์กฐ์ง€ ์˜ค์—˜์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ต์••๋œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
00:44
a captive culture.
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00:47
Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture.
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ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:50
Orwell feared the truth would be
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์˜ค์—˜์€ ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
00:52
concealed from us,
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์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
00:54
and Huxley feared we would be drowned
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ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด๊ด€์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ
00:57
in a sea of irrelevance.
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์ต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:59
In a nutshell, it's a choice between
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด
01:01
Big Brother watching you
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๋…์žฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ,
01:04
and you watching Big Brother.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋…์žฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹œํ•˜๋Š๋ƒ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:06
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:08
But it doesn't have to be this way.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ผญ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์ผ ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์–ด์š”.
01:10
We are not passive consumers of data and technology.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ์†Œ๋น„์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
01:13
We shape the role it plays in our lives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ
01:16
and the way we make meaning from it,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
but to do that,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด,
01:20
we have to pay as much attention to how we think
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์œผ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋งŒํผ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:23
as how we code.
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01:25
We have to ask questions, and hard questions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ ธ์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„์š”.
01:28
to move past counting things
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€
01:30
to understanding them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:33
We're constantly bombarded with stories
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์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
01:35
about how much data there is in the world,
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๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์Ÿ์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์Œ“์—ฌ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
but when it comes to big data
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋น… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€,
01:39
and the challenges of interpreting it,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚œ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”,
๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
size isn't everything.
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01:44
There's also the speed at which it moves,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:47
and the many varieties of data types,
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:49
and here are just a few examples:
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๊ฐœ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
images,
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€,
01:53
text,
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๋ฌธ์ž,
01:57
video,
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์˜์ƒ,
01:59
audio.
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์Œ์„ฑ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
02:01
And what unites this disparate types of data
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:04
is that they're created by people
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:06
and they require context.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:09
Now, there's a group of data scientists
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์ž, ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ-์‹œ์นด๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ถœ์‹ ์˜
02:12
out of the University of Illinois-Chicago,
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
02:14
and they're called the Health Media Collaboratory,
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๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€, "๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋งค์ฒด ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
and they've been working with the Centers for Disease Control
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ์–ต์ œ ์„ผํ„ฐ (Centers for Disease Control)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:19
to better understand
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธˆ์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
02:21
how people talk about quitting smoking,
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์ „์ž๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
02:23
how they talk about electronic cigarettes,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ธˆ์—ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:26
and what they can do collectively
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02:28
to help them quit.
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๋” ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
The interesting thing is, if you want to understand
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ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํก์—ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:32
how people talk about smoking,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์›ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:34
first you have to understand
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๋จผ์ € ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด "ํก์—ฐ"์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ๋•Œ,
02:36
what they mean when they say "smoking."
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด, "ํก์—ฐ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:39
And on Twitter, there are four main categories:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ์—๋Š” 4๊ฐœ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”:
02:43
number one, smoking cigarettes;
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์ฒซ์งธ, ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ธฐ
02:46
number two, smoking marijuana;
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜ ํ”ผ์šฐ๊ธฐ
02:48
number three, smoking ribs;
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์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๊ฐˆ๋น„ ํ›ˆ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ
02:51
and number four, smoking hot women.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ค๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์—ฌ์ž ๊ผฌ์‹œ๊ธฐ
(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:55
(Laughter)
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์ž, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ „์ž๋‹ด๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:58
So then you have to think about, well,
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03:00
how do people talk about electronic cigarettes?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
03:02
And there are so many different ways
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
03:04
that people do this, and you can see from the slide
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
it's a complex kind of a query.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์งˆ์˜์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
And what it reminds us is that
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ์ฃ .
03:13
language is created by people,
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03:15
and people are messy and we're complex
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋„ˆ์ €๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:17
and we use metaphors and slang and jargon
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์€์œ ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์€์–ด์™€ ํŠน์ˆ˜์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
and we do this 24/7 in many, many languages,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
and then as soon as we figure it out, we change it up.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ž ๋งˆ์ž ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์ฃ .
03:27
So did these ads that the CDC put on,
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CDC์— ๋ฐฉ์†กํ•œ ์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋“ค์€
03:32
these television ads that featured a woman
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๋ชฉ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:34
with a hole in her throat and that were very graphic
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๋งค์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ,
03:36
and very disturbing,
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๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ต๋ž€์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
03:38
did they actually have an impact
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์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
03:40
on whether people quit?
