Mark Roth: Suspended animation is within our grasp

94,291 views ใƒป 2010-03-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:16
I'm going to talk to you today about my work on suspended animation.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช.
00:19
Now, usually when I mention suspended animation,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช,
00:22
people will flash me the Vulcan sign and laugh.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”'ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ื' ื•ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื.
00:25
But now, I'm not talking about gorking people out
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ืžื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื
00:29
to fly to Mars or even Pandora,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืžืื“ื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื“ื•ืจื”,
00:32
as much fun as that may be.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฃ.
00:34
I'm talking about
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ
00:37
the concept of using suspended animation
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ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
00:40
to help people out in trauma.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ืคื’ืขื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
00:43
So what do I mean
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™
00:45
when I say "suspended animation"?
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ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ "ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช"?
00:48
It is the process by which
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื•
00:51
animals de-animate,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืขื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื,
00:55
appear dead
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ื ืจืื™ื ืžืชื™ื,
00:57
and then can wake up again without being harmed.
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ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื ื–ืง ืžื›ืš.
01:00
OK, so here is the sort of big idea:
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืœืžื“ื™.
01:04
If you look out at nature,
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:07
you find that
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ืชืžืฆืื•
01:09
as you tend to see suspended animation,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
01:12
you tend to see immortality.
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ืืชื ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
01:16
And so, what I'm going to tell you about
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืชืืจ ืœื›ื
01:19
is a way to tell a person who's in trauma --
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืคื’ืข ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” -
01:24
find a way to de-animate them a bit
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื•,
01:27
so they're a little more immortal
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืืœืžื•ื•ืช
01:29
when they have that heart attack.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘.
01:31
An example of an organism or two
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
01:34
that happens to be quite immortal
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืฆื—,
01:37
would be plant seeds
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ื”ื ื–ืจืขื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื
01:39
or bacterial spores.
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ืื• ื ื‘ื’ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
01:41
These creatures are
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื
01:43
some of the most immortal life forms on our planet,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•,
01:46
and they tend to spend most of their time
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
01:49
in suspended animation.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช.
01:52
Bacterial spores are thought now by scientists
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
01:55
to exist as individual cells
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ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืชืื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
01:57
that are alive, but in suspended animation
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ืฉืืžื ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
02:00
for as long as 250 million years.
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ืœืžืฉืš 250 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช.
02:03
To suggest that this all, sort of, about little, tiny creatures,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
02:08
I want to bring it close to home.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืืœื™ื ื•.
02:10
In the immortal germ line
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ื‘ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœืžื•ืชื™ืช
02:13
of human beings --
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
02:15
that is, the eggs that sit in the ovaries --
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืœื•ืช,
02:18
they actually sit there in a state of suspended animation
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ื”ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
02:22
for up to 50 years in the life of each woman.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขื“ 50 ืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื”.
02:26
So then there's also my favorite example
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™
02:29
of suspended animation.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช.
02:31
This is Sea-Monkeys.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืงื•ืคื™ืคื™-ื™ื.
02:33
Those of you with children,
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ืืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื,
02:35
you know about them.
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ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื.
02:37
You go to the pet store or the toy store,
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ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช-ืžื—ืžื“ ืื• ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื,
02:39
and you can buy these things.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:41
You just open the bag, and you just dump them
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื
02:43
into the plastic aquarium,
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ืœืืงื•ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™,
02:45
and in about a week or so, you'll have little shrimps swimming around.
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื• ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
02:48
Well, I wasn't so interested in the swimming.
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ืื– ืœื ื”ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื™,
02:51
I was interested in what was going on in the bag,
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ืืœื ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืงื™ืช.
02:54
the bag on the toy store shelf
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื
02:56
where those shrimp sat
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ื—ื• ืื•ืชื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื
02:58
in suspended animation indefinitely.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช.
03:01
So these ideas of suspended animation
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ืื– ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
03:06
are not just about cells and weird, little organisms.
