Lawrence Lessig: Re-examining the remix

ラリー・レッシグ　Re-examiming the remix

翻訳: Noriyuki KOIKE 校正: Chieko Tamakawa

I want to talk about

今日は保守的な人達からー

what we learn from conservatives.

何を学べるのかをお話しします

And I'm at a stage in life where I'm yearning for my old days,

私も過去を懐かしむ年齢ですから

so I want to confess to you

みなさんに白状します

that when I was a kid,

実は子供の頃は

indeed, I was a conservative.

保守主義者で

I was a Young Republican, a Teenage Republican,

１０代の少年共和党員の

a leader in the Teenage Republicans.

リーダーでした

Indeed, I was the youngest member

各地の代表団の中でも

of any delegation

最年少でした

in the 1980 convention that elected Ronald Reagan

ロナルド・レーガンが

to be the Republican nominee for president.

共和党大統領候補の時です

Now, I know what you're thinking.

ええ 知っています

(Laughter)

（笑）

You're thinking, "That's not what the Internets say."

”インターネットを探しても―”

You're thinking, "Wikipedia doesn't say this fact."

”ウィキペディアにも書いていない”

And indeed, this is just one of the examples

まあ これは一例なんです

of the junk that flows across the tubes

いかに大量の情報のゴミが

in these Internets here.

ネットを流れているかのね

Wikipedia reports that this guy,

ウィキペティアには

this former congressman from Erie, Pennsylvania

ペンシルバニアの元下院議員が

was, at the age of 20, one of the youngest people

最年少リーダーと

at the Republican National Convention,

書かれていますが

but it's just not true.

それは間違いです

(Laughter)

（笑）

Indeed, it drives me so nuts, let me just change this little fact here.

イヤなので修正しましょう

(Laughter)

（笑）

(Applause)

（拍手）

All right. Okay, so ... perfect.

これでよし うん完璧

Perfect.

完璧だね

(Laughter)

（笑）

Okay, speaker Lawrence Lessig, right.

ローレンス・レッシグが

Okay.

発表と

Finally, truth will be brought here.

正しくなりますよ

Okay, see? It's done. It's almost done. Here we go.

もう少しで終わりです さあ

"... Youngest Republican," okay, we're finished.

”…最年少共和党員” っと

That's it. Please save this.

これを保存して

Great, here we go.

さあ どうだ

And ... Wikipedia is fixed, finally.

これで修正されました

Okay, but no, this is really besides the point.

これは これくらいにします

(Applause)

（拍手）

But the thing I want you to think about when we think about conservatives --

保守主義で考えてほしいのは

not so much this issue of the 1980 convention --

’80年共和党大会ではなく

the thing to think about is this:

次のことです

They go to church.

人々は教会に行きます

Now, you know, I mean, a lot of people go to church.

教会に行くのは

I'm not talking about that only conservatives go to church.

保守的な人だけではありません

And I'm not talking about the God thing.

ここで神の話を

I don't want to get into that, you know; that's not my point.

するつもりはありませんよ

They go to church, by which I mean,

人々は教会に行って

they do lots of things for free for each other.

無償でいろいろなことをします

They hold potluck dinners.

持ち寄り夕食会をし

Indeed, they sell books about potluck dinners.

持ち寄り夕食会の本を売る

They serve food to poor people.

貧しい人へ食事も提供する

They share, they give,

分かちあい 与えます

they give away for free.

無償で与えるのです

And it's the very same people

みな似かよった人達です

leading Wall Street firms

Wall St.firmsに導かれ

who, on Sundays, show up

日曜日ごとにやってきて

and share.

分かち合う人達です

And not only food, right.

食べ物に限らずね

These very same people

彼らの共通点は

are strong believers, in lots of contexts,

市場原理に限界があると

in the limits on the markets.

厚く信仰していることです

They are in many important places

そして市場原理反対の現場に

against markets.

