Earth's mass extinctions | Peter Ward

314,465 views ใƒป 2009-01-28

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seung-Soo Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Bianca Lee
00:18
So, I want to start out with
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์ž, ์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์ ์˜
00:20
this beautiful picture from my childhood.
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์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์‚ฌ์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
I love the science fiction movies.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณต์ƒ๊ณผํ•™ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Here it is: "This Island Earth."
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์ด๊ฑด '์šฐ์ฃผ์ˆ˜ํญ์ „(This Island Earth: 1954ไฝœ, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)' ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
And leave it to Hollywood to get it just right.
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ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
Two-and-a-half years in the making.
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์ œ์ž‘์— 2๋…„ ๋ฐ˜์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋„ค์š”.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:33
I mean, even the creationists give us 6,000,
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ก ์ž๋“ค๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ 6,000๋…„์„ ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ,
00:36
but Hollywood goes to the chase.
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ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ๊นœ์งํ•  ์ƒˆ์— ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
And in this movie, we see what we think is out there:
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์˜ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
flying saucers and aliens.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋น„ํ–‰์ ‘์‹œ์™€ ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์ด์ฃ .
00:45
Every world has an alien, and every alien world has a flying saucer,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ชจ๋“  ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—๋Š” ๋น„ํ–‰์ ‘์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
and they move about with great speed. Aliens.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์†๋„๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด์ฃ . ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ๋“ค์š”.
00:53
Well, Don Brownlee, my friend, and I finally got to the point
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์Œ, ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ €๋Š” ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
where we got tired of turning on the TV
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๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ TV๋ฅผ ์ผœ๋ฉด
00:59
and seeing the spaceships and seeing the aliens every night,
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์šฐ์ฃผ์„ , ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:02
and tried to write a counter-argument to it,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ก ์„ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
and put out what does it really take for an Earth to be habitable,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ •๋ง ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
01:09
for a planet to be an Earth, to have a place
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋‹ค์šด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
where you could probably get not just life, but complexity,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ƒ๋ช…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
01:14
which requires a huge amount of evolution,
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
and therefore constancy of conditions.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
01:19
So, in 2000 we wrote "Rare Earth." In 2003, we then asked,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 2000๋…„์— 'ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ'๋ฅผ ํŽด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  2003๋…„์—๋Š”
01:22
let's not think about where Earths are in space, but how long has Earth been Earth?
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์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์ฃผ ์–ด๋””์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ , ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ž๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:27
If you go back two billion years,
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2์–ต๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด
01:29
you're not on an Earth-like planet any more.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
What we call an Earth-like planet is actually a very short interval of time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌํ˜• ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ์งง์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
Well, "Rare Earth" actually
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์Œ, 'ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ'๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค
01:37
taught me an awful lot about meeting the public.
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ณผ์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์ด ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
Right after, I got an invitation to go to a science fiction convention,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์—, ์ €๋Š” ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค ์ปจ๋ฒค์…˜์— ์ดˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
01:43
and with all great earnestness walked in.
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๋งค์šฐ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:46
David Brin was going to debate me on this,
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๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ์ด ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ €์™€ ํ† ๋ก ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
01:48
and as I walked in, the crowd of a hundred started booing lustily.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ž๋งˆ์ž, ๋ฐฑ ์—ฌ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง‰ ์•ผ์œ ๋ฅผ ํผ๋ถ“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
I had a girl who came up who said, "My dad says you're the devil."
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ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ž์• ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ, "์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋น ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•…๋งˆ๋ž˜์š”-"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
You cannot take people's aliens away from them
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ์„ ๋นผ์•—์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:59
and expect to be anybody's friends.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:03
Well, the second part of that, soon after --
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์Œ, ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์— --
02:05
and I was talking to Paul Allen; I saw him in the audience,
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ํด ์•Œ๋ Œ์”จ์™€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์ค‘ ์†์—์„œ ๋ดค์ฃ .
02:08
and I handed him a copy of "Rare Earth."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ 'ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ' ๋ณต์‚ฌ๋ณธ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ค์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
And Jill Tarter was there, and she turned to me,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์งˆ ํƒ€ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ•ด์„œ๋”๋‹ˆ,
02:14
and she looked at me just like that girl in "The Exorcist."
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™” '์—‘์†Œ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ'์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋…€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:17
It was, "It burns! It burns!"
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"ํƒœ์›Œ๋ผ! ์ €๊ฑฐ ํƒœ์›Œ!"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
02:19
Because SETI doesn't want to hear this.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด SETI*๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. (*์™ธ๊ณ„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ํƒ์‚ฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
02:21
SETI wants there to be stuff out there.
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SETI๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
02:24
I really applaud the SETI efforts, but we have not heard anything yet.
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง SETI์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์•„์ง ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„ค์š”.
02:27
And I really do think we have to start thinking
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ •๋ง ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ์ง€,
02:29
about what's a good planet and what isn't.