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ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชืื™ื ื•ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
03:09
Occasionally, human beings
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ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื, ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
03:11
are briefly de-animated,
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ื ืงืœืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช ืงืฆืจื”,
03:13
and the stories of people who are briefly de-animated
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช ืงืฆืจื”
03:16
that interest me the most
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™
03:18
are those having to do with the cold.
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ื”ื ืืœื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจ.
03:20
Ten years ago, there was a skier in Norway
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ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืกืงื™ ื‘ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”
03:23
that was trapped in an icy waterfall,
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ืฉื ืœื›ื“ื” ื‘ืžืคืœ ืžื™-ืงืจื—.
03:26
and she was there for two hours before they extracted her.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื” ื‘ื• ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืœืฆื”.
03:29
She was extremely cold,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื•ืื” ืžืื“,
03:31
and she had no heartbeat --
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ื•ืœื™ื‘ื” ืœื ืคืขื.
03:33
for all intents and purposes she was dead, frozen.
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื”, ืงืคื•ืื”.
03:35
Seven hours later,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช,
03:38
still without a heartbeat,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœื ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื‘,
03:40
they brought her back to life, and she went on to be
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ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื”
03:42
the head radiologist
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ืœืจื“ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช
03:44
in the hospital that treated her.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ื”.
03:46
A couple of years later --
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ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ --
03:48
so I get really excited about these things --
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ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
03:50
about a couple of years later,
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ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
03:52
there was a 13-month-old, she was from Canada.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 13 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืžืงื ื“ื”.
03:55
Her father had gone out in the wintertime; he was working night shift,
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ืื‘ื™ื” ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืช ืœื™ืœื”,
03:57
and she followed him outside in nothing but a diaper.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืื—ืจื™ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:00
And they found her hours later,
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ืžืฆืื• ืื•ืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช
04:02
frozen, lifeless,
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ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืœืœื ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:04
and they brought her back to life.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
04:06
There was a 65-year-old woman
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ืืฉื” ื‘ืช 65
04:08
in Duluth, Minnesota last year
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ื‘ื“ื•ืœื•ืช' ืฉื‘ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
04:10
that was found frozen and without a pulse
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ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืœืœื ื“ื•ืคืง
04:12
in her front yard one morning in the winter,
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ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืจืฃ,
04:15
and they brought her back to life.
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
04:17
The next day, she was doing so well, they wanted to run tests on her.
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ืœืžื—ืจืช, ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื•ืชื”.
04:19
She got cranky and just went home.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืฆื‘ื ื” ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
04:21
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:23
So, these are miracles, right?
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ืื– ืืœื• ื”ื ื ื™ืกื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:25
These are truly miraculous things that happen.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
04:28
Doctors have a saying
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ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžืจื”,
04:30
that, in fact, "You're not dead until you're warm and dead."
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื” ืœื ืžืช ืืœื ืื ืืชื” ื—ื ื•ืžืช.
04:33
And it's true. It's true.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:36
In the New England Journal of Medicine,
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•-ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“,
04:38
there was a study published that showed
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ื”ืชืคืจืกื ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
04:40
that with appropriate rewarming,
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:42
people who had suffered without a heartbeat for three hours
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ื•ืœื™ื‘ื ืœื ืคืขื ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉืขื•ืช,
04:45
could be brought back to life without any neurologic problems.
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ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
04:48
That's over 50 percent.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืื—ื•ื–.
04:50
So what I was trying to do is think of a way
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
04:53
that we could study
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
04:55
suspended animation
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช,
04:57
to think about a way
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš
04:59
to reproduce, maybe,
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ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ, ืื•ืœื™,
05:01
what happened to the skier.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืขื ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืกืงื™.
05:03
Well, I have to tell you something very odd,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“,
05:05
and that is that being exposed to low oxygen
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
05:08
does not always kill.
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืจื’ืช.
