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譯者: K. C. Peng
審譯者: Allison Shu
00:16
I'm going to talk to you today about my work on suspended animation.
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今天我想跟大家談談我在"暫停生命"的研究
00:19
Now, usually when I mention suspended animation,
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通常, 當我提到"暫停生命"時
00:22
people will flash me the Vulcan sign and laugh.
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人們多是像我比出向外星人致敬的手勢並大笑
00:25
But now, I'm not talking about gorking people out
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我並不是要將人類瞬間
00:29
to fly to Mars or even Pandora,
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傳輸到火星或其他地方
00:32
as much fun as that may be.
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即使那會是多麼有趣
00:34
I'm talking about
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而我在說的概念
00:37
the concept of using suspended animation
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是利用暫停生命
00:40
to help people out in trauma.
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幫助人們能脫離傷害
00:43
So what do I mean
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所以到底什麼是我的本意
00:45
when I say "suspended animation"?
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當我說"暫停生命"呢?
00:48
It is the process by which
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那是一種程序能使
00:51
animals de-animate,
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動物暫時不動
00:55
appear dead
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就像死亡
00:57
and then can wake up again without being harmed.
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但又能無害地被救醒
01:00
OK, so here is the sort of big idea:
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好吧!這就是大致上的概念
01:04
If you look out at nature,
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在自然界中
01:07
you find that
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能找到的
01:09
as you tend to see suspended animation,
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關於暫停生命
01:12
you tend to see immortality.
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就似乎是"不死"
01:16
And so, what I'm going to tell you about
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所以 我打的比方就是
01:19
is a way to tell a person who's in trauma --
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在極度創傷中的人們
01:24
find a way to de-animate them a bit
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能暫停一下他們的生命
01:27
so they're a little more immortal
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例如 心臟病發時
01:29
when they have that heart attack.
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他們可以稍稍的"不死"
01:31
An example of an organism or two
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一兩個關於有機生命體
01:34
that happens to be quite immortal
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能有著不死的能力
01:37
would be plant seeds
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就是植物種子
01:39
or bacterial spores.
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或是細菌孢子
01:41
These creatures are
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它們都是些
01:43
some of the most immortal life forms on our planet,
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地球上能"不死"的代表
01:46
and they tend to spend most of their time
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他們絕大部分時間是處於
01:49
in suspended animation.
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暫停生命的狀態
01:52
Bacterial spores are thought now by scientists
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細菌孢子已被科學家認為
01:55
to exist as individual cells
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能以個別細胞單獨存在
01:57
that are alive, but in suspended animation
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它們以假死的狀態活著
02:00
for as long as 250 million years.
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長達2億5千萬年之久
02:03
To suggest that this all, sort of, about little, tiny creatures,
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若質疑這些例子多是小細胞
02:08
I want to bring it close to home.
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我也能帶些更貼近的例子
02:10
In the immortal germ line
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在人類身體"不死"
02:13
of human beings --
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的例子中 就是
02:15
that is, the eggs that sit in the ovaries --
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卵子於卵巢中
02:18
they actually sit there in a state of suspended animation
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會處於一不死的狀態
02:22
for up to 50 years in the life of each woman.
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長達50年之久
02:26
So then there's also my favorite example
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也有我最喜歡
02:29
of suspended animation.
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關於"暫停生命"的例子
02:31
This is Sea-Monkeys.
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就是豐年蝦
02:33
Those of you with children,
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有小孩的
02:35
you know about them.
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你們一定知道這東西
02:37
You go to the pet store or the toy store,
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到寵物或是玩具痁
02:39
and you can buy these things.
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可以買到這些
02:41
You just open the bag, and you just dump them
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打開包裝帶 將它們倒入
02:43
into the plastic aquarium,
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壓克力水族缸
02:45
and in about a week or so, you'll have little shrimps swimming around.
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大約一週後 就會看到小蝦子四處游動
02:48
Well, I wasn't so interested in the swimming.
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我對游泳並不關心
02:51
I was interested in what was going on in the bag,
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我只對袋子的狀態有興趣
02:54
the bag on the toy store shelf
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一直待在販售架上的包裝袋
02:56
where those shrimp sat
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卻是讓蝦子
02:58
in suspended animation indefinitely.