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๋‚˜์œํ–‰์„ฑ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผํ•  ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Now, I throw this slide up because it indicates to me that,
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์ด์ œ, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
02:35
even if SETI does hear something, can we figure out what they said?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ SETI๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„์ง€๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:39
Because this was a slide that was passed
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š”
02:41
between the two major intelligences on Earth -- a Mac to a PC --
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋‘ ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€์„ฑ์  ์กด์žฌ์ธ Mac์—์„œ PC๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:45
and it can't even get the letters right --
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๊ธ€์ž ์ •๋ ฌ๋„ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:50
-- so how are we going to talk to the aliens?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—์ผ๋ฆฌ์–ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:52
And if they're 50 light years away, and we call them up,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด 50๊ด‘๋…„ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ,
02:55
and you blah, blah, blah, blah, blah,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด "์–ด์ฉŒ๊ตฌ ์ €์ฉŒ๊ตฌ ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ตฌ ์ €์ฉŒ๊ตฌ" ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ ,
02:57
and then 50 years later it comes back and they say, Please repeat?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  50๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ๋˜๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒ ์ฃ , "๋ญ๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”?"
03:00
I mean, there we are.
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์ œ ๋ง์€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
Our planet is a good planet because it can keep water.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์€ ์ข‹์€ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
03:05
Mars is a bad planet, but it's still good enough for us to go there
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ํ™”์„ฑ์€ ๋‚˜์œ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฐˆ ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:09
and to live on its surface if we're protected.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:11
But Venus is a very bad -- the worst -- planet.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธˆ์„ฑ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚˜์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์•…์ด์ฃ .
03:14
Even though it's Earth-like, and even though early in its history
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ™์•„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—๋Š”
03:17
it may very well have harbored Earth-like life,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
03:20
it soon succumbed to runaway greenhouse --
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์น˜์†Ÿ๋Š” ์˜จ์‹ค ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๊ตด๋ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
that's an 800 degrees [Fahrenheit] surface --
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ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ญ์”จ 800๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
because of rampant carbon dioxide.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:28
Well, we know from astrobiology that we can really now predict
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์Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๋•์— ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ
03:31
what's going to happen to our particular planet.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
We are right now in the beautiful Oreo
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ ์–ด๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
03:37
of existence -- of at least life on Planet Earth --
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์˜ค๋ ˆ์˜ค*๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (*์ฟ ํ‚ค ๊ณผ์ž ์ด๋ฆ„, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
03:40
following the first horrible microbial age.
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๋”์ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:43
In the Cambrian explosion, life emerged from the swamps,
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์บ„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ธฐ ๋Œ€ํญ๋ฐœ์—์„œ, ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€ ์Šต์ง€์—์„œ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ ,
03:46
complexity arose,
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๊ทธ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
03:48
and from what we can tell, we're halfway through.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ์ง€๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
We have as much time for animals to exist on this planet
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด
03:54
as they have been here now,
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์ง€๋‚˜์˜จ ๋งŒํผ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:56
till we hit the second microbial age.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์—” ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:58
And that will happen, paradoxically --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„,
04:00
everything you hear about global warming --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
04:02
when we hit CO2 down to 10 parts per million,
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
04:05
we are no longer going to have to have plants
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์‹๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ด‘ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ๋˜์–ด
04:07
that are allowed to have any photosynthesis, and there go animals.
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
So, after that we probably have seven billion years.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ 70์–ต ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด,
04:13
The Sun increases in its intensity, in its brightness,
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ํƒœ์–‘ ๋น›์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
04:16
and finally, at about 12 billion years after it first started,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ 120์–ต ์‚ด์ด ๋˜๋ฉด,
04:21
the Earth is consumed by a large Sun,
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ํƒœ์–‘์— ์‚ผ์ผœ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
and this is what's left.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:27
So, a planet like us is going to have an age and an old age,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:31
and we are in its golden summer age right now.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฒญ์žฅ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
But there's two fates to everything, isn't there?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์šด๋ช…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
04:37
Now, a lot of you are going to die of old age,
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์— ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
but some of you, horribly enough, are going to die in an accident.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์€ ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ฃฝ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
And that's the fate of a planet, too.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
04:45
Earth, if we're lucky enough -- if it doesn't get hit by a Hale-Bopp,
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์šด์ด ์ข‹์•„์„œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ—ค์ผ ๋ฐฅ*์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ (*3000๋…„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ํ˜œ์„ฑ, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
04:49
or gets blasted by some supernova nearby
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ์‹ ์„ฑ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋‚ ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:53
in the next seven billion years -- we'll find under your feet.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ 70์–ต ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
04:56
But what about accidental death?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
04:58
Well, paleontologists for the last 200 years
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์Œ, ์ง€๋‚œ 200๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
05:00
have been charting death. It's strange --
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์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ ์€
05:02
extinction as a concept wasn't even thought about
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฉธ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์กฐ์ฐจ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
until Baron Cuvier in France found this first mastodon.
