Stephen Petranek: 10 ways the world could end

127,663 views ใƒป 2007-10-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: amir Goldstein ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
The advances that have taken place in astronomy,
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”
00:29
cosmology and biology, in the last 10 years,
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ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:36
are really extraordinary --
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ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืžืช...
00:40
to the point where we know more about our universe and how it works
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“
00:44
than many of you might imagine.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื.
00:50
But there was something else that I've noticed
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืœื• ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘,
00:53
as those changes were taking place, as people were starting to find out that
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
00:56
hmm ... yeah, there really is a black hole at the center of every galaxy.
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ืฉ... ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”
01:01
The science writers and editors -- I shouldn't say science writers,
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ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื -- ืœื ื”ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
01:04
I should say people who write about science --
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ื”ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ืข --
01:08
and editors would sit down over a couple of beers,
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ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
01:10
after a hard day of work, and start talking about
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ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืจื•ืš, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ
01:14
some of these incredible perceptions about how the universe works.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:19
And they would inevitably end up in what I thought was a very bizarre place,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื–ืจ,
01:24
which is ways the world could end very suddenly.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
01:28
And that's what I want to talk about today. (Laughter)
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:33
Ah, you laugh, you fools. (Laughter)
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ืื”ื”.. ืชืฆื—ืงื•, ื˜ืคืฉื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:40
(Voice: Can we finish up a little early?)
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(ืงื•ืœ ืžื”ืงื”ืœ: ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?)
01:42
(Laughter) Yeah, we need the time!
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ!
01:47
Stephen Petranek: At first, it all seemed a little fantastical to me, but after challenging a lot of these ideas,
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืคื˜ืจื ืง: ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื•ืืชื’ืจืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
01:53
I began to take a lot of them seriously. And then September 11 happened,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช. ื•ืื– 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
01:57
and I thought, ah, God,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื”ื”, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
01:59
I can't go to the TED conference and talk about how the world is going to end.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื›ื ืก ืฉืœ TED ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื’ื™ืข.
02:02
Nobody wants to hear that. Not after this!
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”!
02:07
And that got me into a discussion with some other people, other scientists,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
02:11
about maybe some other subjects, and one of the guys I talked to,
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ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื•
02:15
who was a neuroscientist, said,
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—, ืืžืจ,
02:17
"You know, I think there are a lot of solutions to the problems you brought up,"
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ืžืขืœื”,"
02:21
and reminds me of Michael's talk yesterday
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืžืืชืžื•ืœ
02:25
and his mother saying you can't have a solution if you don't have a problem.
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ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื• ืืžืจื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:29
So, we went out looking for solutions to ways that the world might end tomorrow,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื—ืจ,
02:34
and lo and behold, we found them.
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ื•ืชืจืื• - ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื.
02:37
Which leads me to a videotape of a President Bush
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ
02:43
press conference from a couple of weeks ago.
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ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
02:45
Can we run that, Andrew?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื“ืจื•?
02:47
President George W. Bush: Whatever it costs to defend our security,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉ: ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
02:51
and whatever it costs to defend our freedom, we must pay it.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืœื.
02:56
SP: I agree with the president.
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ืกื˜ืคืŸ ืคื˜ืจื ืง: ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื
02:57
He wants two trillion dollars to protect us from terrorists next year,
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
03:03
a two-trillion-dollar federal budget, which will land us back into deficit spending real fast.
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ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืคื“ืจืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื’ืจืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
03:09
But terrorists aren't the only threat we face.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
03:12
There are really serious calamities staring us in the eye
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžืื™ืžื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•
03:17
that we're in the same kind of denial about
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื—ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”
03:19
that we were about terrorism, and what could've happened on September 11.
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ืฉื”ื“ื—ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ
03:25
I would propose, therefore, that if we took 10 billion dollars
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ืื ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืื ื ื™ืงื— 10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:31
from that 2.13 trillion dollar budget --
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 2.13 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื --
03:34
which is two one hundredths of that budget --
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-- ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ --
03:40
and we doled out a billion dollars to each one of these problems
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ื•ื ืงืฆื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:44
I'm going to talk to you about, the vast majority could be solved,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ,
03:48
and the rest we could deal with. So, I hope you find this both fascinating --
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ื•ืขื ื”ื™ืชืจ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“. ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืจืชืง --
03:54
I'm fascinated by this kind of stuff, I gotta admit --
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื•ืชืง ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืืœื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช --
03:57
to me these are Richard's cockroaches.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจืชืง.
04:03
But I also hope, because I think the people in this room can literally change the world,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืงื•ื•ื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช,
04:09
I hope you take some of this stuff away with you,
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื” ืฉืชื™ืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ืชื›ื
04:13
and when you have an opportunity to be influential,
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ื•ื›ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข,
04:17
that you try to get some heavy-duty money spent on some of these ideas.
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ืชื ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื›ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืฉืงืข ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
04:21
So let's start. Number 10: we lose the will to survive.
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ืื– ื ืชื—ื™ืœ. ืžืกืคืจ 10: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
04:30
We live in an incredible age of modern medicine.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:33
We are all much healthier than we were 20 years ago.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”
04:37
People around the world are getting better medicine --
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ --
04:42
but mentally, we're falling apart.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื.