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處於無限期的暫停生命狀態
03:01
So these ideas of suspended animation
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所以 有關"暫停生命"
03:06
are not just about cells and weird, little organisms.
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並不只僅限於細胞 或是小型有機生命體
03:09
Occasionally, human beings
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甚至 包含人類自己
03:11
are briefly de-animated,
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都有可能短暫的暫停生命
03:13
and the stories of people who are briefly de-animated
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在那些許多有關人類能短暫停止生命的故事中
03:16
that interest me the most
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我最感興趣的是那些
03:18
are those having to do with the cold.
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與低環境溫度有關的
03:20
Ten years ago, there was a skier in Norway
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例如 10年前 挪威的滑雪者
03:23
that was trapped in an icy waterfall,
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被困在結冰的瀑布中
03:26
and she was there for two hours before they extracted her.
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她待在其中兩個小時 才被救出
03:29
She was extremely cold,
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她是完全的冰封
03:31
and she had no heartbeat --
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沒有心跳脈搏
03:33
for all intents and purposes she was dead, frozen.
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就當時情況而言 她確實死了,被冰凍著
03:35
Seven hours later,
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七個小時後
03:38
still without a heartbeat,
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仍然 沒有心跳
03:40
they brought her back to life, and she went on to be
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最後他們還是將她救回 而且她後來成為
03:42
the head radiologist
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輻射治療之專家
03:44
in the hospital that treated her.
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就服務於那所救她的醫院
03:46
A couple of years later --
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就在意外發生的幾年後 --
03:48
so I get really excited about these things --
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我一直對這些事感到興奮
03:50
about a couple of years later,
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隔了幾年
03:52
there was a 13-month-old, she was from Canada.
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一個13個月大的加拿大女嬰
03:55
Her father had gone out in the wintertime; he was working night shift,
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她的父親需要於冬季值夜班出門
03:57
and she followed him outside in nothing but a diaper.
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她卻跟著他 只穿了尿片
04:00
And they found her hours later,
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數小時後 他們找到她
04:02
frozen, lifeless,
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結凍的無生命跡象
04:04
and they brought her back to life.
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她最後被救回
04:06
There was a 65-year-old woman
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另外 一個65歲的老婦人
04:08
in Duluth, Minnesota last year
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去年於明尼蘇達州
04:10
that was found frozen and without a pulse
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冬季的一個早晨在她的院子
04:12
in her front yard one morning in the winter,
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被發現受凍且無心跳
04:15
and they brought her back to life.
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醫院也把她救活回來
04:17
The next day, she was doing so well, they wanted to run tests on her.
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第二天 她的狀況出奇的好 醫院想多做些測試
04:19
She got cranky and just went home.
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她十分不耐煩 就直接回家去了
04:21
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑)
04:23
So, these are miracles, right?
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所以是有奇蹟的 對吧!
04:25
These are truly miraculous things that happen.
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這些都是無法置信的奇蹟發生
04:28
Doctors have a saying
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醫生有這樣的說法
04:30
that, in fact, "You're not dead until you're warm and dead."
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唯有當你是死時有體溫, 才是確實死去
04:33
And it's true. It's true.
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這真的是這樣 真的
04:36
In the New England Journal of Medicine,
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在新英格蘭醫學期刊上
04:38
there was a study published that showed
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有研究顯示
04:40
that with appropriate rewarming,
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經過適當的回溫
04:42
people who had suffered without a heartbeat for three hours
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即使經過三小時的無心跳
04:45
could be brought back to life without any neurologic problems.
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是可能被救復活 也無神經功能上的損傷
04:48
That's over 50 percent.
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有超過50%的成功率
04:50
So what I was trying to do is think of a way
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所以 我想做的事
04:53
that we could study
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是能研究
04:55
suspended animation
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暫時停止生命
04:57
to think about a way
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設計一套程序
04:59
to reproduce, maybe,
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或是重新呈現
05:01
what happened to the skier.
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在那位滑雪者身上發生的事
05:03
Well, I have to tell you something very odd,
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恩,我得告訴你們一些奇怪的事情
05:05
and that is that being exposed to low oxygen
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就是 處於缺氧環境下
05:08
does not always kill.