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ก  ์ฟ ๋น„์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งˆ์Šคํ† ๋ˆ*์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ . (*์žฅ๋น„๋ชฉ ๋งˆ์Šคํ† ๋ˆํ‹ฐ๋ฐ ์•„๋ชฉ(ไบž็›ฎ)์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
05:08
He couldn't match it up to any bones on the planet,
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์ฟ ๋น„์–ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ผˆ๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋„ ๋งž์ถฐ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
and he said, Aha! It's extinct.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฟ ๋น„์–ด๋Š” ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ , "์•„ํ•˜! ์ด๊ฑด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜."
05:12
And very soon after, the fossil record started yielding
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ์—, ๊ทธ ํ™”์„์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
a very good idea of how many plants and animals there have been
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:18
since complex life really began to leave
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์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์—ฌ์‹คํžˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
05:20
a very interesting fossil record.
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์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ™”์„์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
In that complex record of fossils,
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ํ™”์„์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
05:26
there were times when lots of stuff
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”
05:28
seemed to be dying out very quickly,
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์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
and the father/mother geologists
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ์ปฌ์–ด ์ „ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
05:32
called these "mass extinctions."
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"๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข…"์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
All along it was thought to be either an act of God
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ์˜ ์ง“์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
05:36
or perhaps long, slow climate change,
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์„œ์„œํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
and that really changed in 1980,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 1980๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
in this rocky outcrop near Gubbio,
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๊ตฌ๋น„์˜ค*์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ณณ์˜ ์•”๋งฅ์—์„œ (*์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์ค‘๋ถ€์˜ ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ)
05:43
where Walter Alvarez, trying to figure out
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์›”ํ„ฐ ์•Œ๋ฐ”๋ ˆ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ํ•˜์–€ ๋Œ๋ฉ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๊ฐ€
05:46
what was the time difference between these white rocks,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์—ˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
which held creatures of the Cretaceous period,
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์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์•…๊ธฐ๋•Œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:51
and the pink rocks above, which held Tertiary fossils.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ„์ชฝ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ๋Œ์—๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™”์„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
How long did it take to go from one system to the next?
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ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
05:57
And what they found was something unexpected.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ฐพ์€๊ฑด ์˜ˆ์ƒ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
They found in this gap, in between, a very thin clay layer,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด, ์ด ํ‹ˆ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์•์€ ์ ํ† ์ธต์—์„œ,
06:02
and that clay layer -- this very thin red layer here --
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์ด ์ ํ† ์ธต์—, ์ดํ† ๋ก ์–‡์€ ์ด ๋ถ‰์€์ธต์—์„œ
06:05
is filled with iridium.
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์ด๋ฆฌ๋“*์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ƒˆ์ง€์š”. (*์›์ž๋ฒˆํ˜ธ 77์˜ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ์กฑ ์›์†Œ, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
06:07
And not just iridium; it's filled with glassy spherules,
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๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋ฆฌ๋“์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์งˆ์˜ ์†Œ๊ตฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
and it's filled with quartz grains
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„์˜์ž…์ž๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:12
that have been subjected to enormous pressure: shock quartz.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์„์˜์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Now, in this slide the white is chalk,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ, ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ ํฐ์ƒ‰์€ ๋ฐฑ์•…*์ด๊ตฌ์š”, (*๋‹จ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฐฉํ•ด์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์•”์„, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
06:18
and this chalk was deposited in a warm ocean.
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์ด ๋ฐฑ์•…์€ ์ด ๊ณณ์ด ๋”ฐ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜€์„์Œ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
The chalk itself's composed by plankton
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๋ฐฑ์•…์€ ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
06:23
which has fallen down from the sea surface onto the sea floor,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
so that 90 percent of the sediment here is skeleton of living stuff,
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๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ์ด ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์˜ 90%๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ํ•ด๊ณจ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
and then you have that millimeter-thick red layer,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๋ถ‰์€ ์ธต์ด ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
06:32
and then you have black rock.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒ€์€ ์•”์„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
And the black rock is the sediment on the sea bottom
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์ด ๊ฒ€์€ ์•”์„์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ๋ฉด์˜ ์นจ์ฒœ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:37
in the absence of plankton.
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ํ”Œ๋ž‘ํฌํ†ค์ด ์—†์ง€์š”.
06:39
And that's what happens in an asteroid catastrophe,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
because that's what this was, of course. This is the famous K-T.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์€ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ K-T์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
A 10-kilometer body hit the planet.
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10 km์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ์ถฉ๋Œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:48
The effects of it spread this very thin impact layer all over the planet,
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๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ „ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด ์–‡์€ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ธต์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
and we had very quickly the death of the dinosaurs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ฃฝ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”์ฃ .