05:11
So, in this room, there's 20 percent oxygen or so,
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ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ืื—ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
05:14
and if we reduce the oxygen concentration,
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ืื ื ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
05:16
we will all be dead.
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ื ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:18
And, in fact, the animals we were working with in the lab --
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
05:21
these little garden worms, nematodes --
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ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื’ื™ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
05:23
they were also dead when we exposed them to low oxygen.
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ืžืชื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื—ืฉืคื ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ืš.
05:26
And here's the thing that should freak you out.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื–ืขื–ืข ืืชื›ื.
05:28
And that is that, when we lower the oxygen concentration further
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื—ืชื ื• ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:31
by 100 times, to 10 parts per million,
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ืคื™ 100, ืœ-10 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ,
05:35
they were not dead,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืชื•,
05:37
they were in suspended animation,
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ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช,
05:39
and we could bring them back to life without any harm.
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ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ื ื–ืง.
05:43
And this precise oxygen concentration,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
05:45
10 parts per million,
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10 ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื•ืŸ,
05:47
that caused suspended animation,
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช,
05:49
is conserved.
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ื ืฉืžืจืช.
05:51
We can see it in a variety of different organisms.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:53
One of the creatures we see it in
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืฆืœื• ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช
05:55
is a fish.
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื’.
05:57
And we can turn its heartbeat on and off by going in and out
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ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืคืขื™ืžื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื”
06:00
of suspended animation like you would a light switch.
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ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื–ืช ืžืคืกืง ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
06:03
So this was pretty shocking to me,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
06:08
that we could do this.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
06:10
And so I was wondering, when we were trying
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ืชื™, ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื•
06:12
to reproduce the work with the skier,
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ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉืช,
06:14
that we noticed that, of course,
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ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:17
she had no oxygen consumption,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื›ื” ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
06:19
and so maybe she was in a similar state of suspended animation.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช.
06:22
But, of course, she was also extremely cold.
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:24
So we wondered what would happen
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ื ื• ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”
06:26
if we took our suspended animals and exposed them to the cold.
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ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงื•ืจ.
06:28
And so, what we found out
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
06:30
was that, if you take animals
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
06:32
that are animated like you and I,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื›ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
06:34
and you make them cold -- that is, these were the garden worms --
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ื•ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืื•ืชื - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” -
06:37
now they're dead.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืช.
06:39
But if you have them in suspended animation,
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ืืš ืื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช,
06:41
and move them into the cold, they're all alive.
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ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงื•ืจ, ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:44
And there's the very important thing there:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“:
06:46
If you want to survive the cold,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืงื•ืจ,
06:48
you ought to be suspended. Right?
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:50
It's a really good thing.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:53
And so, we were thinking about that,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
06:55
about this relationship between these things,
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:57
and thinking about whether or not that's what happened to the skier.
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืื• ืœื.
07:00
And so we wondered: Might there be some agent
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื ื•: ื”ืื ื™ืฉื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ
07:03
that is in us, something that we make ourselves,
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•,
07:05
that we might be able to regulate our own metabolic flexibility
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:08
in such a way as to be able to survive
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“
07:10
when we got extremely cold, and might otherwise pass away?
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ื‘ืงื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืื—ืจืช ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ืช.
07:14
I thought it might be interesting to sort of hunt for such things.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
07:17
You know?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
07:19
I should mention briefly here
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ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”
07:22
that physiology textbooks that you can read about
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ืฉืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืชืงืจืื•
07:25
will tell you that this is a kind of heretical thing to suggest.
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ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.
07:28
We have, from the time we are slapped on the butt
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ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืกื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืช
07:31
until we take our last dying breath --
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ื•ืขื“ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” -
07:33
that's when we're newborn to when we're dead --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืจื’ืข ืœื™ื“ืชื ื• ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื ื• -
07:35
we cannot reduce our metabolic rate
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:37
below what's called a standard,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืชืงื ื™,
07:39
or basal metabolic rate.