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也不一定致命死亡
05:11
So, in this room, there's 20 percent oxygen or so,
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在這個屋內 氧氣含量約為20%
05:14
and if we reduce the oxygen concentration,
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如果我們降低氧氣含量
05:16
we will all be dead.
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我們會缺氧而死
05:18
And, in fact, the animals we were working with in the lab --
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事實上 實驗室中的動物實驗
05:21
these little garden worms, nematodes --
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如這些庭園中的蚯蚓 線蟲
05:23
they were also dead when we exposed them to low oxygen.
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當我們將它放在低氧狀態,它們一樣死亡
05:26
And here's the thing that should freak you out.
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然後接下來是會嚇到你的事
05:28
And that is that, when we lower the oxygen concentration further
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就是,當我們再繼續降低氧氣比例
05:31
by 100 times, to 10 parts per million,
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100倍以下 也就是 10ppm時
05:35
they were not dead,
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它們不會死
05:37
they were in suspended animation,
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反而是處於一暫時停止生命的狀態
05:39
and we could bring them back to life without any harm.
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我們能回復它們的生命 而無任何傷害
05:43
And this precise oxygen concentration,
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而這奇特地含氧濃度
05:45
10 parts per million,
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10ppm
05:47
that caused suspended animation,
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能促使它們暫停生命
05:49
is conserved.
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是 屢試不爽的
05:51
We can see it in a variety of different organisms.
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我們也見到多種生物有如此特性
05:53
One of the creatures we see it in
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其中一種就是
05:55
is a fish.
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魚類
05:57
And we can turn its heartbeat on and off by going in and out
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我們能啟動或停止它的心跳
06:00
of suspended animation like you would a light switch.
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就像是利用電源開關式地進進出出"暫停生命"的狀態
06:03
So this was pretty shocking to me,
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這就是非常令我感到震驚的
06:08
that we could do this.
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我們居然能夠做到如此程度
06:10
And so I was wondering, when we were trying
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因此我在想,我們何時可以
06:12
to reproduce the work with the skier,
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複製那滑雪者的情況
06:14
that we noticed that, of course,
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我們留意到
06:17
she had no oxygen consumption,
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她確實是處於缺氧狀態
06:19
and so maybe she was in a similar state of suspended animation.
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所以她也就暫時 處於一類似暫停生命的狀態
06:22
But, of course, she was also extremely cold.
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同時 她也處於極低溫狀態
06:24
So we wondered what would happen
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也就聯想到
06:26
if we took our suspended animals and exposed them to the cold.
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將我們的實驗動物 也置於低溫
06:28
And so, what we found out
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所以 我們發現
06:30
was that, if you take animals
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若我們將動物
06:32
that are animated like you and I,
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或就是你我一般的動物
06:34
and you make them cold -- that is, these were the garden worms --
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直接處於低溫狀態 就像 庭園蚯蚓
06:37
now they're dead.
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它們會死去
06:39
But if you have them in suspended animation,
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但程序若是 將他們先處於 暫停生命狀態
06:41
and move them into the cold, they're all alive.
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再移動到低溫狀態 它們全都能活下來
06:44
And there's the very important thing there:
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這是重要的一點:
06:46
If you want to survive the cold,
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若想要存活於低溫狀態
06:48
you ought to be suspended. Right?
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一定要先處於暫停生命狀態
06:50
It's a really good thing.
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這是非常好的一點
06:53
And so, we were thinking about that,
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所以 我們就想像
06:55
about this relationship between these things,
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連結所有可能因素
06:57
and thinking about whether or not that's what happened to the skier.
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猜想 那滑雪者所有與眾不同的情境
07:00
And so we wondered: Might there be some agent
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所以我們猜測 可能有一機制
07:03
that is in us, something that we make ourselves,
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能夠自然地讓我們
07:05
that we might be able to regulate our own metabolic flexibility
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有改變生命狀態的彈性
07:08
in such a way as to be able to survive
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讓我們能遇到低溫狀態還能存活下來的方式
07:10
when we got extremely cold, and might otherwise pass away?
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不然只有死亡一途
07:14
I thought it might be interesting to sort of hunt for such things.