06:55
the death of these beautiful ammonites,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์•”๋ชจ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์™€,
06:57
Leconteiceras here, and Celaeceras over here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ Leconteiceras*์™€ Celaeceras*, (*์•”๋ชจ๋‚˜์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ผ์ข…, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
06:59
and so much else.
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๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:01
I mean, it must be true,
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์ œ๋ง์€, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
because we've had two Hollywood blockbusters since that time,
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ํ—๋ฆฌ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ธ”๋ก๋ฒ„์Šคํ„ฐ ์˜ํ™”๋„ ๋‘ ํŽธ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
07:06
and this paradigm, from 1980 to about 2000,
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์ด ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์€ 1980๋…„์—์„œ 2000๋…„ ๊ฒฝ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
totally changed how we geologists thought about catastrophes.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์žฌ๋‚œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋Š” ์†ก๋‘๋ฆฌ์งธ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
Prior to that, uniformitarianism was the dominant paradigm:
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์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋™์ผ๊ณผ์ •์„ค์€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
the fact that if anything happens on the planet in the past,
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ๋“ค์€,
07:20
there are present-day processes that will explain it.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฒ•์น™์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
But we haven't witnessed a big asteroid impact,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์— ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์žฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ด๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
so this is a type of neo-catastrophism,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๊ฑด ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‹ ๊ธ‰๋ณ€์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
and it took about 20 years for the scientific establishment
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋งŒ 20๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ตฌ์š”,
07:32
to finally come to grips: yes, we were hit;
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค, ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
and yes, the effects of that hit caused a major mass extinction.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๋ฉธ์ข…์˜ ์›์ธ์ธ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:39
Well, there are five major mass extinctions
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์Œ, ์—ฌ์ง€๊ป ๋‹ค์„ฏ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
07:41
over the last 500 million years, called the Big Five.
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์ง€๋‚œ 5์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ 'Big Five'๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:44
They range from 450 million years ago
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 4์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:47
to the last, the K-T, number four,
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ์ด์ž ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ธ K-T๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
but the biggest of all was the P, or the Permian extinction,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ P์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฆ„๊ธฐ*๋ฉธ์ข…์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, (*๊ณ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ธฐ็ด€, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
07:53
sometimes called the mother of all mass extinctions.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉธ์ข…์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
And every one of these has been subsequently blamed
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ
07:58
on large-body impact.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
But is this true?
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:03
The most recent, the Permian, was thought to have been an impact
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—, ์ด ํŽ˜๋ฆ„๊ธฐ๋•Œ ํ˜œ์„ฑ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:06
because of this beautiful structure on the right.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์˜ ์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
This is a Buckminsterfullerene, a carbon-60.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ’€๋Ÿฌ๋ฆฐ(Buckminsterfullerene)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํƒ„์†Œ์›์ž 60๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
Because it looks like those terrible geodesic domes
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 60๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„
08:14
of my late beloved '60s,
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๊ตฌ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
08:16
they're called "buckyballs."
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'๋ฒ…ํ‚ค๋ณผ'์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
This evidence was used to suggest
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
08:20
that at the end of the Permian, 250 million years ago, a comet hit us.
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ํŽ˜๋ฆ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ธ 2์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ํ•œ ํ˜œ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€๋”ช์ณค๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
And when the comet hits, the pressure produces the buckyballs,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜œ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€๋”ช์ณค์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ทธ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ด ๋ฒ…ํ‚ค๋ณผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ,
08:27
and it captures bits of the comet.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ํ˜œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
Helium-3: very rare on the surface of the Earth, very common in space.
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ํ—ฌ๋ฅจ-3๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:34
But is this true?
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:36
In 1990, working on the K-T extinction for 10 years,
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1990๋…„์—, 10๋…„๊ฐ„ K-T ๋ฉธ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:40
I moved to South Africa to begin work twice a year
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์ €๋Š” ์ผ ๋…„์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜
08:43
in the great Karoo desert.
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์นด๋ฃจ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
I was so lucky to watch the change of that South Africa
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๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ฐ€ ๋งค๋…„ ์ ์  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๋กœ
08:48
into the new South Africa as I went year by year.
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๋ณ€๋ชจํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํฐ ํ–‰์šด์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
And I worked on this Permian extinction,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ํŽ˜๋ฆ„๊ธฐ ๋ฉธ์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:53
camping by this Boer graveyard for months at a time.
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ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์”ฉ Boer ๋ฌ˜์ง€์—์„œ ์บ ํ•‘์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
And the fossils are extraordinary.
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ํ™”์„๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:59
You know, you're gazing upon your very distant ancestors.
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์•Œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จผ ์กฐ์ƒ๋‹˜์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
These are mammal-like reptiles.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
They are culturally invisible. We do not make movies about these.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ท„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
This is a Gorgonopsian, or a Gorgon.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ ๋†‰์‹œ์•„(Gorgonopsian)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณค(Gorgon)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
09:08
That's an 18-inch long skull of an animal
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌํ™”์„์€ ์•ฝ 46 cm ์ด๊ตฌ์š”,
09:12
that was probably seven or eight feet, sprawled like a lizard,
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์•ฝ 2~2.5๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด์—, ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
probably had a head like a lion.