04:45
The World Health Organization now estimates
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš
04:47
that one out of five people on the planet is clinically depressed.
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™.
04:53
And the World Health Organization also says that depression is the
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ
04:58
biggest epidemic that humankind has ever faced.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœื”
05:04
Soon, genetic breakthroughs and even better medicine
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ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:07
are going to allow us to think of 100 as a normal lifespan.
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ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 100 ื›ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™ืช.
05:13
A female child born tomorrow, on average -- median -- will live to age 83.
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ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืชื™ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ืจ, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข -- ื‘ื—ืฆื™ื•ืŸ -- ืชื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ืœ 83.
05:21
Our life longevity is going up almost a year for every year that passes.
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ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช
05:26
Now the problem with all of this, getting older,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช
05:28
is that people over 65 are the most likely people to commit suicide.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืขืœ 65 ื”ื ื”ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“
05:33
So, what are the solutions?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช?
05:35
We don't really have mental health insurance in this country,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื•,
05:38
and it's -- (Applause) -- it's really a crime.
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ื•ื–ื” -- (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื) -- ืคืฉืข ืืžื™ืชื™
05:42
Something like 98 percent of all people with depression,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 98 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ,
05:46
and I mean really severe depression
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง
05:47
-- I have a friend with stunningly severe depression
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-- ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ืžืื•ื“
05:52
-- this is a curable disease, with present medicine and present technology.
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-- ื–ื• ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืจื•ืคื”, ืขื ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
05:56
But it is often a combination of talk therapy and pills.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“"ื› ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช
06:00
Pills alone don't do it, especially in clinically depressed people.
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ื’ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™.
06:05
You ought to be able to go to a psychiatrist or a psychologist,
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ ืื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’,
06:09
and put down your 10-dollar copay, and get treated,
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ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
06:11
just like you do when you got a cut on your arm. It's ridiculous.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืฉืืชื” ื ื—ืชืš ื‘ื™ื“, ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš
06:15
Secondly, drug companies are not going to develop really sophisticated
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืคืชื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
06:20
psychoactive drugs. We know that most mental illnesses have a biological
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื™ืฉ
06:27
component that can be dealt with.
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชื•.
06:30
And we know just an amazing amount more about the brain now than we
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ื•ืื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ื™ื•ื
06:33
did 10 years ago. We need a pump-push from the federal government,
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ืžืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™,
06:38
through NIH and National Science -- NSF --
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ื“ืจืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ (NIH) ืื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™
06:43
and places like that to start helping the drug companies
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ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
06:45
develop some advanced psychoactive drugs.
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ืœืคืชื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช,
06:49
Moving on. Number nine -- don't laugh -- aliens invade Earth.
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ื ืžืฉื™ืš. ืžืกืคืจ ืชืฉืข -- ืœื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง! -- ืคืœื™ืฉืช ื—ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:54
Ten years ago, you couldn't have found an astronomer --
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื --
06:57
well, very few astronomers -- in the world who would've told you that
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ -- ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื
07:00
there are any planets anywhere outside our solar system.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:04
1995, we found three. The count now is up to 80 --
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ื‘ 1995 ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื”. ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื› 80 --
07:08
we're finding about two or three a month.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื 2 ืขื“ 3 ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
07:12
All of the ones we've found, by the way, are in this little, teeny, tiny corner where we live,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืฆืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
07:15
in the Milky Way. There must be millions of planets in the Milky Way,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘. ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
07:21
and as Carl Sagan insisted for many years,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืืจืœ ืกื’ืืŸ ืžืชืขืงืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
07:24
and was laughed at for it, there must be billions and billions in the universe.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื—ืงื ื• ืขืœื™ื•, ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
07:29
In a few years, NASA is going to launch four or five telescopes out to Jupiter,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื ืืก"ื ืชืฉื’ืจ 4 ืื• 5 ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืฆื“ืง
07:33
where there's less dust, and start looking for Earth-like planets,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืื‘ืง, ื•ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืืจืฅ,
07:37
which we cannot see with present technology, nor detect.
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ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช, ืื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
07:41
It's becoming obvious that the chance that life does not exist elsewhere in the universe,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
07:49
and probably fairly close to us, is a fairly remote idea.
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ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“.
07:53
And the chance that some of it isn't more intelligent than ours is also a remote idea.
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืงืœื•ืฉ
07:59
Remember, we've only been an advanced civilization --
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ืชื–ื›ืจื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช --
08:01
an industrial civilization, if you would -- for 200 years.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืื ืชืจืฆื• -- ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื™ื
08:05
Although every time I go to Pompeii, I'm amazed that they had
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืคื•ืžืคื™ื™ ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ื
08:08
the equivalent of a McDonald's on every street corner, too.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘.
08:10
So, I don't know how much civilization really has progressed since AD 79,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื›ืžื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืžืื– 79 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”
08:14
but there's a great likelihood. I really believe this,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘. ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”
08:18
and I don't believe in aliens, and I don't believe there are any aliens on the Earth
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
08:23
or anything like that. But there's a likelihood that we will confront a
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื›ืŸ ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ
08:26
civilization that is more intelligent than our own.