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ืื• ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื ื•ื—ื”.
07:42
But I knew that there were examples
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
07:44
of creatures, also mammals,
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ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื’ื ื”ื,
07:46
that do reduce their metabolic rate
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:48
such as ground squirrels and bears,
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ื›ืžื• ืกื ืื™-ืื“ืžื” ื•ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:50
they reduce their metabolic rate
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ื”ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:52
in the wintertime when they hibernate.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช-ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
07:54
So I wondered: Might we be able to find some agent or trigger
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ืชื™: ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ื’ื•ืจื ื›ื–ื”
07:57
that might induce such a state in us?
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืืฆืœื ื•?
08:00
And so, we went looking for such things.
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:03
And this was a period of time when we failed tremendously.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื™ื.
08:06
Ken Robinson is here. He talked about the glories of failure.
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ืงืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ.
08:08
Well, we had a lot of them.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื”.
08:10
We tried many different chemicals and agents,
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
08:12
and we failed over and over again.
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ื•ื ื›ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
08:15
So, one time, I was at home
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ื•ืื–, ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช
08:17
watching television on the couch
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
08:19
while my wife was putting our child to bed,
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ื›ืฉืืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื ื•,
08:23
and I was watching a television show.
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”.
08:25
It was a television show --
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” -
08:27
it was a NOVA show on PBS --
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ื ื•ื‘ื”" ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช --
08:30
about caves in New Mexico.
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ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
08:32
And this particular cave was Lechuguilla,
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ื•ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืœืฆ'ื•ื’ื™ื™ื”",
08:34
and this cave is incredibly toxic to humans.
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:37
The researchers had to suit up just to enter it.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืžื’ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื”.
08:39
It's filled with this toxic gas,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ื’ื– ื”ืจืขื™ืœ
08:41
hydrogen sulfide.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™.
08:43
Now, hydrogen sulfide is curiously present in us.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
08:47
We make it ourselves.
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ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
08:49
The highest concentration is in our brains.
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ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื—ื ื•.
08:52
Yet, it was used
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
08:54
as a chemical warfare agent in World War I.
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ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
08:59
It's an extraordinarily toxic thing.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:01
In fact, in chemical accidents,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื,
09:03
hydrogen sulfide is known to --
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ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืคืจืชื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืš
09:07
if you breathe too much of it, you collapse to the ground,
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ืฉืื ืชื ืฉืžื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ืชืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื•ืชื™ืคืœื•,
09:11
you appear dead,
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ื•ืชื™ืจืื• ืžืชื™ื,
09:13
but if you were brought out into room air, you can be reanimated without harm,
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ืืš ื›ืฉืชื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื›ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื ื–ืง,
09:16
if they do that quickly.
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
09:18
So, I thought, "Wow, I have to get some of this."
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื•ื•ืื•, ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงืฆืช ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
09:22
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:24
Now, it's post-9/11 America,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”-11.9
09:30
and when you go into the research institute,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ,
09:33
and you say, "Hi.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื™,
09:35
I'd like to buy some concentrated,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืžื”
09:37
compressed gas cylinders
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ืžื™ื›ืœื™ ื’ื– ืžืจื•ื›ื–
09:39
of a lethal gas
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ืฉืœ ื’ื– ืงื˜ืœื ื™
09:41
because I have these ideas, see,
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
09:43
about wanting to suspend people.
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช.
09:45
It's really going to be OK."
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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ืืžืช."
09:47
So that's kind of a tough day,
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜.
09:49
but I said, "There really is
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ืื‘ืœ ืืžืจืชื™, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื
09:52
some basis for thinking why you might want to do this."
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื•ืข ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
09:56
As I said, this agent is in us,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื ื•,
09:58
and, in fact, here's a curious thing,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ,
10:00
it binds to the very place inside of your cells
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื
10:03
where oxygen binds, and where you burn it,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืฉื ืื ื• ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
10:05
and that you do this burning to live.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
10:07
And so we thought, like in a game of musical chairs,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
10:10
might we be able to give a person
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืื“ื
10:15
some hydrogen sulfide,
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ืงืฆืช ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™,
10:17
and might it be able to occupy that place
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืื›ืœืก ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื,
10:19
like in a game of musical chairs where oxygen might bind?