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์•„๋งˆ ์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌํ˜•์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
This is the top carnivore, the T-Rex of its time.
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ T-Rex์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„์˜ ์œก์‹๋™๋ฌผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
But there's lots of stuff.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:22
This is my poor son, Patrick.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ ๋ถˆ์Œํ•œ ์•„๋“ค์ธ ํŒจํŠธ๋ฆญ์ด ์žˆ๋„ค์š”.
09:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:25
This is called paleontological child abuse.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ชป ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์˜ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
Hold still, you're the scale.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์ž ๊น ์„œ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋ผ, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ฒ™์ด์•ผ.
09:30
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:36
There was big stuff back then.
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์ € ๋’ค์—” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Fifty-five species of mammal-like reptiles.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ, ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ 55์ข…์˜ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
The age of mammals had well and truly started
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
250 million years ago ...
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2์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
09:47
... and then a catastrophe happened.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์žฌ์•™์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
And what happens next is the age of dinosaurs.
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๊ทธ ์ผ ํ›„์— ๊ณต๋ฃก์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:52
It was all a mistake; it should have never happened. But it did.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:56
Now, luckily,
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์ด์ œ, ์šด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„
09:58
this Thrinaxodon, the size of a robin egg here:
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์ด ์šธ์ƒˆ์•Œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•œ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋‚™์†Œ๋ˆ(Thrinaxodon)์€
10:01
this is a skull I've discovered just before taking this picture --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌํ™”์„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:04
there's a pen for scale; it's really tiny --
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์ถ•์ฒ™์œผ๋กœ ํŽœ์ด ์žˆ๋„ค์š”. ๋งค์šฐ ์ž‘์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
this is in the Lower Triassic, after the mass extinction has finished.
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์ด ํ™”์„์€ ํŠธ๋ผ์ด์•„์Šค๊ธฐ ํ›„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ, ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
You can see the eye socket and you can see the little teeth in the front.
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๋ˆˆ๊ตฌ๋ฉ๊ณผ ์•ž์ชฝ์— ์ž‘์€ ์น˜์—ด์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
If that does not survive, I'm not the thing giving this talk.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ € ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ์ด ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
Something else is, because if that doesn't survive, we are not here;
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ์ € ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ž€๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
10:22
there are no mammals. It's that close; one species ekes through.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ์—†์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ ์ข…์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜จ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊น์š”.
10:26
Well, can we say anything about the pattern of who survives and who doesn't?
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์Œ, ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:29
Here's sort of the end of that 10 years of work.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 10๋…„๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
The ranges of stuff -- the red line is the mass extinction.
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๊ฐ ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์กด๋ฒ”์œ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ์€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
But we've got survivors and things that get through,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค๋„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•ด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
10:36
and it turns out the things that get through preferentially are cold bloods.
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์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋ƒ‰ํ˜ˆ๋™๋ฌผ์ž„์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:40
Warm-blooded animals take a huge hit at this time.
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์˜จํ˜ˆ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์ด ๋•Œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํƒ€๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
10:45
The survivors that do get through
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์ด ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ์ข…๋“ค์€
10:47
produce this world of crocodile-like creatures.
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•…์–ด๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ์™•๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
There's no dinosaurs yet; just this slow, saurian, scaly, nasty,
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์•„์ง ๊ณต๋ฃก๋“ค์€ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๋„๋งˆ๋ฑ€๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„๋Š˜์ ธ์„œ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
10:54
swampy place with a couple of tiny mammals hiding in the fringes.
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๋Šช์ง€๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ . ๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ๋‘ ์ข…์˜ ์ž‘์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ˆจ์–ด์ง€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
And there they would hide for 160 million years,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 1์–ต 6์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
until liberated by that K-T asteroid.
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K-T ์†Œํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํšŒ๋ณต๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
11:05
So, if not impact, what?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋• ์„๊นŒ์š”?
11:07
And the what, I think, is that we returned, over and over again,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—, ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:11
to the Pre-Cambrian world, that first microbial age,
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์บ„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
and the microbes are still out there.
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์•„์ง ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
They hate we animals.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜์ฃ .
11:18
They really want their world back.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
And they've tried over and over and over again.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:24
This suggests to me that life causing these mass extinctions
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๋ฉธ์ข…์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
because it did is inherently anti-Gaian.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ฐ€์ด์•„์ด๋ก ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋‚ดํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
This whole Gaia idea, that life makes the world better for itself --
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ด์•„์ด๋ก ์ด์š”.
11:35
anybody been on a freeway on a Friday afternoon in Los Angeles
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋กœ์Šค์—”์ ค๋กœ์Šค์—์„œ ๊ธˆ์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„์— ๊ณ ์†๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ์ค‘์—
11:39
believing in the Gaia theory? No.