立ち会っています

Indeed, they, like all of us, celebrate this kind of relationship.

この場のような関係も

But they're very keen that we don't

お金を使わなければ

let money drop into that relationship,

大歓迎です

else it turns into something like this.

さもなければこんな感じです

They want to regulate us, those conservatives,

保守的な人々は私達を規制し

to stop us from allowing the market to spread in those places.

市場の拡大を防ぎたいのです

Because they understand:

こうした場の市場性を

There are places for the market

知りながらも

and places where the market should not exist,

お金を払わずに

where we should be free

交流を楽しむ場であるべきだと

to enjoy the fellowship of others.

思っているのです

They recognize: Both of these things have to live together.

有料と無料の共存が必要です

And the second great thing about conservatives:

また保守派の人々は

they get ecology.

エコロジーです

Right, it was the first great Republican president of the 20th century

20世紀の共和党大統領で

who taught us about

エコロジーを提唱した

environmental thinking -- Teddy Roosevelt.

テディ・ルーズベルトです

They first taught us about ecology

天然資源の利用は

in the context of natural resources.

環境に優しいと教えました

And then they began to teach us in the context of

また経済の観点から

innovation, economics.

環境を説きました

They understand, in that context,

彼らは経済的には

"free." They understand "free" is an important

お金がかからないことが

essential part of the

文化環境において

cultural ecology as well.

重要だと分かっています

That's the thing I want you to think about them.

そこを考えて欲しいのです

Now, I know

まあ みなさんは

you don't believe me, really, here.

私の話を信じないでしょうから

So here's exhibit number one.

これを見てください

I want to share with you my latest hero, Julian Sanchez,

ジュリアン・サンチェス

a libertarian who works at the, for many people,

悪名高きCato研究所で働く

"evil" Cato Institute.

自由主義者です

Okay, so Julian made this video.

彼のビデオ技術は

He's a terrible producer of videos,

ひどいものですが

but it's great content, so I'm going to give you a little bit of it.

内容はすごいものです

So here he is beginning.

始まりましたよ

Julian Sanchez: I'm going to make an observation about the way

ジュリアン：リミックス文化の進化過程を

remix culture seems to be evolving ...

観察してみましょう

Larry Lessig: So what he does is he begins to tell us

ラリー・レッシグ：３本のビデオの

about these three videos.

説明をしています

This is this fantastic Brat Pack remix

生意気なガキどものリミックスです

set to Lisztomania.

Lisztomaniaを使っている

Which, of course, spread virally.

これが一気に広まり

Hugely successful.

大流行しました

(Music)

（音楽）

And then some people from Brooklyn saw it.

ブルックリンの誰かが

They decided they wanted to do the same.

似たものをつくりました

(Music)

（音楽）

And then, of course, people from San Fransisco saw it.

次にサンフランシスコで

And San Franciscans thought they had to do the same as well.

同じように考えました

(Music)

（音楽）

And so they're beautiful, but this libertarian

ジュリアンのこのビデオから

has some important lessons he wants us to learn from this.

学んで欲しい事の

Here's lesson number one.

一つ目はこれです

JS: There's obviously also something really deeply great about this.

JS:これには深い意味があります

They are acting in the sense that they're

彼らはオリジナルのマッシュアップの

emulating the original mashup.

真似をしています

And the guy who shot it obviously has a strong eye

本当に目のつけどころがいい

and some experience with video editing.

編集も上手です

But this is also basically just a group of friends

そして仲間内でのビデオが

having an authentic social moment

周囲を巻き込む

and screwing around together.

社会的力を持つのです

It should feel familiar and kind of resonate

仲間と歌ったり

for anyone who's had a sing-a-long or a dance party

踊った事がある人なら

with a group of good friends.

ビデオに共感できます

LL: Or ...

LL：ということは…

JS: So that's importantly different from the earlier videos we looked at

JS:初期のビデオとは全く違います

because here, remix isn't just about

リミックスは地下室で

an individual doing something alone in his basement;

一人でやるのではなく

it becomes an act of social creativity.