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืกืื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ,
10:22
And because you can't bind the oxygen,
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ื•ืื ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ,
10:24
maybe you wouldn't consume it,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ื™ืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื•,
10:26
and then maybe it would reduce your demand for oxygen.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ.
10:29
I mean, who knows?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
10:31
So -- (Laughter)
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ืื– -- [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:34
So, there's the bit about the dopamine
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ
10:37
and being a little bit, what do you call it, delusional,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช, ืื™ืš ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช
10:40
and you might suggest that was it.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื•.
10:42
And so, we wanted to find out
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ื•ื›ืš, ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช
10:44
might we be able to use
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
10:47
hydrogen sulfide in the presence of cold,
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ื‘ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ,
10:50
and we wanted to see whether we could
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ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื ื•ื›ืœ
10:52
reproduce this skier in a mammal.
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ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืžืงืจื” ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืง.
10:55
Now, mammals are warm-blooded creatures,
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื“ื ื—ื,
10:59
and when we get cold, we shake and we shiver, right?
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ื•ื›ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ืงืจ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืขื“ื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
11:02
We try to keep our core temperature at 37 degrees
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘-37 ืžืขืœื•ืช
11:05
by actually burning more oxygen.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืข"ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
11:10
So, it was interesting for us
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•
11:12
when we applied hydrogen sulfide
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ื›ืฉื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืคืจืชื™
11:15
to a mouse when it was also cold
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ืœืขื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ืจ
11:19
because what happened is the core temperature
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
11:21
of the mouse got cold.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืงืจืจื”.
11:23
It stopped moving.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื“ืœ ืœื ื•ืข.
11:25
It appeared dead.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžืช.
11:27
Its oxygen consumption rate
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื•
11:29
fell by tenfold.
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ื™ืจื“ื” ืคื™ ืขืฉืจ.
11:31
And here's the really important point.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:34
I told you hydrogen sulfide is in us.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืคืจืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
11:37
It's rapidly metabolized,
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ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื™ืจ,
11:39
and all you have to do after six hours of being
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช
11:41
in this state of de-animation
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
11:43
is simply put the thing out in room air,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ,
11:45
and it warms up, and it's none the worse for wear.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ืง ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ.
11:48
Now, this was cosmic.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืจ.
11:51
Really. Because we had found a way
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ื‘ืืžืช. ื›ื™ ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš
11:55
to de-animate a mammal,
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ืœื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง.
11:58
and it didn't hurt it.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื–ื™ืง ืœื•.
12:01
Now, we'd found a way to reduce
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช
12:04
its oxygen consumption
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ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื•
12:06
to rock-bottom levels, and it was fine.
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ืœืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
12:09
Now, in this state of de-animation,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช
12:12
it could not go out dancing,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืงื•ื“,
12:14
but it was not dead,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืช,
12:16
and it was not harmed.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื ื™ื–ื•ืง.
12:18
So we started to think: Is this the agent
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
12:21
that might have been present in the skier,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉืช,
12:23
and might have she had more of it than someone else,
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
12:26
and might that have been able to reduce
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ
12:29
her demand for oxygen
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ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื”
12:31
before she got so cold that
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืจืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš
12:33
she otherwise would have died,
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ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื”,
12:35
as we found out with our worm experiments?
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ืขื ื”ืชื•ืœืขื™ื?
12:39
So, we wondered:
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ืื– ืชื”ื™ื ื•:
12:42
Can we do anything useful
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ
12:44
with this capacity to
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
12:46
control metabolic flexibility?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื?
12:48
And one of the things we wondered --
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื ื• --
12:51
I'm sure some of you out there are economists,
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื,
12:53
and you know all about supply and demand.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืข.