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๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”.
11:41
So, I really suspect there's an alternative,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
and that life does actually try to do itself in --
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
11:46
not consciously, but just because it does.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ž์˜์ ์ธ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:48
And here's the weapon, it seems, that it did so over the last 500 million years.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5์–ต๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
There are microbes which, through their metabolism,
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๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
11:55
produce hydrogen sulfide,
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ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
and they do so in large amounts.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด์ฃ .
12:00
Hydrogen sulfide is very fatal to we humans.
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ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:03
As small as 200 parts per million will kill you.
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5์ฒœ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„๋งŒ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์ฃฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
You only have to go to the Black Sea and a few other places -- some lakes --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ํ‘ํ•ด๋‚˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜์— ๊ฐ€์„œ
12:13
and get down, and you'll find that the water itself turns purple.
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๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ๋ฌผ์ด ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๊ฑธ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
It turns purple from the presence of numerous microbes
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๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
which have to have sunlight and have to have hydrogen sulfide,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ–‡๋น›์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
and we can detect their presence today -- we can see them --
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
but we can also detect their presence in the past.
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๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
And the last three years have seen
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์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ผ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ
12:31
an enormous breakthrough in a brand-new field.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
I am almost extinct --
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”
12:36
I'm a paleontologist who collects fossils.
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๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ™”์„์„ ๋ชจ์œผ์ฃ .
12:38
But the new wave of paleontologists -- my graduate students --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ๊ณ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„๋ž˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ๋“ค์€
12:41
collect biomarkers.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ‘œ์‹์„ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
They take the sediment itself, they extract the oil from it,
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ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด์„œ
12:47
and from that they can produce compounds
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ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
which turn out to be very specific to particular microbial groups.
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ํŠน์ • ๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ํŠน์ด์ ์ธ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
It's because lipids are so tough, they can get preserved in sediment
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์ง€์งˆ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์–ด์„œ, ํ‡ด์ ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์กด๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
12:57
and last the hundreds of millions of years necessary,
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์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์–ต๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
13:00
and be extracted and tell us who was there.
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:02
And we know who was there. At the end of the Permian,
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋ฆ„๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:05
at many of these mass extinction boundaries,
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข…์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์—๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:07
this is what we find: isorenieratene. It's very specific.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. isorenieratene์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํŠน์ด์  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
It can only occur if the surface of the ocean has no oxygen,
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์ด ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
and is totally saturated with hydrogen sulfide --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํฌํ™”์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
enough, for instance, to come out of solution.
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์ด๋ฏธ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์จ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ•ด๋‹ต์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
This led Lee Kump, and others from Penn State and my group,
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์ด ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ Lee Kump์™€ Penn State, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
to propose what I call the Kump Hypothesis:
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ Kump ๊ฐ€์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
many of the mass extinctions were caused by lowering oxygen,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข…์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์•ผ๊ธฐ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
13:31
by high CO2. And the worst effect of global warming, it turns out:
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:35
hydrogen sulfide being produced out of the oceans.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
Well, what's the source of this?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ์›๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:40
In this particular case, the source over and over has been flood basalts.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„˜์ณ๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฌด์•”์งˆ์˜ ํ™์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์›๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
This is a view of the Earth now, if we extract a lot of it.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์ถ”์ถœ๋œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:47
And each of these looks like a hydrogen bomb;
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
actually, the effects are even worse.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œํญํƒ„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:51
This is when deep-Earth material comes to the surface,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์™€,
13:54
spreads out over the surface of the planet.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ณณ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
Well, it's not the lava that kills anything,
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ญ๋“  ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ์šฉ์•”๊ฐ™์€๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
it's the carbon dioxide that comes out with it.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
This isn't Volvos; this is volcanoes.
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๋ณผ๋ณด*๋ฌธ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”, ํ™”์‚ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (*์Šค์›จ๋ด์˜ ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์—…์ฒด, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
14:04
But carbon dioxide is carbon dioxide.
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์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
So, these are new data Rob Berner and I -- from Yale -- put together,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋กญ ๋ฒ„๋„ˆ์™€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ผ์—์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
and what we try to do now is
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์š”์ฆ˜ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:12
track the amount of carbon dioxide in the entire rock record --
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๋ชจ๋“  ์•”์„์— ์ƒˆ๊ฒจ์ง„ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ถ”์ฒ™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:15
and we can do this from a variety of means --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
and put all the red lines here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
14:20
when these -- what I call greenhouse mass extinctions -- took place.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ '์˜จ์‹คํšจ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข…'์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋•Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:23
And there's two things that are really evident here to me,
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด, ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:25
is that these extinctions take place when CO2 is going up.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ CO2๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
But the second thing that's not shown on here:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
the Earth has never had any ice on it
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์ง€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๊ป ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์–ผ์Œ์ด ์–ธ์  ์—†๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ,
14:34
when we've had 1,000 parts per million CO2.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ CO2๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:38
We are at 380 and climbing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ 380 ๋‹จ์œ„์—์„œ ์ ์  ๋” ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
We should be up to a thousand in three centuries at the most,
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ 300๋…„ ํ›„์—๋Š” 1000 ๋‹จ์œ„์— ์œก๋ฐ•ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
but my friend David Battisti in Seattle says he thinks a 100 years.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์˜ ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ”ํ‹ฐ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ ๋…„ ์•ˆ์— ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
So, there goes the ice caps,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋น™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
14:49
and there comes 240 feet of sea level rise.