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我對搜尋如此的機制感到興趣
07:17
You know?
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你知道嗎?
07:19
I should mention briefly here
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我該在此簡短聲明
07:22
that physiology textbooks that you can read about
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生理學教科書
07:25
will tell you that this is a kind of heretical thing to suggest.
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只會稱這樣的企圖是邪教
07:28
We have, from the time we are slapped on the butt
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我們從出生被打屁股時
07:31
until we take our last dying breath --
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直到死前的最後一口呼吸
07:33
that's when we're newborn to when we're dead --
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那就是 從生到死
07:35
we cannot reduce our metabolic rate
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我們都不能改變我們的代謝速率
07:37
below what's called a standard,
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低於所謂的標準值
07:39
or basal metabolic rate.
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或稱為基本的代謝速率
07:42
But I knew that there were examples
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但我同時知道一些
07:44
of creatures, also mammals,
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生物實例 也是哺乳動物
07:46
that do reduce their metabolic rate
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能降低代謝速率
07:48
such as ground squirrels and bears,
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如松鼠 熊
07:50
they reduce their metabolic rate
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他們能降低代謝速率
07:52
in the wintertime when they hibernate.
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於冬天休眠狀態
07:54
So I wondered: Might we be able to find some agent or trigger
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所以 我希望能找到一些機制或觸發
07:57
that might induce such a state in us?
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能引起我們自然地進入此狀態
08:00
And so, we went looking for such things.
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於是我們四處找這樣的東西
08:03
And this was a period of time when we failed tremendously.
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那時就是我們遭遇極度失敗的階段
08:06
Ken Robinson is here. He talked about the glories of failure.
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Ken Robinson 在這裡談到輝煌的失敗
08:08
Well, we had a lot of them.
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我們也有過好多的輝煌失敗
08:10
We tried many different chemicals and agents,
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我們試過很多的化學元素與機制
08:12
and we failed over and over again.
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而一直是失敗接著失敗
08:15
So, one time, I was at home
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直到有一天 我在家
08:17
watching television on the couch
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看電視
08:19
while my wife was putting our child to bed,
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而我太太正哄著孩子入睡
08:23
and I was watching a television show.
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我看著一個電視節目
08:25
It was a television show --
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是個電視節目
08:27
it was a NOVA show on PBS --
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NOVA製作的PBS節目
08:30
about caves in New Mexico.
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有關於新墨西哥州的洞穴
08:32
And this particular cave was Lechuguilla,
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那次特別介紹 Lechuguilla 洞穴
08:34
and this cave is incredibly toxic to humans.
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這個洞穴對人類而言是有致命毒性
08:37
The researchers had to suit up just to enter it.
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研究人員需要穿著特殊裝備才能進入
08:39
It's filled with this toxic gas,
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它充滿著致命毒氣
08:41
hydrogen sulfide.
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硫化氫
08:43
Now, hydrogen sulfide is curiously present in us.
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但是 硫化氫又能奇妙的存於我們的體內
08:47
We make it ourselves.
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我們會自然而然地製造硫化氫
08:49
The highest concentration is in our brains.
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最濃的地方是在我們的腦部
08:52
Yet, it was used
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硫化氫被用來做
08:54
as a chemical warfare agent in World War I.
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第一次世界大戰的化學武器
08:59
It's an extraordinarily toxic thing.
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是個對人類毒性極高的氣體
09:01
In fact, in chemical accidents,
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在化學意外事故中
09:03
hydrogen sulfide is known to --
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硫化氫被用來做一直被認為
09:07
if you breathe too much of it, you collapse to the ground,
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若吸入過多 會倒地不起
09:11
you appear dead,
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呈現死亡狀態
09:13
but if you were brought out into room air, you can be reanimated without harm,
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但實際上若能再帶回正常空氣 是能夠復活而無任何傷害
09:16
if they do that quickly.
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一切都要快速進行
09:18
So, I thought, "Wow, I have to get some of this."
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所以 哇! 我想弄些那氣體
09:22
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑)
09:24
Now, it's post-9/11 America,
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那時是 911恐怖攻擊之後的美國
09:30
and when you go into the research institute,
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所以 當你走進一研究單位
09:33
and you say, "Hi.