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:29
Now, what will happen? What if they come to, you know,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”? ืžื” ืื ื”ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
08:33
suck up our oceans for the hydrogen?
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ื•ื™ืฉืื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ?
08:36
And swat us away like flies, the way we swat away flies when we go into
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ื•ื™ื ืคื ืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืคื ืคื™ื ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื
08:39
the rainforest and start logging it.
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ืœื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื•
08:42
We can look at our own history. The late physicist Gerard O'Neill said,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื ื•ื— ื’'ืจืืจื“ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืœ ืืžืจ,
08:47
"Advanced Western civilization has had a destructive effect
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"ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช
08:50
on all primitive civilizations it has come in contact with,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ืื™ืชื”,
08:54
even in those cases where every attempt was made
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ
08:57
to protect and guard the primitive civilization."
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช".
09:02
If the aliens come visiting, we're the primitive civilization.
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ืื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื‘ืงืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
09:06
So, what are the solutions to this? (Laughter)
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ืื–, ืžื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:15
Thank God you can all read!
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื!
09:18
It may seem ridiculous, but we have a really lousy history of anticipating things like this
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื’ื•ื›ื—, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื•
09:25
and actually being prepared for them.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื
09:27
How much energy and money does it take to actually have a plan
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืกืฃ ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
09:30
to negotiate with an advanced species?
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ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื?
09:35
Secondly -- and you're going to hear more from me about this --
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ืฉื ื™ืช --ื•ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” --
09:39
we have to become an outward-looking, space-faring nation.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืžื” ืฉืคื ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” , ืœื—ืœืœ.
09:42
We have got to develop the
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช
09:43
idea that the Earth doesn't last forever,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ืœื ืฆื—
09:46
our sun doesn't last forever.
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ืœืชืžื™ื“
09:48
If we want humanity to last forever, we have to colonize the Milky Way.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืฉืจื•ื“ ืœื ืฆื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘
09:53
And that is not something that is beyond comprehension at this point.
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ื•ื–ื• ืœื ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•.
09:59
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:02
It'll also help us a lot, if we meet an advanced civilization along the way,
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ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืžืื•ื“, ืื ื ืคื’ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
10:06
if we're trying to be an advanced civilization. Number eight --
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” --
10:09
(Voice: Steve, that's what I'm doing after TED.) (Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืงื•ืœ ืžื”ืงื”ืœ: ืกื˜ื™ื‘, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ TED.) (ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:15
SP: You've got it! You've got the job.
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ืก"ืค: ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื”.
10:18
Number eight: the ecosystem collapses.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื”: ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงื•ืจืกืช
10:20
Last July, in Science, the journal Science,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘"Science", ื”ื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™
10:25
19 oceanographers published a very, very unusual article.
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19 ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืคืจืกืžื• ืžืืžืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ
10:28
It wasn't really a research report; it was a screed.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืื•ื
10:31
They said, we've been looking at the oceans for a long time now,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ืื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
10:34
and we want to tell you they're not in trouble, they're near collapse.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื, ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื,
10:38
Many other ecosystems on Earth are in real, real danger.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช
10:44
We're living in a time of mass extinctions that exceeds the fossil record
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื
10:47
by a factor of 10,000.
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ืคื™ 10,000
10:50
We have lost 25 percent of the unique species in Hawaii in the last 20 years.
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืื™ ื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
10:55
California is expected to lose 25 percent of its species in the next 40 years.
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ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืชืื‘ื“ 25 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,.
11:01
Somewhere in the Amazon forest is the marginal tree.
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ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื ืžืฆื ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™
11:05
You cut down that tree, the rain forest collapses as an ecosystem.
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ืชื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื™ืงืจื•ืก ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
11:09
There's really a tree like that out there. That's really what it comes to.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืขืฅ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื, ื•ืœื–ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื™ืข
11:12
And when that ecosystem collapses, it could take a major ecosystem with it,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืชืงืจื•ืก, ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืงื— ืื™ืชื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
11:17
like our atmosphere. So, what do we do about this? What are the solutions?
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”? ืžื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช?
11:24
There is some modeling of ecosystems going on now.
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ืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
11:27
The problem with ecosystems is that we understand them so poorly,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืŸ
11:32
that we don't know they're really in trouble until it's almost too late.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
11:36
We need to know earlier that they're getting in trouble,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืฆืจื•ืช,
11:40
and we need to be able to pump possible solutions into models.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื
11:44
And with the kind of computing power we have now,
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ื•ืขื ื›ื— ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื,
11:47
there is, as I say, some of this going on, but it needs money.
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ื™ืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื›ืš ื›ืกืฃ.
11:50
National Science Foundation needs to say -- you know,
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ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“-- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
11:53
almost all the money that's spent on science in this country
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืžื“ืข ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
11:56
comes from the federal government, one way or another.
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ื‘ื ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช
11:59
And they get to prioritize, you know?
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ื•ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื“ื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื?
12:01
There are people at the National Science Foundation
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข
12:02
who get to say, this is the most important thing.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“: ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:05
This is one of the things they ought to be thinking more about.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
12:07
Secondly, we need to create huge biodiversity reserves on the planet,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื–ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
12:10
and start moving them around.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
12:12
There's been an experiment for the last four or five years on the Georges Bank,
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'ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืื• ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ืช ื”ื’'ื•ืจื’
12:16
or the Grand Banks off of Newfoundland. It's a no-take fishing zone.