12:55
And when supply is equal to demand,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ,
12:57
everything's fine,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
12:59
but when supply falls,
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ืืš ื›ืฉื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื™ื•ืจื“ --
13:01
in this case of oxygen,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ --
13:03
and demand stays high, you're dead.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” - ืžืชื™ื.
13:06
So, what I just told you
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื–ื” ืขืชื”
13:08
is we can now reduce demand.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.
13:10
We ought to be able to lower supply
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข
13:12
to unprecedented low levels without killing the animal.
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ืœืจืžื•ืช ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”.
13:15
And with money we got from DARPA,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื,
13:18
we could show just that.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
13:20
If you give mice hydrogen sulfide,
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ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™,
13:23
you can lower their demand for oxygen,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
13:25
and you can put them into oxygen concentrations
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
13:28
that are as low as 5,000 feet above the top of Mt. Everest,
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ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืคื™ 5,000 ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืคืกื’ืช ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜,
13:31
and they can sit there for hours, and there's no problem.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขื™ื”.
13:34
Well this was really cool.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื”.
13:36
We also found out that we could subject animals
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื’ื ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
13:38
to otherwise lethal blood loss, and we could save them
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ืœืื‘ื“ืŸ ื“ื ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื˜ืœื ื™, ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื
13:41
if we gave them hydrogen sulfide.
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ืื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™.
13:44
So these proof of concept experiments
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืืœื”
13:47
led me to say "I should found a company,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ื—ื‘ืจื”,
13:50
and we should take this out to a wider playing field."
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ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:55
I founded a company called Ikaria
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ื™ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ืื™ืงืืจื™ื”"
13:57
with others' help.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
13:59
And this company, the first thing it did
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉืชื”
14:01
was make a liquid formulation of hydrogen sulfide
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ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™
14:04
an injectable form that we could put in
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื–ืจืงื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืงื‘ืง
14:06
and send it out to physician scientists all over the world
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
14:09
who work on models of critical care medicine,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื
14:11
and the results are incredibly positive.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื.
14:13
In one model of heart attack,
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ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘,
14:15
animals given hydrogen sulfide
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™
14:17
showed a 70 percent reduction in heart damage
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ื”ืจืื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 70% ื‘ื ื–ืง ืœืœื‘
14:19
compared to those who got the standard of care that
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
14:21
you and I would receive if we were to have a heart attack here today.
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ืฉืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ืœื• ื—ื˜ืคื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘.
14:24
Same is true for organ failure,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
14:26
when you have loss of function owing to poor perfusion of kidney, of liver,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื›ื‘ื“,
14:31
acute respiratory distress syndrome
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ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”
14:33
and damage suffered in cardiac-bypass surgery.
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ื•ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืงืคื™ื.
14:38
So, these are the thought leaders in trauma medicine
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ื•ืื ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจืคื•ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”
14:40
all over the world saying this is true,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
14:42
so it seems that exposure to hydrogen sulfide
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ืื– ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™
14:46
decreases damage that you receive
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ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื ื’ืจื
14:48
from being exposed to otherwise lethal-low oxygen.
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ืขืงื‘ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
14:51
And I should say that the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
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ื•ืขืœื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืคืจืชื™
14:54
required to get this benefit
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ื–ื•
14:58
are low, incredibly low.
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ื”ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
15:00
In fact, so low that physicians will not have to lower or dim
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ
15:03
the metabolism of people much at all
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”
15:05
to see the benefit I just mentioned,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™.
15:07
which is a wonderful thing, if you're thinking about adopting this.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•.
15:09
You don't want to be gorking people out
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ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืžื ืื ืฉื™ื
15:11
just to save them, it's really confusing.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœื, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ืš.
15:13
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
15:15
So, I want to say that we're in human trials.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
15:19
Now, and so --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ --
15:21
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
15:27
Thank you. The Phase 1 safety studies are over,
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื‘ 1 ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช,
15:30
and we're doing fine, we're now moved on.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืขืช ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื”ืœืื”.