社会的創造行為なのです

And it's not just that it yields

そして最終的には

a different kind of product at the end,

新しいものをつくりながら

it's that potentially it changes the way that we relate to each other.

互いの関係を変える行為です

All of our normal social interactions

こうしたマッシュアップは

become a kind of invitation

日常のやり取りから

to this sort of collective expression.

生まれることもある

It's our real social lives themselves

現実の社会的営みが

that are transmuted into art.

アートへと昇華されるのです

LL: And so then, what this libertarian draws from these two points ...

LL:彼は２つのポイントを示します

JS: One remix is about

JS：まずリミックスは

individuals using our shared culture

仲間に伝える手段として

as a kind of language to communicate something to an audience.

個人が共通の文化を使うもの

Stage two, social remix,

ソーシャルリミックスは

is really about using it to mediate

人々の互いの関係を

people's relationships to each other.

取り持つのに使われています

First, within each video,

それぞれのビデオでは

the Brat Pack characters are used as a kind of template

一種の典型的な悪ガキが

for performing the social reality of each group.

社会的現実として登場します

But there's also a dialogue between the videos,

そしてビデオを比較する

where, once the basic structure is established,

基本的枠組みを決めれば

it becomes a kind of platform

各グループ内での

for articulating the similarities and differences

相違点や類似点がよく分かる

between the groups' social and physical worlds.

土台になるのです

LL: And then, here's for me,

LL:いいでしょうか

the critical key to what

一番重要なのは

Julian has to say ...

この先です

JS: Copyright policy isn't just about

JS:コピーライト政策とは

how to incentivize the production

芸術品などの生産を

of a certain kind of artistic commodity;

どう促進するかだけでなく

it's about what level of control

現実の社会への管理を

we're going to permit to be exercised

どの程度まで

over our social realities --

許容するかです

social realities that are now inevitably

現代の社会で主流なのは

permeated by pop culture.

ポップカルチャーです

I think it's important that we

芸術と大衆文化は

keep these two different kinds of public goods in mind.

二つとも守るべき公共物です

If we're only focused on how to maximize

片方だけをたくさん提供する

the supply of one,

方法をとるならば

I think we risk suppressing

より優れている

this different and richer

重要な作品が

and, in some ways, maybe even more important one.

公表できない危険があります

LL: Right. Bingo. Point.

LL:そうこれがポイントです

Freedom needs this opportunity

自由が保障されるには

to both have the commercial success

優れた商業的作品による

of the great commercial works

商業的な成功と

and the opportunity

異なる文化を築く機会が

to build this different kind of culture.

必要なのです

And for that to happen, you need

この改革のために

ideas like fair use to be central and protected,

フェアユースの発想が

to enable this kind of innovation,

保護されるべきです

as this libertarian tells us,

彼が言うように

between these two creative cultures,

商業文化と共有文化という

a commercial and a sharing culture.

2つの創造的文化においてね

The point is they, he, here,

彼が手にしているのが

gets that culture.

その文化です

Now, my concern is, we Dems,

いっぽうで民主主義者は

too often, not so much.

創造的文化と縁が薄い

All right, take for example this great company.

この有名な会社は

In the good old days when this Republican ran that company,

共和党支持者が始めました

their greatest work was work that built on the past, right.

よい作品は過去のものです

All of the great Disney works

全てのディズニー作品は

were works that took works that

著作権フリーの作品や

were in the public domain and remixed them,

フリーになるのを待って

or waited until they entered the public domain to remix them,

リミックスして作ったので

to celebrate this add-on remix creativity.

見事に創造性が発揮されました

Indeed, Mickey Mouse himself, of course,

実際にミッキーマウス

as "Steamboat Willie,"

"スチームボート・ウィリー"も

is a remix of the then, very dominant,

バスター・キートンによって

very popular "Steamboat Bill"

"スチームボート・ビル"にされ

by Buster Keaton.