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ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื•ืœ ื ื™ื•ืคืื•ื ื“ืœื ื“. ื–ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื’
12:20
They can't fish there for a radius of 200 miles.
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื’ ืฉื ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ 320 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
12:23
And an amazing thing has happened: almost all the fish have come back,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ: ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ืจื•,
12:26
and they're reproducing like crazy. We're going to have to start doing this
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ื•ื”ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš
12:30
around the globe. We're going to have to have no-take zones.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื. ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื "ืืกื•ืจ ืœ..""
12:32
We're going to have to say, no more logging in the Amazon for 20 years.
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ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื“: "ืืกื•ืจ ืœื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ืœืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื™ื".
12:36
Let it recover, before we start logging again.
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ืœืชืช ืœื™ืขืจ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘
12:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
12:44
Number seven: particle accelerator mishap.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืข: ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืžืื™ืฅ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
12:48
You all remember Ted Kaczynski, the Unabomber?
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ืื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื˜ื“ ืงืฆื™ื ืกืงื™, ื”"ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ืžื‘ืจ"?
12:51
One of the things he raved about was that a particle accelerator experiment
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืžืื™ืฆื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
12:55
could go haywire and set off a chain reaction that would destroy the world.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:00
A lot of very sober-minded physicists, believe it or not,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื™ื–ืงืื™ื ืžืคื•ืงื—ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื ,
13:02
have had exactly the same thought.
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
13:05
This spring -- there's a collider at Brookhaven, on Long Island --
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” -- ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืฅ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื™ืœื ื“ --
13:08
this spring, it's going to have an experiment in which it creates black holes.
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ
13:12
They are expecting to create little, tiny black holes.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
13:16
They expect them to evaporate. (Laughter)
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ื”ื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื”ืชืื“ื•ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:23
I hope they're right. (Laughter)
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:26
Other collider experiments -- there's one that's going to take place next summer
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื™ืฆื™ื -- ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื‘ื
13:30
at CERN -- have the possibility of creating something called strangelets,
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ื‘"ืกืจืŸ" -- ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื "ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื ื™ื"
13:34
which are kind of like antimatter. Whenever they hit other matter, they destroy it
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ืฉื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื™-ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื›ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
13:38
and obliterate it. Most physicists say that the accelerators we have now
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ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
13:42
are not really powerful enough to create black holes and strangelets
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•"ืžื•ื–ืจื•ื ื™ื"
13:45
that we need to worry about, and they're probably right.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’, ื•ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื
13:48
But, all around the world, in Japan, in Canada,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, ื‘ืงื ื“ื”
13:52
there's talk about this, of reviving this in the United States.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
13:54
We shut one down that was going to be big.
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ืกื’ืจื ื• ืžืื™ืฅ ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ
13:56
But there's talk of building very big accelerators.
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
14:00
What can we do about this? What are the solutions?
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ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”? ืžื” ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช?
14:03
We've got the fox watching the henhouse here.
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ื”ืฉื•ืขืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ.
14:05
We need to -- we need the advice of particle physicists to talk about particle physics
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืช ืžืคื™ื–ืงืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ืงืื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื
14:11
and what should be done in particle physics,
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ื•ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
14:13
but we need some outside thinking and watchdogging
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
14:18
of what's going on with these experiments.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
14:21
Secondly, we have a natural laboratory surrounding the Earth.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
14:24
We have an electromagnetic field around the Earth,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉ ืฉื“ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
14:26
and it's constantly bombarded by high-energy particles, like protons.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคื’ื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” , ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
14:31
And in my opinion, we don't spend enough time
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ
14:35
looking at that natural laboratory and figuring out first what's safe to do on Earth.
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ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:42
Number six: biotech disaster.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืฉ: ืืกื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
14:45
It's one of my favorite ones, because we've done several stories on Bt corn.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™, ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
14:48
Bt corn is a corn that creates its own pesticide to kill a corn borer.
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ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืจืก ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืงื•ื˜ืœ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ ืชื™ืจืก
14:54
You may of heard of it -- heard it called StarLink,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ื–ื” -- ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืกื˜ืืจืœื™ื ืง",
14:58
especially when all those taco shells were taken out of the supermarkets
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ื”ื˜ืืงื• ื”ืืœื• ื ืืกืคื• ืžืžื“ืคื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจืžืจืงื˜ื™ื
15:02
about a year and a half ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
15:04
This stuff was supposed to only be feed for animals in the United States,
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ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
15:08
and it got into the human food supply, and somebody should've figured out
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
15:12
that it would get in the human food supply very easily.
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ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืื›ืœื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
15:15
But the thing that's alarming is a couple of months ago, in Mexico,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ืื™ื’ ื–ื” ืฉื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืงื•ื“ื, ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•
15:18
where Bt corn and all genetically altered corn is totally illegal,
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ืฉื ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™
15:22
they found Bt corn genes in wild corn plants.
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ื ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ ืชื™ืจืก ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื
15:26
Now, corn originated, we think, in Mexico.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื”ื•ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
15:29
This is the genetic biodiversity storehouse of corn.