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說: "嗨!
09:35
I'd like to buy some concentrated,
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我想買些高濃度的
09:37
compressed gas cylinders
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壓縮氣體鋼瓶
09:39
of a lethal gas
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而且是致命氣體
09:41
because I have these ideas, see,
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就只因為我有這些想法
09:43
about wanting to suspend people.
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想要暫停人們的生命
09:45
It's really going to be OK."
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而且 一定會成功的"
09:47
So that's kind of a tough day,
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可想而知 那時是相當難進行的
09:49
but I said, "There really is
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但我強調 有著強烈
09:52
some basis for thinking why you might want to do this."
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的基本動機促使我們要做這樣研究
09:56
As I said, this agent is in us,
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因為 那樣的機制(毒物)是存在體內的
09:58
and, in fact, here's a curious thing,
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更奇怪的是
10:00
it binds to the very place inside of your cells
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硫化氫被用來做 在我們的細胞內
10:03
where oxygen binds, and where you burn it,
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與氧氣 是同樣的鍵結方式
10:05
and that you do this burning to live.
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這樣的鍵結氧化燃燒 使細胞存活
10:07
And so we thought, like in a game of musical chairs,
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所以 我們聯想到 "搶椅子遊戲"
10:10
might we be able to give a person
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我們是否可以給人
10:15
some hydrogen sulfide,
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一些 硫化氫
10:17
and might it be able to occupy that place
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它 能取代 鍵結
10:19
like in a game of musical chairs where oxygen might bind?
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就像搶椅子遊戲般 取代氧氣鍵結
10:22
And because you can't bind the oxygen,
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因為細胞 不能連結氧氣
10:24
maybe you wouldn't consume it,
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所以 不用氧化燃燒
10:26
and then maybe it would reduce your demand for oxygen.
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也就降同時降低對氧氣的需求
10:29
I mean, who knows?
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我猜想的
10:31
So -- (Laughter)
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所以 (笑)
10:34
So, there's the bit about the dopamine
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有些像多巴胺
10:37
and being a little bit, what do you call it, delusional,
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或有些像是妄想
10:40
and you might suggest that was it.
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都是可被質疑的
10:42
And so, we wanted to find out
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所以,我們要證實
10:44
might we be able to use
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或許利用
10:47
hydrogen sulfide in the presence of cold,
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硫化氫再加上低溫環境
10:50
and we wanted to see whether we could
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是不是能夠
10:52
reproduce this skier in a mammal.
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於哺乳動物身上 再複製那滑雪者的情況
10:55
Now, mammals are warm-blooded creatures,
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哺乳動物是溫血動物
10:59
and when we get cold, we shake and we shiver, right?
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遇到低溫 我們會發抖打顫
11:02
We try to keep our core temperature at 37 degrees
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會儘量保持體內溫度於37度C
11:05
by actually burning more oxygen.
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卻是藉由燃燒更多的 氧氣
11:10
So, it was interesting for us
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對我們有趣的是
11:12
when we applied hydrogen sulfide
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當我們使用硫化氫
11:15
to a mouse when it was also cold
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在一低溫的老鼠身上
11:19
because what happened is the core temperature
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老鼠體溫下降
11:21
of the mouse got cold.
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如環境溫度
11:23
It stopped moving.
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它不再活動
11:25
It appeared dead.
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呈現死亡
11:27
Its oxygen consumption rate
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而氧氣的消耗量
11:29
fell by tenfold.
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也降低十倍
11:31
And here's the really important point.
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重要的事是這個
11:34
I told you hydrogen sulfide is in us.
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剛剛提到硫化氫是存在人體內
11:37
It's rapidly metabolized,
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快速的代謝
11:39
and all you have to do after six hours of being
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而處於暫停生命狀態六小時後
11:41
in this state of de-animation
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所要做的
11:43
is simply put the thing out in room air,
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僅只是恢復到正常室內空氣
11:45
and it warms up, and it's none the worse for wear.
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它會恢復體內溫度
11:48
Now, this was cosmic.