世界中で有名になった

This man was a remixer extraordinaire.

彼のリミックスの才能は

He is the celebration and ideal

この種の文化には

of exactly this kind of creativity.

賞賛されるべきものです

But then the company passes

しかしディズニーは

through this dark stage

裏からこっそりと

to this Democrat.

民主党に近づいた

Wildly different.

やり方が違います

This is the mastermind behind

この首謀者が

the eventual passage of what we call

可決させたのが

the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act,

著作権期間延長法です

extending the term of existing copyrights

現存する著作権の期間が

by 20 years,

さらに20年延長されました

so that no one could do to Disney

もうディズニーが

what Disney did to the Brothers Grimm.

グリムにしたことはできません

Now, when we tried to challenge this,

私達はこれに抗議し

going to the Supreme Court, getting the Supreme Court, the bunch of conservatives there --

保守派の巣窟の最高裁に行き

if we could get them to wake up to this -- to strike it down,

法案を阻止しようとしました

we had the assistance of Nobel Prize winners

私達が協力を得た人々には

including this right-wing

ノーベル賞受賞者で右派の

Nobel Prize winner, Milton Friedman,

ミルトン・フリードマンがいます

who said he would join our brief

”考える余地のない”訴訟だけ

only if the word "no brainer"

参加すると

was in the brief somewhere.

報告書にありました

(Laughter)

(笑)

But apparently, no brains

民主党が法案を

existed in this place

通過させたときは

when Democrats passed and signed

"考えなし"に

this bill into law.

署名しました

Now, tiny little quibble of a footnote:

補足しておきますが

Sonny Bono, you might say, was a Republican,

ソニー・ボノは共和党員だと

but I don't buy it.

言うかもしれません

This guy is no Republican.

この男は違います

Okay, for a second example,

次の例です

think about this cultural hero,

このヒーローは

icon on the Left,

有名な左派で

creator of this character.

これの創造者です

Look at the site that he built: "Star Wars" MashUps,

ルーカスはサイトで

inviting people to come and use their creative energy

新しい世代を発掘するため

to produce a new generation of attention

"スター・ウォーズ"の

towards this extraordinarily important cultural icon.

マッシュアップを募集している

Read the license.

許諾を読むと

The license for these remixers

『リミックス作品は

assigns all of the rights

ジョージ・ルーカスに

to the remix back to Lucas.

全て帰属する』とあります

The mashup is owned by Lucas.

作品はルーカスの物なのです

Indeed, anything you add to the mashup,

マッシュアップで

music you might add,

加わる音楽も全て

Lucas has a worldwide perpetual right

権利者のルーカスが

to exploit that for free.

タダで利用できます

There is no creator here to be recognized.

クリエーターは知らずに

The creator doesn't have any rights.

権利を奪われるのです

The creator is a sharecropper in this story.

クリエーターは小作人です

And we should remember

思い出してください

who employed the sharecroppers:

小作人の雇い主は

the Democrats, right?

民主党員でしたね

So the point is the Republicans here

この点では共和党員は

recognize that there's a certain need

所有権の必要性を

of ownership,

理解していました

a respect for ownership,

所有権を尊重し

the respect we should give the creator,

クリエーターや

the remixer, the owner, the property owner,

著作権を有する者に対して

the copyright owner

敬意を払います

of this extraordinarily powerful stuff,

この力強い作品の所有者は

and not a generation of sharecroppers.

小作人の世代ではないのです

Now, I think there are lessons we should learn here,

ここで学ぶべきことは

lessons about openness.

寛容についてです

Our lives are sharing activities,

私達の生活は分かち合いです

at least in part.

少なくとも部分的には

Even for the head of Goldman Sachs,

ゴールドマン・サックス社長も

at least in part.

少なくとも部分的には

And for that sharing activity to happen, we have to have

そして分け合うためには

well-protected spaces of fair use.