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ืฉื ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ืกืŸ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก.
15:34
This brings back a skepticism that has gone away recently,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื“ืขื” ืกืงืคื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื ืขืœืžื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
15:40
that superweeds and superpests could spread around the world,
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ืœืคื™ื” ืกื•ืคืจ-ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจ-ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
15:44
from biotechnology, that literally could destroy the world's food supply
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
15:49
in very short order.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“
15:51
So, what do we do about that?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?
15:55
We treat biotechnology with the same scrutiny we apply to nuclear power plants.
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ื ื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช
16:00
It's that simple. This is an amazingly unregulated field.
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ื–ื” ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืงื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
16:03
When the StarLink disaster happened, there was a battle between the
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ื›ืฉืืกื•ืŸ ื”"ืกื˜ืืจืœื™ื ืง" ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ
16:06
EPA and the FDA over who really had authority, and over what parts of this,
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ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (EPA) ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช (FDA) ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”
16:11
and they didn't get it straightened out for months. That's kind of crazy.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ.
16:15
Number five, one of my favorites: reversal of the Earth's magnetic field.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืžืฉ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™: ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
16:20
Believe it or not, this happens every few hundred thousand years,
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคืขื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
16:23
and has happened many times in our history.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
16:25
North Pole goes to the South, South Pole goes to the North, and vice versa.
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ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื“ืจื•ืžื”, ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืฆืคื•ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืš.
16:30
But what happens, as this occurs,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
16:33
is that we lose our magnetic field around the Earth over the period of about 100 years,
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื› 100 ืฉื ื™ื
16:39
and that means that all these cosmic rays and particles
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื
16:41
that are to come streaming at us from the sun,
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ืฉืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
16:44
that this field protects us from, are -- well, basically, we're gonna fry. (Laughter)
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ืฉื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื”ื -- ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฆืœื•ืช (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:57
(Voice: Steve, I have some additional hats downstairs.)
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(ืงื•ืœ: ืกื˜ื™ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”)
17:01
SP: So, what can we do about this? Oh, by the way, we're overdue.
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ืก"ืค: ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืื•ื•.. ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
17:05
It's been 780,000 years since this happened.
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ืขื‘ืจื• 780,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื›ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
17:07
So, it should have happened about 480,000 years ago.
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ืื–, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ื› 480,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
17:10
Oh, and here's one other thing.
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ืื”ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ
17:12
Scientists think now our magnetic field may be diminished by about five percent.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ื› 5 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
17:20
So, maybe we're in the throes of it.
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ื›ืš, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ.
17:24
One of the problems of trying to figure out how healthy the Earth is,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
17:28
is that we have -- you know, we don't have good weather data from 60 years ago,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื™ื,
17:32
much less data on things like the ozone layer.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ.
17:36
So, there's a fairly simple solution to this.
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ื•ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื›ืš.
17:40
There's going to be a lot of cheap rocketry that's going to come online
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื
17:43
in about six or seven years
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื
17:45
that gets us into the low atmosphere very cheaply.
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ืฉื™ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“,
17:49
You know, we can make ozone from car tailpipes.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
17:52
It's not hard: it's just three oxygen atoms.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื”, ืืœื• ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
17:55
If you brought the entire ozone layer down to the surface of the Earth,
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ืื ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
17:59
it would be the thickness of two pennies, at 14 pounds per square inch.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ 2 ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื› 6.3 ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืœื› 6 ืกืž"ืจ (ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ - 14 ืœื™ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืฉ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข)
18:02
You don't need that much up there.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”
18:05
We need to learn how to repair and replenish the Earth's ozone layer.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
18:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:12
Number four: giant solar flares.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืืจื‘ืข: ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
18:15
Solar flares are enormous magnetic outbursts from the Sun
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ื”ืชืคืจืฆื™ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
18:19
that bombard the Earth with high-speed subatomic particles.
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ืฉืžืคืฆื™ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืชืช-ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื
18:23
So far, our atmosphere has done, and our magnetic field has done
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
18:26
pretty well protecting us from this.
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ืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื”ื.
18:29
Occasionally, we get a flare from the Sun that causes havoc
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ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช
18:33
with communications and so forth, and electricity.
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ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื”.
18:37
But the alarming thing is that astronomers recently have been studying
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
18:40
stars that are similar to our Sun,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
18:42
and they've found that a number of them, when they're about the age of our Sun,
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ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš,
18:46
brighten by a factor of as much as 20. Doesn't last for very long.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ ืขื“ 20. ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
18:51
And they think these are super-flares, millions of times more powerful
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง, ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
18:53
than any flares we've had from our Sun so far.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.
18:58
Obviously, we don't want one of those. (Laughter)
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืืœื• (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:02
There's a flip side to it. In studying stars
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื“ ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
19:04
like our Sun, we've found that they go through periods of diminishment,
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ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืžืžื•ืช
19:08
when their total amount of energy that's expelled from them
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ื›ืฉืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืฉื•ืคืขืช ืžื”ื
19:12
goes down by maybe one percent.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื›ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“.
19:14
One percent doesn't sound like a lot, but it would cause one hell of an ice age here.
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ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืงืจื— ืžื”ื’ื”ื ื•ื ื›ืืŸ.
19:18
So, what can we do about this?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?
