Sarah Rugheimer: The search for microscopic aliens | TED Fellows

38,899 views ใƒป 2021-06-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
[ืขืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื]
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื.
ืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”,
00:14
[SHAPE YOUR FUTURE]
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:17
I want to find aliens.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:19
Finding life on another planet is not just going to be a little hard,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื ื•ื’ื”.
00:23
it's going to be very hard.
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00:24
But for the first time in human history,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื.
ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
00:27
we have a chance to detect signs of life on another planet.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:30
Or maybe we've already detected it on Venus.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
00:33
Or maybe not.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•.
00:35
There are still two big hurdles
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00:36
when it comes to confirming life on another world.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื,
00:39
The first is building a telescope big enough to do this,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืฆื—ื™ืงื™ื,
00:42
and the second is interpreting what we will find.
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื.
00:45
When we think of extraterrestrial life,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช
00:48
we tend to think of aliens like funny little green men,
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
00:52
not aliens as single-celled microbes.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืงืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘
00:55
But it's actually detecting signs of microbial life on another planet
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืื• ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ื ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
00:59
that I'm most optimistic about, and what I focus my research on.
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ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:02
I model how a star's high-energy radiation
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:05
can make gases from microbes harder or easier to see
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ื”ื ืคืœื˜ื• ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• --
01:08
with future telescopes.
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01:10
Microbes have dominated our planet's biosphere for most of Earth's history.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ --
ืœืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:15
They've been emitting gases that can be seen in our atmosphere --
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ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื’ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ืžืชืืŸ ื•ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ
01:18
even light years away --
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01:19
for billions of years.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
01:21
Now, if an alien astronomer were looking at Earth,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:24
they would probably detect gases like oxygen, methane and nitrous oxide
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื,
01:28
before detecting signs of us.
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ืœื ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:30
Even with an active biosphere like Earth's,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” --
01:32
most of the gases that indicate life are coming from single-celled microbes,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:37
not from animals.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
01:39
This is what we'll try to do in the next decade of astronomy --
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ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:42
try to find signs of microbial life on planets orbiting other stars.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืจืช
ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื–ืจืงื•ืจ
01:47
But the technology to detect the atmosphere
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01:49
of a planet the size of Earth
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช.
01:50
around another sun
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01:52
is incredibly difficult.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21,
01:53
It's like trying to determine the size of a firefly in front of a spotlight
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
01:58
while looking from another continent.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื™ื
02:00
What's amazing is that with telescopes in the 2020s,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืžื” ื”ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช.
02:03
we're overcoming this technological barrier.
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ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
02:06
The second issue defining alien life
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื™ื™ื.
02:08
will be to interpret what these biosignature gases actually mean.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ืงื™ืช:
ื”ืื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื” ื—ื™ื™ื?
02:12
Twenty-one percent of our atmosphere is oxygen,
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02:15
and nearly all of that oxygen comes from life.
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ืœื, ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—,
02:17
So here's the tricky question:
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:20
Would detecting oxygen on another planet mean life?
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:23
No, not necessarily,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
02:25
because we know of ways to get oxygen without biology.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ื”,
02:29
I try to understand a planet's geology and its star's radiation
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ืœื’ื– ืคื•ื ื˜ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœื—ืชื™ืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:33
so that we can better identify a true life signal.
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืชืื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
02:36
And this is what makes the preliminary detection on Venus of phosphine,
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ื ื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:39
a potential biosignature gas,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื™,
ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 400 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
02:42
so compelling but also so confusing.
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02:45
Venus is not where we expected to find life.
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ื”ืื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืคื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”?
02:48
It is a hellish world,
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02:49
with a surface temperature of nearly 900 degrees Fahrenheit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช?
ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
02:54
Could life be floating in the more temperate upper atmosphere?
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกืคื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•,
02:57
But then how would such life eat and reproduce?
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ื•ืื– ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื™ื™ื
03:00
This discovery will have to be vetted over the coming decade.
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ื•ืœื ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
03:04
First, we must verify the detection of phosphine itself,
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03:07
and then later, we would have to confirm that this gas is coming from life
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ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:11
and not from some unexpected geological or photochemical process.
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ืื ื™ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื™ื ื•,
ืฉืฉื™ื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื—ืจ,
03:16
If true, this would be one of the most profound discoveries of our generation.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืœืงื— ืžืคื›ื— ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.
03:21
If it turns out that we were fooled,
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ื ื’ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” -- ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• --
03:23
that we mistook this gas for biology when it's from some other process,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
03:26
we will have a sobering lesson to apply to planets orbiting distant stars.
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ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
03:30
Venus is close -- literally, our next-door neighbor --
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ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
ื›ืžื” ื“ื—ื•ืกื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ืง,
03:34
and yet we still have trouble understanding it.
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ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ืฉื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืžื•ืชืš.
03:36
The planets we're finding orbiting other stars
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:39
are weird and unexpected.
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ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:41
Some have the density of cotton candy,
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ืื– ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช,
03:44
and others rain molten iron.
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03:46
And most stars are different from our sun,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื– ื‘ื•ื“ื“
03:48
with high-energy flares that can make it difficult for life.
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ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื™ื.
03:52
So the more we're looking at different biosignature gases,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื—ื™ื™ื
03:55
the more we realize that there's no single gas
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ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
03:58
that's enough to understand a planet and to claim alien life.
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ื•ืคื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
ืื™ืš ื ื“ืข ืื ืจืžื– ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืœื?
04:02
It is just really difficult to distinguish life from nonlife
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ
04:05
from light years away.
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04:07
And here's where the ambiguity lies.
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ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžืงื™ืคื”.
04:09
How will we know if a clue is a sign of life or is not?
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ื ืœืžื“ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
04:13
Well, first, we'll need to understand as much as we can
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื•ื’ื” ื•ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:16
about a planet's geology and the star it orbits.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช:
04:19
We'll learn vital lessons by exploring our own solar system
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื?
04:22
in places such as Venus and Mars.
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ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื ื” ืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื”ื˜.
04:25
We're getting closer to answering one of humanity's biggest questions:
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ืื– ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช.
04:29
Are we alone in the universe?
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
04:32
Any claim will be hotly debated.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ; ื‘ืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
04:35
So basically, I'm stretched between two desires.
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04:38
I want to find alien life, but likely will not have a clear answer.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื•.
ืžื“ืข ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืงืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
04:43
And that's OK; science is nuanced and self-correcting.
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ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช
04:47
It's what I love about it.
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04:48
Science is about balancing this duality of skepticism and of hope.
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ื•ืœืฆืœื ืงื ื’ืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื™ื ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ โ€œืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฅ!โ€
04:54
We won't be able to teleport ourselves to another planet
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
04:57
and take pictures of alien kangaroos jumping around.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ื’ืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื™ื
05:01
And without an intelligent "Hello, Earthlings!" signal,
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05:03
we might still feel lonely,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื•.
05:05
even if we find out we're not alone in the universe.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืžืฆื ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“,
ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืœื ื‘ื”ื,
05:09
Despite these challenges, I'm super excited about alien microbes
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ืžื—ื“ ืชืื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
05:12
and what they could teach us.
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ืื ื ื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœื•ื,
05:14
Even if we find just one other sign of life,
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ืื– ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืžืœื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
05:17
then likely the universe is teeming with it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช.
05:19
from single-celled to complex.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš.
05:22
If we search for decades and find nothing,
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05:25
then that is equally humbling.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
05:27
But we must try.
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05:28
We must do this search even when it means sitting with uncertainty along the way.
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05:34
Thank you.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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