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๊ธˆ์—ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:43
And the Health Media Collaboratory respected the limits of their data,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋งค์ฒด ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ,
03:46
but they were able to conclude
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
03:48
that those advertisements โ€” and you may have seen them โ€”
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๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋“ค์€-- ์•„๋งˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๋ณด์•˜์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
that they had the effect of jolting people
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๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋“ค์€ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด
03:54
into a thought process
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
03:56
that may have an impact on future behavior.
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์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง€์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:59
And what I admire and appreciate about this project,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฐํƒ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:03
aside from the fact, including the fact
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š•๊ตฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ,
04:05
that it's based on real human need,
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04:09
is that it's a fantastic example of courage
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๋ฌด๊ด€์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
in the face of a sea of irrelevance.
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04:16
And so it's not just big data that causes
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด์„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
04:19
challenges of interpretation, because let's face it,
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๋น… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
we human beings have a very rich history
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์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘๊ฑด๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•ด์„œ
04:25
of taking any amount of data, no matter how small,
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๋ง์ณ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
and screwing it up.
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04:29
So many years ago, you may remember
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์ˆ˜ ๋…„์ „์—, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋กœ๋„๋“œ ๋ ˆ์ด๊ฑด์ด
04:33
that former President Ronald Reagan
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๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„๋‚œ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:35
was very criticized for making a statement
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04:37
that facts are stupid things.
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04:40
And it was a slip of the tongue, let's be fair.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๋ง ์‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€์ฃ . ๊ณตํ‰ํ•ด์ ธ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:43
He actually meant to quote John Adams' defense
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๊ทธ๋Š”
๋ณด์Šคํ†ค ๋งˆ์‚ฌํฌ๋ฅด ์žฌํŒ์—์„œ ์กด ์•„๋‹ด์Šค์˜ ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ ๋ณ€๋ก ์„
04:45
of British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trials
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04:48
that facts are stubborn things.
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์ธ์šฉํ•ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์™„๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
But I actually think there's
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ ์†์—” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
04:54
a bit of accidental wisdom in what he said,
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์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€ ๊นƒ๋“ค์˜€์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
because facts are stubborn things,
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์‹ค์ƒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ์™„๊ฐ•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
05:00
but sometimes they're stupid, too.
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๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:03
I want to tell you a personal story
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์™œ ๋น… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
05:05
about why this matters a lot to me.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:08
I need to take a breath.
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ํ•œ ์ˆจ ๋Œ๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
05:11
My son Isaac, when he was two,
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์ œ ์•„๋“ค Isaac์€ 2 ์‚ด ์ด์˜€์„๋•Œ
05:13
was diagnosed with autism,
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์žํ์ฆ ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
and he was this happy, hilarious,
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ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ช…๋ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
05:18
loving, affectionate little guy,
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๋‹ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์• ์ •์–ด๋ฆฐ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์•„์ด์˜€์–ด์š”.
05:20
but the metrics on his developmental evaluations,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฒ™๋„๋Š”
05:23
which looked at things like the number of words โ€”
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์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ๋งž์ถค ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ
05:25
at that point, none โ€”
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์–ด๋–ค ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ทธ์ € ๋‚ฑ๋ง ์ˆ˜ ๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:29
communicative gestures and minimal eye contact,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ --
05:33
put his developmental level
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ๊ทธ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๋œ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:35
at that of a nine-month-old baby.
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05:39
And the diagnosis was factually correct,
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๊ทธ ์ง„๋‹จ์€ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ธก์ •๋œ ์˜ณ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
05:42
but it didn't tell the whole story.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์˜€์–ด์š”.
05:45
And about a year and a half later,
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1๋…„ ๋ฐ˜์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ต
05:46
when he was almost four,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 4์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์„๋•Œ
05:48
I found him in front of the computer one day
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚ , ์ œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์–ด์š”.
05:51
running a Google image search on women,
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๊ตฌ๊ธ€์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ž ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:56
spelled "w-i-m-e-n."
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์ฒ ์ž๋ฅผ w-i-m-e-n ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
And I did what any obsessed parent would do,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ง‘์ฐฉ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:02
which is immediately started hitting the "back" button
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๊ณง ์žฅ "๋’ค๋กœ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ"๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ์ณ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:04
to see what else he'd been searching for.
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์ œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
06:08
And they were, in order: men,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€, ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚จ์ž,
06:10
school, bus and computer.