19:20
(Laughter) Start terraforming Mars. This is one of my favorite subjects.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™
19:23
I wrote a story about this in Life magazine in 1993.
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "ืœื™ื™ืฃ ื‘ 1993
19:27
This is rocket science, but it's not hard rocket science.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ืข ืžืชืงื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืชืงื“ื ืžื“ื™
19:31
Everything that we need to make an atmosphere on Mars,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื,
19:34
and to make a livable planet on Mars, is probably there.
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ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื.
19:38
And you just, literally, have to send little nuclear factories up there
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœืฉื
19:44
that gobble up the iron oxide on the surface of Mars and spit out the oxygen.
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ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ.
19:49
The problem is it takes 300 years to terraform Mars, minimum.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืงื—ื• 300 ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืืจื™ืฅ ืืช ืžืื“ื™ื, ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื.
19:53
Really more like 500 years to do it right.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœ 500 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™.
19:56
There's no reason why we shouldn't start now. (Laughter)
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:00
Number three -- isn't this stuff cool? (Laughter)
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ -- ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื’ื ื™ื‘? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:07
A new global epidemic. People have been at war with germs
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ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืœืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
20:10
ever since there have been people,
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื ืฉื™ื,
20:11
and from time to time, the germs sure get the upper hand.
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ื•ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื, ื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
20:15
In 1918, we had a flu epidemic in the United States that killed 20 million people.
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ื‘ 1918, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื™ืคืช ืฉืคืขืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืจื’ื” 20 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
20:20
That was back when the population was around 100 million people.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 100 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ.
20:24
The bubonic plague in Europe, in the Middle Ages,
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ืžื’ื™ืคืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
20:27
killed one out of four Europeans.
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ื”ืจื’ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื.
20:31
AIDS is coming back. Ebola seems to be rearing its head
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ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืžืจื™ืžื” ืืช ืจืืฉื”
20:35
with much too much frequency,
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ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
20:38
and old diseases like cholera are becoming resistant to antibiotics.
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ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
20:43
We've all learned what -- the kind of panic that can occur
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื” -- ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
20:45
when an old disease rears its head, like anthrax.
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ื›ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืจืืฉืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืื ืชืจืงืก.
20:50
The worst possibility is that a very simple germ, like staph,
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ืจืคื˜ื•ืงื•ืงื•ืก
20:57
for which we have one antibiotic that still works, mutates.
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ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
21:02
And we know staph can do amazing things.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืกื˜ืค ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื
21:04
A staph cell can be next to a muscle cell in your body and borrow genes from it
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ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืกื˜ืค ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืชื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื•"ืœืฉืื•ืœ" ื’ื ื™ื ืžืžื ื•
21:09
when antibiotics come, and change and mutate.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”, ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”
21:13
The danger is that some germ like staph will be --
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ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื˜ืค ื™ื”ืคื›ื• --
21:15
will mutate into something that's really virulent, very contagious,
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ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืง, ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื™ื,
21:20
and will sweep through populations before we can do anything about it.
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ื•ื™ืฉื˜ืคื• ื“ืจืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
21:24
That's happened before. About 12,000 years ago,
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 12000 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ื‘
21:26
there was a massive wave of mammal extinctions in the Americas,
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช,
21:31
and that is thought to have been a virulent disease.
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ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžื“ื‘ืงืช.
21:34
So, what can we do about it?
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ืื–, ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?
21:35
It is nuts. We give antibiotics -- (Applause) --
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื’ืข. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” -- (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื)
21:41
every cow, every lamb, every chicken, they get antibiotics every day, all.
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ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื”, ืœื›ืœ ื›ื‘ืฉ, ืœื›ืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœ, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื›ื•ืœื.
21:46
You know, you go to a restaurant, you eat fish, I got news for you,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืกืขื“ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื“ื’, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื
21:48
it's all farmed. You know, you gotta ask when you go to a restaurant if it's a wild fish,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช. ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื’ ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
21:52
cause they're not going to tell you. We're giving away the code.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืขื ื• ืœื›ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“..
21:55
This is like being at war and giving somebody your secret code.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ืœืื•ื™ื‘.
21:58
We're telling the germs out there how to fight us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื ื•.
22:03
We gotta fix that. We gotta outlaw that right away.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื–ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืžื™ื“.
22:05
Secondly, our public health system, as we saw with anthrax, is a real disaster.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืื ืชืจืงืก, ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™.
22:09
We have a real, major outbreak of disease in the United States,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
22:15
we are not prepared to cope with it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ
22:17
Now, there is money in the federal budget, next year,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืคื“ืจืืœื™, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
22:19
to build up the public health service.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
22:21
But I don't think to any extent that it really needs to be done.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
22:26
Number two -- my favorite -- we meet a rogue black hole.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื - ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ืขื”
22:30
You know, 10 years ago, or 15 years ago, really,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื• 15 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืช,
22:33
you walk into an astronomy convention, and you say,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ื ืก ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื
22:35
"You know, there's probably a black hole at the center of every galaxy,"
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"ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”"
22:38
and they're going to hoot you off the stage.
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ื”ื™ื• ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืืชื›ื ืžื”ื‘ืžื”.