15:32
We have to get to Phase 2 and Phase 3. It's going to take us a few years.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื 2 ื•-3. ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
15:35
This has all moved very quickly,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืงืจื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“,
15:37
and the mouse experiments
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
15:39
of hibernating mice happened in 2005;
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ืช ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื ืขืจื›ื• ื‘-2005,
15:42
the first human studies were done in 2008,
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘-2008,
15:44
and we should know in a couple of years
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื ื“ืข
15:46
whether it works or not.
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ืื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื.
15:48
And this all happened really quickly
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“
15:50
because of a lot of help from a lot of people.
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
15:52
I want to mention that, first of all,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
15:54
my wife, without whom this talk and my work would not be possible,
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ืืช ืืฉืชื™, ืฉื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืืคืฉืจื•ืช,
15:57
so thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
15:59
Also, the brilliant scientists who work at my lab
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™
16:02
and also others on staff,
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
16:04
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington --
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ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืข"ืฉ ืคืจื“ ื”ืฆ'ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ, ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
16:06
wonderful place to work.
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ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
16:08
And also the wonderful scientists
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื
16:10
and businesspeople at Ikaria.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ "ืื™ืงืืจื™ื”".
16:12
One thing those people did out there
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืฉื•
16:15
was take this technology of hydrogen sulfide,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืคืจืชื™,
16:18
which is this start-up company that's burning venture capital very quickly,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื–ื ืง ืฉืฉืจืคื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืŸ-ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
16:21
and they fused it with another company
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ื•ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช
16:23
that sells another toxic gas
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ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ ืื—ืจ
16:25
that's more toxic than hydrogen sulfide,
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ืจืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™,
16:29
and they give it to newborn babies who would otherwise die
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ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื™-ื™ื•ืžื, ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื™ื
16:32
from a failure to be able to oxygenate their tissues properly.
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ืขืงื‘ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื.
16:36
And this gas that is delivered in over
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ื•ื”ื’ื– ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœื™ื•ืชืจ
16:39
a thousand critical care hospitals worldwide,
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ืžืืœืฃ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืจืคื•ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
16:41
now is approved, on label,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ืฉืจ, ื ื•ืฉื ืชื•ื•ื™ืช,
16:43
and saves thousands of babies a year
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื”
16:45
from certain death.
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ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
16:47
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
16:49
So it's really incredible
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืœื-ื™ืื•ืžืŸ
16:52
for me to be a part of this.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”.
16:54
And I want to say that I think we're on the path
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš
16:56
of understanding metabolic flexibility
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ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
16:58
in a fundamental way,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช,
17:00
and that in the not too distant future,
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ื•ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง,
17:04
an EMT might give an injection of hydrogen sulfide,
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ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืžื™ืžืŸ ื’ืคืจืชื™,
17:07
or some related compound,
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ืื• ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช,
17:09
to a person suffering severe injuries,
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ืœืื“ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช,
17:12
and that person might de-animate a bit,
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ื•ืื“ื ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช,
17:14
they might become a little more immortal.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืŸ-ืืœืžื•ื•ืช.
17:18
Their metabolism will fall
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ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ื•ืื˜
17:20
as though you were dimming a switch on a lamp at home.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขืžืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
17:26
And then, they will have the time, that will buy them the time,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื–ื” ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ
17:29
to be transported to the hospital
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ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื
17:34
to get the care they need.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื•.
17:38
And then, after they get that care --
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
17:43
like the mouse, like the skier,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉืช,
17:45
like the 65-year-old woman --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืช ื”-65,
17:47
they'll wake up.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืขื•ืจืจ.
17:49
A miracle?
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ื ืก?
17:51
We hope not, or maybe we just hope
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ืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื
17:53
to make miracles a little more common.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื.
17:55
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:57
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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