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ํ•™๊ต,
๋ฒ„์Šค,
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
06:17
And I was stunned,
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06:19
because we didn't know that he could spell,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ ์ž๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ธ ์ค„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
much less read, and so I asked him,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:23
"Isaac, how did you do this?"
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"Isaac ์ด๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ˆ?"
06:25
And he looked at me very seriously and said,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:28
"Typed in the box."
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"๋ฐ•์Šค ์•ˆ์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ–ˆ์–ด์š”."
06:31
He was teaching himself to communicate,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
06:35
but we were looking in the wrong place,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
and this is what happens when assessments
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ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถ„์„๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ฒ™๋„์— ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ
06:40
and analytics overvalue one metric โ€”
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
in this case, verbal communication โ€”
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์Œ์„ฑ ์†Œํ†ต์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:45
and undervalue others, such as creative problem-solving.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณผ์†Œํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
Communication was hard for Isaac,
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Issac์€ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํž˜๋“ค์–ดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:53
and so he found a workaround
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
06:55
to find out what he needed to know.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:58
And when you think about it, it makes a lot of sense,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
because forming a question
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:02
is a really complex process,
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:05
but he could get himself a lot of the way there
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰์ฐฝ์— ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ์ž…๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
07:07
by putting a word in a search box.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
And so this little moment
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์งง์€ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด
07:14
had a really profound impact on me
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ๊นŠ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
and our family
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07:18
because it helped us change our frame of reference
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
07:21
for what was going on with him,
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์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
07:24
and worry a little bit less and appreciate
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๋œ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
his resourcefulness more.
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07:29
Facts are stupid things.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
And they're vulnerable to misuse,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค์šฉ๋˜๊ธฐ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
willful or otherwise.
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๊ณ ์˜์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ์š”.
07:36
I have a friend, Emily Willingham, who's a scientist,
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์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์œŒ๋งํ–„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
and she wrote a piece for Forbes not long ago
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์–ผ๋งˆ์ „ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” Forbes ์žก์ง€์— ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ํ•œํŽธ์„ ๊ธฐ์žฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
entitled "The 10 Weirdest Things
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"์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์žํ์ฆ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” 10๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค "
07:44
Ever Linked to Autism."
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์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ œ๋ชฉ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:45
It's quite a list.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด์—์š”.
07:48
The Internet, blamed for everything, right?
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์€, ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
07:52
And of course mothers, because.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ์€, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—„๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‚ฌ์‹ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
07:56
And actually, wait, there's more,
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07:57
there's a whole bunch in the "mother" category here.
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"์—„๋งˆ" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์—๋Š” ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
08:01
And you can see it's a pretty rich and interesting list.
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๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ฝค ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ชฉ๋ก์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
08:05
I'm a big fan of
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
08:08
being pregnant near freeways, personally.
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"๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์—์„œ ์ž„์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ"๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
08:11
The final one is interesting,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด๋ฐ์š”.
08:13
because the term "refrigerator mother"
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ "๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ  ์—„๋งˆ"๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š”
08:16
was actually the original hypothesis
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์žํ์ฆ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
08:19
for the cause of autism,
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08:20
and that meant somebody who was cold and unloving.
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๊ทธ ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ณ  ์• ์ •์ด์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:23
And at this point, you might be thinking,
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์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”,
08:24
"Okay, Susan, we get it,
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"์ข‹์•„, ์ˆ˜์ž”, ์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด.
08:26
you can take data, you can make it mean anything."
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๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ๋“  ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€.
08:28
And this is true, it's absolutely true,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์—์š”.
08:32
but the challenge is that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ์ ์€
08:38
we have this opportunity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
to try to make meaning out of it ourselves,
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08:43
because frankly, data doesn't create meaning. We do.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์†”์งํžˆ, ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
So as businesspeople, as consumers,
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์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€, ๊ณ ๊ฐ,
08:51
as patients, as citizens,
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ํ™˜์ž, ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ,
08:54
we have a responsibility, I think,
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์ „ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
08:56
to spend more time
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08:58
focusing on our critical thinking skills.
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์†Œ๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
09:02
Because at this point in our history, as we've heard
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด ์ ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋“ฏ์ด
09:06
many times over,
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09:07
we can process exabytes of data
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
09:09
at lightning speed,
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๋น›์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:11
and we have the potential to make bad decisions
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๋”์šฑ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋ฏธ์ณค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:15
far more quickly, efficiently,
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09:17
and with far greater impact than we did in the past.