22:40
And now, if you went into one of those conventions and you said,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืชื’ื™ื“ื•,
22:42
"Well, I don't think black holes are out there," they'd hoot you off the stage.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื" ื™ืขื™ืคื• ืืชื›ื ืžื”ื‘ืžื”.
22:46
Our comprehension of the way the universe works is really --
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืืžืช --
22:49
has just gained unbelievably in recent years.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
22:54
We think that there are about 10 million dead stars in the Milky Way alone, our galaxy.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
23:01
And these stars have compressed down to maybe something like 12, 15 miles wide,
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื“ื—ืกื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ื›25-30 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
23:05
and they are black holes. And they are gobbling up everything around them,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
23:08
including light, which is why we can't see them.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
23:13
Most of them should be in orbit around something.
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื•.
23:16
But galaxies are very violent places, and things can be spun out of orbit.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ.
23:20
And also, space is incredibly vast.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ืœืœ.
23:23
So even if you flung a million of these things out of orbit,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจืง ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืขื•ืคื• ืžื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
23:28
the chances that one would actually hit us is fairly remote.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืงืœื•ืฉ.
23:31
But it only has to get close, about a billion miles away, one of these things.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืจืง ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ - 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
23:39
About a billion miles away, here's what happens to Earth's orbit:
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
23:42
it becomes elliptical instead of circular.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื™ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืขื’ืœื™
23:45
And for three months out of the year,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
23:47
the surface temperatures go up to 150 to 180.
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ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืขื•ืœื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ 150 , 180 ืžืขืœื•ืช
23:51
For three months out of the year, they go to 50 below zero.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœ 50 ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคืก.
23:54
That won't work too well. What can we do about this?
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“. ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”?
23:56
And this is my scariest. (Laughter)
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
24:04
I don't have a good answer for this one.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื”
24:09
Again, we gotta think about being a colonizing race.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฉื‘
24:13
And finally, number one: biggest danger to life as we know it, I think,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช: ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
24:18
a really big asteroid heads for Earth.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
24:21
The important thing to remember here -- this is not a question of if,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ -- ื–ื• ืœื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ "ืื"
24:25
this is a question of when, and how big.
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ "ืžืชื™" ื•"ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ".
24:29
In 1908, just a 200-foot piece of a comet
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ื‘ 1908, ืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 60 ืžื˜ืจ
24:33
exploded over Siberia and flattened forests for maybe 100 miles.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืžืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื— ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื›160 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
24:37
It had the effect of about 1,000 Hiroshima bombs.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื› 1000 ืคืฆืฆื•ืช ืื˜ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื”.
24:42
Astronomers estimate that little asteroids like that come about every hundred years.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ืคืขื ื‘ 100 ืฉื ื”.
24:47
In 1989, a large asteroid passed 400,000 miles away from Earth.
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ื‘ 1989, ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 400,000 ืžื™ื™ืœ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
24:54
Nothing to worry about, right?
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
24:56
It passed directly through Earth's orbit. We were in that that spot six hours earlier.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
25:06
A small asteroid, say a half mile wide, would touch off firestorms
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘, ื ื’ื™ื“, 800 ืžื˜ืจ, ื™ืฆื™ืช ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉ
25:10
followed by severe global cooling from the debris kicked up --
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืชืชืจื•ืžื--
25:14
Carl Sagan's nuclear winter thing.
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ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืกื— ืงืืจืœ ืกื’ืืŸ.
25:16
An asteroid five miles wide causes major extinctions.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื› 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
25:20
We think the one that got the dinosaurs was about five miles wide.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ 8 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
25:23
Where are they? There's something called the Kuiper belt,
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ืื™ืคื” ื”ื? ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงื•ื™ืคืจ
25:26
which -- some people think Pluto's not a planet,
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ืฉ -- ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช
25:31
that's where Pluto is, it's in the Kuiper belt.
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ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงื•ื™ืคืจ.
25:34
There's also something a little farther out, called the Oort cloud.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืขื ืŸ ืื•ืจื˜
25:36
There are about 100,000 balls of ice and rock -- comets, really --
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื› 100,000 ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื’ ื•ืกืœืขื™ื -- ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ --
25:42
out there, that are 50 miles in diameter or more,
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ืฉืงื•ื˜ืจื 80 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
25:46
and they regularly take a little spin,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ
25:48
in towards the Sun and pass reasonably close to us.
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ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•.
25:54
Of more concern, I think, is the asteroids that exist between Mars and Jupiter.
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ื“ืื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ืœืฆื“ืง.
26:03
The folks at the Sloan Digital Sky Survey told us last fall --
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืกืงืจ ืฉืžื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืืœื™ ืืžืจื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ืฉืขื‘ืจ --
26:06
they're making the first map of the universe, three-dimensional map of the universe --
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ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื --
26:10
that there are probably 700,000 asteroids between Mars and Jupiter
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ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ืฉ 700,000 ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืง
26:15
that are a half a mile big or bigger.
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ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
26:20
So you say, yeah, well, what are really the chances of this happening?
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ืื– ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืืžืช, ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”?
26:26
Andrew, can you put that chart up?
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ืื ื“ืจื•, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”?