フェアユースの保護が

That's number one. Number two:

第一条件です

This ecology of sharing

第二の条件として

needs freedom

創造するための

within which to create.

自由な利用権が必要です

Freedom, which means without permission from anyone,

誰の許諾も必要とせず

the ability to create.

創造できることです

And number three: We need to

そして第三に

respect the creator,

クリエイターを尊重し

the creator of these remixes

リミックス者が直接

through rights that are

利益を得る権利を

directly tied to them.

与えることです

Now, this explains the right-wing nonprofit

つまりこれが右派で非営利の

Creative Commons.

クリエイティブ・コモンズです

Actually, it's not a right-wing nonprofit,

実際は違いますが

but of course -- let me just tie it here --

結びつけてください

the Creative Commons, which is

クリエイティブ・コモンズは

offering authors this simple way to mark their content

作品にマークをつけることで

with the freedoms

自由に使える範囲が

they intended to carry.

分かる仕組みです

So that we go from a "all rights reserved" world

”著作権保持”から

to a "some rights reserved" world

”ある権利は保有する”時代です

so that people can know the freedoms they have attached to the content,

作品の利用許諾範囲が分かれば

building and creating

著作権がある作品を

on the basis of this

基礎にして

creative copyrighted work.

製作できます

These tools that we built

このツールで

enable this sharing in parts

許諾を明確にして

through licenses that make it clear

分かち合いができ

and a freedom to create

既に与えられた

without requiring permission first

許諾によって

because the permission has already been granted

自由に創作できます

and a respect for the creator because it builds upon

また作者の権利が尊重され

a copyright the creator

許諾不要の著作権を

has licensed freely.

設定できます

And it explains the vast right-wing conspiracy

右派の広範な企てによって

that's obviously developed around these licenses,

こうした許諾が浸透し

as now more than 350 million digital objects

クリエイティブ・コモンズ該当の

are out there, licensed freely

デジタル作品の数は

in this way.

3.5億個もあります

Now that picture of an ecology of creativity,

さてこのイメージ図は

the picture of an ecology

バランスのとれた創造が

of balanced creativity,

できる環境です

is that the ecology of creativity we have right now?

現在はそのような環境か？

Well, as you all know,

みなさんご存知のように

not many of us believe we do.

そうではありません

I tripped on the reality of this ecology of creativity

現実の環境に目を向け

just last week.

つい先週

I created a video which was based

ビデオを作りました

on a Wireside Chat that I'd given,

Wiresideチャットでね

and I uploaded it to YouTube.

YouTubeへアップしたら

I then got this email from YouTube

メールが届きました

weirdly notifying me

その警告によれば

that there was content in that

『Warner Music Groupの

owned by the mysterious WMG

所有する内容が含まれていて

that matched their content ID.

作品IDと一致した』そうです

So I didn't think much about it.

深く考えてなかったんですが

And then on Twitter, somebody said to me,

Twitterで誰かが

"Your talk on YouTube was DMCA'd. Was that your purpose?"

"著作権違反は故意か"と書き

imagining that I had this deep conspiracy

著作権法の欠点を明らかにする

to reveal the obvious flaws in the DMCA.

深い陰謀の存在を感じました

I answered, "No." I didn't even think about it.

”いいえ”と答えましたが

But then I went to the site

後で私のサイトを見ると

and all of the audio in my site had been silenced.

音声が全て消えていました

My whole 45-minute video

45分間のビデオが

had been silenced

無音になっていた

because there were snippets in that video,

音声の断片をつないだ

a video about fair use,

フェアユースのビデオで

that included Warner Music Group music.

Warner の音楽も入っていました

Now, interestingly,

興味深いことに

they still sold ads for that music,

その無音ビデオには

if you played the silent video.

音楽広告が出てきて

You could still buy the music,

音楽を買えるのです

but you couldn't hear anything

全体に無音声で

because it had been silenced.