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์•ฝ 73m์˜ ํ•ด์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์Šน์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:53
I live in a view house now;
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ „๋ง์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ง‘์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
14:55
I'm going to have waterfront.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์— ์‚ด๊ฒŒ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:57
All right, what's the consequence? The oceans probably turn purple.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋งˆ ๋Œ€์–‘์€ ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
And we think this is the reason that complexity took so long
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ €ํฌ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
to take place on planet Earth.
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์ด ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
15:06
We had these hydrogen sulfide oceans for a very great long period.
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ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ๋Œ€์–‘์„ ๋’ค๋ฎ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:09
They stop complex life from existing.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ๋”์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:13
We know hydrogen sulfide is erupting presently a few places on the planet.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:18
And I throw this slide in -- this is me, actually, two months ago --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ ์ „ ์ €์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:22
and I throw this slide in because here is my favorite animal, chambered nautilus.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์ธ ์•ต๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฐœ(chambered nautilus)๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
It's been on this planet since the animals first started -- 500 million years.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ 5์–ต ๋…„ ์ „ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
This is a tracking experiment, and any of you scuba divers,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ '์ถ”์  ์‹คํ—˜'์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์Šค์ฟ ๋ฒ„๋‹ค์ด๋น™์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘,
15:33
if you want to get involved in one of the coolest projects ever,
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์›ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:36
this is off the Great Barrier Reef.
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ๋ฐฐ๋ฆฌ์–ด ๋ฆฌํ”„(Great Barrier Reef)*๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์ด์ฃ . (*ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์— ์žˆ์Œ, ์—ญ์ž์ฃผ)
15:38
And as we speak now,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฑด,
15:39
these nautilus are tracking out their behaviors to us.
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์ด ์•ต๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฐœ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž์ทจ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:42
But the thing about this is that every once in a while
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋…ํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
we divers can run into trouble,
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๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„๋“ค์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋น ์งˆ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:48
so I'm going to do a little thought experiment here.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:50
This is a Great White Shark that ate some of my traps.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ๋ซ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ผํ‚จ ๋ฐฑ์ƒ์•„๋ฆฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
We pulled it up; up it comes. So, it's out there with me at night.
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์ด ์ƒ์–ด๋Š” ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ซ์„ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆด ๋•Œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ฐค์— ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ € ์•„๋ž˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:56
So, I'm swimming along, and it takes off my leg.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋œฏ์–ด๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
15:59
I'm 80 miles from shore, what's going to happen to me?
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์ €๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณ€์—์„œ ์•ฝ 129km ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
16:02
Well now, I die.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
16:04
Five years from now, this is what I hope happens to me:
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๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 5๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ, ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:06
I'm taken back to the boat, I'm given a gas mask:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ฌ๋ ค์ ธ์„œ, ๊ฐ€์Šค๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:09
80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1๋งŒ 2500๋ถ„์˜ 1 ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
I'm then thrown in an ice pond, I'm cooled 15 degrees lower
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ์–ผ์Œ์ˆ˜์กฐ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ œ ์ฒด์˜จ์ด 15๋„๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
and I could be taken to a critical care hospital.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ „ ๋ณ‘์› ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:20
And the reason I could do that is because we mammals
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
have gone through a series of these hydrogen sulfide events,
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๋™๋ฌผ์€ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ,
16:25
and our bodies have adapted.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
And we can now use this as what I think will be a major medical breakthrough.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
This is Mark Roth. He was funded by DARPA.
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์ด ๋ถ„์€ ๋งˆํฌ ๋กœ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” DARPA*์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (*๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ์œ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณ„ํš๊ตญ)
16:33
Tried to figure out how to save Americans after battlefield injuries.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ „์Ÿ๋ถ€์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:37
He bleeds out pigs.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ผ์ง€์— ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
He puts in 80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1๋งŒ 2500๋ถ„์˜ 1 ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
16:42
the same stuff that survived these past mass extinctions --
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข… ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
and he turns a mammal into a reptile.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์—๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:47
"I believe we are seeing in this response the result of mammals and reptiles
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์ €๋Š” ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ถฉ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—
16:51
having undergone a series of exposures to H2S."