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๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:22
Great, right?
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋„ค์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
09:23
And so what we need to do instead
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:26
is spend a little bit more time
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„
09:29
on things like the humanities
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ด๋‚˜
09:31
and sociology, and the social sciences,
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์‚ฌํšŒํ•™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™
09:35
rhetoric, philosophy, ethics,
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์ˆ˜์‚ฌํ•™, ์ฒ ํ•™, ๋„๋• ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:37
because they give us context that is so important
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋น… ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ
09:40
for big data, and because
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๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์•ž๋’ค ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
they help us become better critical thinkers.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
Because after all, if I can spot
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
09:49
a problem in an argument, it doesn't much matter
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋“  ์ˆซ์ž์ด๋“  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋Š”
09:52
whether it's expressed in words or in numbers.
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
09:54
And this means
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:57
teaching ourselves to find those confirmation biases
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™•์ฆ ํŽธํ–ฅ์ด๋‚˜
์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ ,
10:02
and false correlations
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10:03
and being able to spot a naked emotional appeal
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  30์•ผ๋“œ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์˜
10:05
from 30 yards,
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๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๊ฐ์ •์˜ ํ˜ธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
10:07
because something that happens after something
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ด
10:10
doesn't mean it happened because of it, necessarily,
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ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ผ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
and if you'll let me geek out on you for a second,
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์ž ๊น ๊ดด์งœ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
10:15
the Romans called this "post hoc ergo propter hoc,"
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๋กœ๋งˆ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, "post hoc ergo propter hoc"
10:19
after which therefore because of which.
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"๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
And it means questioning disciplines like demographics.
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์ด๊ฑด ์ธ๊ตฌํ†ต๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ด์š”.
10:26
Why? Because they're based on assumptions
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ฑ, ๋‚˜์ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๊ณ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
10:29
about who we all are based on our gender
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10:31
and our age and where we live
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10:32
as opposed to data on what we actually think and do.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”์ผ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
And since we have this data,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
10:38
we need to treat it with appropriate privacy controls
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ •๋ณด ๋ณดํ˜ธ ํ†ต์ œ์™€
10:41
and consumer opt-in,
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์†Œ๋น„์ž ์‚ฌ์ „๋™์˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
and beyond that, we need to be clear
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ,
10:47
about our hypotheses,
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10:49
the methodologies that we use,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ,
10:52
and our confidence in the result.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™•์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
As my high school algebra teacher used to say,
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์ €์˜ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•™ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
10:57
show your math,
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"๋„ค ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ด"
10:59
because if I don't know what steps you took,
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"๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:02
I don't know what steps you didn't take,
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
11:04
and if I don't know what questions you asked,
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๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:07
I don't know what questions you didn't ask.
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๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ."
11:10
And it means asking ourselves, really,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:11
the hardest question of all:
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11:13
Did the data really show us this,
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๋ฐ์ดํƒ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
11:16
or does the result make us feel
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
11:19
more successful and more comfortable?
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์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํŽธํ•œํ•จ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”?
11:23
So the Health Media Collaboratory,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋งค์ฒด ๊ณต๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€
11:25
at the end of their project, they were able
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
11:27
to find that 87 percent of tweets
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87%์˜ ํŠธ์œ—์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ
11:30
about those very graphic and disturbing
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ํก์—ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:32
anti-smoking ads expressed fear,
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11:36
but did they conclude
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์€
11:38
that they actually made people stop smoking?
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๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธˆ์—ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋•๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ง€์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:41
No. It's science, not magic.
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์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์ˆ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณผํ•™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
So if we are to unlock
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:47
the power of data,
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์กฐ์ง€ ์˜ค์—˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ฃผ์˜๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€
11:50
we don't have to go blindly into
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11:54
Orwell's vision of a totalitarian future,
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ํ—‰์Šฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ•˜์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์—
11:57
or Huxley's vision of a trivial one,
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๋งน๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๊ณ 
12:00
or some horrible cocktail of both.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ž์€ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
12:03
What we have to do
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
12:05
is treat critical thinking with respect
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๋น„ํŒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์กด์ค‘ํ•ด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:08
and be inspired by examples
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๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋งค์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ด ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป๊ณ 
12:10
like the Health Media Collaboratory,
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12:13
and as they say in the superhero movies,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šˆํผํžˆ์–ด๋กœ ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
12:15
let's use our powers for good.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํž˜์„ ์„ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:17
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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