何も聞こえないのに

So I did what the current regime

現行の制度で

says I must do

YouTubeの利用を

to be free to use

自由にしようと

YouTube to talk about fair use.

フェアユースを教えました

I went to this site, and I had to answer these questions.

このサイトで答えた質問は

And then in an extraordinarily

異常なほどに

Bart Simpson-like, juvenile way

子供じみたもので

you've actually got to type out these words

これらの言葉を正しく

and get them right

全部入力して

to reassert your freedom to speak.

言論の自由を主張する

And I felt like I was in third grade again.

まるで小学3年生が

"I will not put tacks on the teacher's chair.

教師のイスに画鋲なんて

I will not put tacks on the teacher's chair."

置いていませんと繰り返すよう

This is absurd.

こんなのバカらしい

It is outrageous.

理不尽です

It is an extraordinary perversion of the system of freedom

自由制度の乱用には

we should be encouraging.

勇気を持ちましょう

And the question I ask you is: Who's fighting it?

実際に闘っている人は？

Well, interestingly, in the last presidential election,

前回の大統領選で

who was the number one, active

オンライン演説で

opponent of this system of regulation

規制システムへの対抗に

in online speech?

熱心だったのは

John McCain.

ジョン・マケインです

Letter after letter attacking YouTube's refusal

YouTubeの警告と削除に対して

to be more respectful of fair use

フェアユースに敬意を払えと

with their extraordinary notice and take down system,

たくさん手紙を書いたのです

that led his campaign so many times

彼のキャンペーンは

to be thrown off the Internet.

ネットを越えて広がりました

Now, that was the story of me then,

私の話に戻りましょう

my good old days of right-wing lunacy.

愚かな右派だった子供の頃

Let me come back to now,

現在はどうか

now when I'm a little leftist --

やや左寄りです

I'm certainly left-handed, so at least a lefty --

まちがいなく左利きですよ

And I wonder, can we on the Left

では左派の人々が

expect to build this

自由な使用権の環境を

ecology of freedom, now,

築くでしょうか

in a world where

この世界には

we know the extraordinarily powerful

自由な使用に反対する

influences against it,

巨大な勢力があり

where even icons of the Left like this

このような左派の有名人が

entertain and push bills

法律を押し付けて

that would effectively ban the requirement

政府の調査の開示要求を

of open access for government-funded research?

効果的に禁じてしまうのです

The president, who has supported

大統領が支持しているのは

a process that secretly negotiates agreements,

ミレニアム著作権法という

which effectively lock us into the insane system

おかしな法律で国民を

of DMCA

規制することです

that we have adopted

この適用で私達は

and likely lock us down a path of three strikes, you're out

アウトも同然なのですが

that, of course, the rest of the world are increasingly adopting.

他の国でも適用が進んでいます

Not a single example of reform

まだ一つの改正例も

has been produced yet.

出されていないのです

And we're not going to see this change

この社会体制では

in this system

近いうちには

anytime soon.

変化はない

So here's the lessons of openness

だから寛容さというものを

that I think we need to learn.

私達は学ぶべきなのです

Openness is a commitment

別の価値観に

to a certain set of values.

耳を傾けるのです

We need to speak of those values.

話し合いが必要です

The value of freedom. It's a value of community.

自由利用権という価値は

It's a value of the limits in regulation.

規制を制限し

It's a value respecting the creator.

クリエイターを尊重します

Now, if we can learn those values

右派からの影響で

from at least some influences on the Right,

こうした価値を学ぶか

if we can take them and incorporate them,

自ら具体化すれば

maybe we could do a little trade.

少しは改善されます

We learn those values on the Left,

左派から学ぶ価値観は

and maybe they'll do health care

保健医療の実施や

or global warming legislation or something in the Right.

温暖化規制法ですか

Anyway, please join me

私の仲間に加わって

in teaching these values.

これを教えましょう

Thank you very much.

ありがとうございました

(Applause)

(拍手)