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ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
I got this email from him two years ago;
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2๋…„ ์ „์— ์ด e-๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ตฌ์š”,
16:56
he said, "I think I've got an answer to some of your questions."
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๊ทธ๋Š” "์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค."๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
So, he now has taken mice down
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
17:01
for as many as four hours, sometimes six hours,
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4์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ 6์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
and these are brand-new data he sent me on the way over here.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ•ด์ค€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
On the top, now, that is a temperature record of a mouse who has gone through --
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์ด ์œ—์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ์ฒด์˜จ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
17:12
the dotted line, the temperatures.
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์ ์„ ์€ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
So, the temperature starts at 25 centigrade,
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๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด 25๋„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
17:16
and down it goes, down it goes.
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์ ์  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
Six hours later, up goes the temperature.
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6์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด, ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:19
Now, the same mouse is given 80 parts per million hydrogen sulfide
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1๋งŒ 2500๋ถ„์˜ 1๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋งˆ์‹  ์ƒ์ฅ์˜ ์ฒด์˜จ์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:24
in this solid graph,
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์ด ์‹ค์„ ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
17:26
and look what happens to its temperature.
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๊ธฐ์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
Its temperature drops.
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์˜จ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
17:30
It goes down to 15 degrees centigrade from 35,
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35๋„์—์„œ 15๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
and comes out of this perfectly fine.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:37
Here is a way we can get people to critical care.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‘๊ธ‰์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:40
Here's how we can bring people cold enough to last till we get critical care.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‘๊ธ‰์ง„๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ๋‘˜ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
Now, you're all thinking, yeah, what about the brain tissue?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ , ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋‡Œ์กฐ์ง์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
17:50
And so this is one of the great challenges that is going to happen.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:53
You're in an accident. You've got two choices:
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:55
you're going to die, or you're going to take the hydrogen sulfide
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฃฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:58
and, say, 75 percent of you is saved, mentally.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ 75%๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
18:01
What are you going to do?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:03
Do we all have to have a little button saying, Let me die?
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'๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๋ฒ„๋ ค ๋‘์„ธ์š”.'๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํŠผ์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…€์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
18:06
This is coming towards us,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฅ์น  ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
and I think this is going to be a revolution.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜๋ช…์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:10
We're going to save lives, but there's going to be a cost to it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃจ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
18:13
The new view of mass extinctions is, yes, we were hit,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ค, ์ถฉ๋Œ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
18:15
and, yes, we have to think about the long term,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:17
because we will get hit again.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ฅ์น  ์ผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
But there's a far worse danger confronting us.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ž์— ๋†“์€ ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:21
We can easily go back to the hydrogen sulfide world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:24
Give us a few millennia --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด,
18:26
and we humans should last those few millennia --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ช‡ ์ฒœ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
18:28
will it happen again? If we continue, it'll happen again.
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๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
How many of us flew here?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
18:34
How many of us have gone through
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
18:36
our entire Kyoto quota
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์ฟ„ํ† ์˜์ •์„œ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„
18:39
just for flying this year?
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๋”ฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:41
How many of you have exceeded it? Yeah, I've certainly exceeded it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‚˜์š”? ๋„ค, ์ €๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋„˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:44
We have a huge problem facing us as a species.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:47
We have to beat this.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํƒ€๊ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
I want to be able to go back to this reef. Thank you.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์•”์ดˆ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
18:59
Chris Anderson: I've just got one question for you, Peter.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ(CA): ๋ง‰ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ํ”ผํ„ฐ.
19:01
Am I understanding you right, that what you're saying here
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹ ๊ฒŒ
19:03
is that we have in our own bodies
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ์ž์ฒด๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”
19:05
a biochemical response to hydrogen sulfide
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ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด
19:09
that in your mind proves that there have been past mass extinctions
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฉธ์ข…์ด ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„
19:12
due to climate change?
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์ฆ๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ€์š”?
19:14
Peter Ward: Yeah, every single cell in us
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ํ”ผํ„ฐ ์›Œ๋“œ(PW): ๋„ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋Š”
19:16
can produce minute quantities of hydrogen sulfide in great crises.
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๋Œ€์žฌ์•™์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ถ„ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํ™ฉํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:20
This is what Roth has found out.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋กœ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:21
So, what we're looking at now: does it leave a signal?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๋ฌด์—‡์— ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๋Š๋ƒ์ธ๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
19:23
Does it leave a signal in bone or in plant?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ํ™”์„์ด๋‚˜ ์‹๋ฌผ์— ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
19:25
And we go back to the fossil record and we could try to detect
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ํ™”์„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
19:28
how many of these have happened in the past.
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๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:30
CA: It's simultaneously
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CA: ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋™์‹œ์—
19:32
an incredible medical technique, but also a terrifying ...
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ๋”์งํ•œ...
19:35
PW: Blessing and curse.
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PW: ์ถ•๋ณต์ด์ž ์ €์ฃผ์ฃ .
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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