26:29
This is a chart that Dr. Clark Chapman at the Southwest Research Institute
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ื–ื” ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉื“"ืจ ืงืœืืจืง ืฆ'ืืคืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘
26:34
presented to Congress a few years ago.
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ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
26:37
You'll notice that the chance of an asteroid-slash-comet impact killing you
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืคื’ื™ืขืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ / ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ืืชื›ื
26:41
is about one in 20,000, according to the work they've done.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ืœ 20,000, ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•.
26:44
Now look at the one right below that.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืžืชื—ืชื™ื•.
26:46
Passenger aircraft crash, one in 20,000.
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ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื•ืกืขื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืœ 20,000
26:51
We spend an awful lot of money trying to be sure that we don't die in airplane accidents,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืกื›ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืœื ื ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ืžื˜ื•ืก.
26:56
and we're not spending hardly anything on this. And yet, this is completely preventable.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
27:03
We finally have, just in the last year, the technology to stop this cold.
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
27:07
Could we have the solutions?
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ?
27:09
NASA's spending three million dollars a year, three million bucks --
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ื ืืก"ื ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” --
27:13
that is like pocket change -- to search for asteroids.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ืžื™ ื›ื™ืก -- ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื.
27:16
Because we can actually figure out every asteroid that's out there,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
27:21
and if it might hit Earth, and when it might hit Earth.
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
27:24
And they're trying to do that.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
27:25
But it's going to take them 10 years, at spending three million dollars a year,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื—ืช ืœื”ื 10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
27:29
and even then, they claim they'll only have about 80 percent of them catalogued.
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ื•ื’ื ืื–, ื”ื ื™ืงื˜ืœื’ื• ืจืง 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื.
27:33
Comets are a tougher act.
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืื’ื•ื– ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
27:35
We don't really have the technology to predict comet trajectories,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื,
27:38
or when one with our name on it might arrive.
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ืื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉืžื ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื’ื™ืข.
27:41
But we would have lots of time, if we see it coming.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื ืจืื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ื™ืข.
27:44
We really need a dedicated observatory.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฆืคื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื›ืš.
27:47
You'll notice that a lot of comets are named after people you never heard of,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœื™ื”ื
27:50
amateur astronomers? That's because nobody's looking for them, except amateurs.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื. ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื.
27:54
We need a dedicated observatory that looks for comets.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฆืคื” ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื.
27:58
Part two of the solutions: we need to figure out how to blow up an asteroid,
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ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ: ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“,
28:03
or alter its trajectory. Now, a year ago, we did an amazing thing.
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ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืœื•ืœื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ื
28:07
We sent a probe out to this asteroid belt,
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื•,
28:09
called NEAR, Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous.
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ืฉื ืงืจื NEAR (ืงืจื•ื‘) , ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืืจืฅ.
28:12
And these guys orbited a 30 -- or no, about a 22-mile long asteroid called Eros.
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ื•ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 42 -- ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืขืจืš 35 -- ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื•ืก.
28:20
And then, of course, you know, they pulled one of those sneaky NASA things,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉืœืคื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื,
28:23
where they had extra batteries and extra gas aboard and everything,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคื•ืช, ื•ื’ื– ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื•ื”ื›ืœ,
28:26
and then, at the last minute, they landed.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื“ืงื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื ื ื—ืชื•.
28:28
When the mission was over, they actually landed on the thing.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”, ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื ื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
28:31
We have landed a rocket ship on an asteroid. It's not a big deal.
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ื”ื ื—ืชื ื• ืกืคื™ื ืช ื—ืœืœ ืขืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“, ืœื ื‘ื™ื’ ื“ื™ืœ.
28:36
Now, the trouble with just sending a bomb out for this thing
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืคืฆืฆื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“
28:39
is that you don't have anything to push against in space, because there's no air.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ.
28:43
A nuclear explosion is just as hot,
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื,
28:45
but we don't really have anything big enough to melt a 22-mile long asteroid,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืก ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ 35 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
28:51
or vaporize it, would be more like it.
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ืื• ืœืื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื•, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
28:53
But we can learn to land on these asteroids that have our name on them
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืฉืฉืžื ื• ืจืฉื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื
28:58
and put something like a small ion propulsion motor on it,
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ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื ืขื” ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
29:02
which would gently, slowly, after a period of time, push it into a different trajectory,
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ืฉื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื™ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื—ืจ
29:07
which, if we've done our math right, would keep it from hitting Earth.
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ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ืฉืื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
29:10
This is just a matter of finding 'em, going there, and doing something about it.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
29:15
I know your head is spinning from all this stuff.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื›ื ื”ืจืืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
29:18
Yikes! So many big threats!
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ืื™ื›ืก, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื!
29:21
The thing, I think, to remember, is September 11.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ,ื”ื•ื 11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ.
29:23
We don't want to get caught flat-footed again.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ืขื ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘
29:26
We know about this stuff.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
29:28
Science has the power to predict the future in many cases now.
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ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื— ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
29:32
Knowledge is power.
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ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื—.
29:34
The worst thing we can do is say, jeez, I got enough to worry about
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ื™ื•ื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื,
29:39
without worrying about an asteroid. (Laughter)
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
29:45
That's a mistake that could literally cost us our future.
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ื–ื• ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•
29:48
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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