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這是件大事
11:51
Really. Because we had found a way
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因為我們已找到
11:55
to de-animate a mammal,
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如何暫停哺乳動物的生命
11:58
and it didn't hurt it.
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也不至於 傷害它
12:01
Now, we'd found a way to reduce
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我們已經找到降低
12:04
its oxygen consumption
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氧化消耗的速率
12:06
to rock-bottom levels, and it was fine.
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到其最低限度 也OK
12:09
Now, in this state of de-animation,
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在這 暫停生命狀態
12:12
it could not go out dancing,
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雖不能再活動
12:14
but it was not dead,
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但它並未死去
12:16
and it was not harmed.
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一點都無其他傷害
12:18
So we started to think: Is this the agent
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所以我們開始思考:是不是這樣的機制
12:21
that might have been present in the skier,
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也就是使滑雪者存活的原因
12:23
and might have she had more of it than someone else,
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還是她有著較常人還多的濃度
12:26
and might that have been able to reduce
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也就使她能降低
12:29
her demand for oxygen
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對氧的需求量
12:31
before she got so cold that
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一切都得在她失溫之前達成
12:33
she otherwise would have died,
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不然必死無疑
12:35
as we found out with our worm experiments?
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是根據我們的蟲蟲實驗?
12:39
So, we wondered:
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我們在想:
12:42
Can we do anything useful
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我們是否能
12:44
with this capacity to
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利用這些已知
12:46
control metabolic flexibility?
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來控制代謝的彈性呢?
12:48
And one of the things we wondered --
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其中一件我們想解決的事 ---
12:51
I'm sure some of you out there are economists,
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我相信 你們當中一定有些是經濟學家
12:53
and you know all about supply and demand.
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都明瞭 供給與需求
12:55
And when supply is equal to demand,
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當供給等於需求時
12:57
everything's fine,
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皆大歡喜
12:59
but when supply falls,
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但當供給短缺 ---
13:01
in this case of oxygen,
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在這裡就是 缺氧 ---
13:03
and demand stays high, you're dead.
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而需求依舊 那就死定了
13:06
So, what I just told you
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剛剛在說明的重點
13:08
is we can now reduce demand.
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就是我們能降低對氧氣的需求
13:10
We ought to be able to lower supply
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我們必須降低供給
13:12
to unprecedented low levels without killing the animal.
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達到前所未有的程度 又不致死
13:15
And with money we got from DARPA,
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利用從DARPA所支持的研究經費
13:18
we could show just that.
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我們已能驗證這些
13:20
If you give mice hydrogen sulfide,
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如果我們給老鼠硫化氫
13:23
you can lower their demand for oxygen,
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就能降低牠們對氧的需求
13:25
and you can put them into oxygen concentrations
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放置在氧氣濃度低於
13:28
that are as low as 5,000 feet above the top of Mt. Everest,
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5000英呎以上的Everest高山
13:31
and they can sit there for hours, and there's no problem.
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牠們能停留數小時 沒有任何問題
13:34
Well this was really cool.
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這真的是非常棒
13:36
We also found out that we could subject animals
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我們也發現對於
13:38
to otherwise lethal blood loss, and we could save them
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嚴重失血的動物 我們也能救回它們
13:41
if we gave them hydrogen sulfide.
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還是利用硫化氫
13:44
So these proof of concept experiments
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所以這些槪念式的實驗證明
13:47
led me to say "I should found a company,
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讓我決定集資成立公司
13:50
and we should take this out to a wider playing field."
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我們應該將此推廣到更大的場域
13:55
I founded a company called Ikaria
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我成立了一家公司叫 Ikaria
13:57
with others' help.
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得到其他人的相助
13:59
And this company, the first thing it did
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這家公司第一件事就是
14:01
was make a liquid formulation of hydrogen sulfide
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製成了液態狀的硫化氫
14:04
an injectable form that we could put in
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能由注射方式地注入體內
14:06
and send it out to physician scientists all over the world
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能安全地送到世界各處
14:09
who work on models of critical care medicine,
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需要急救醫療用藥的醫生手中
14:11
and the results are incredibly positive.
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結果是非常的正面
14:13
In one model of heart attack,
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在一心臟病發的研究
14:15
animals given hydrogen sulfide
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實驗動物被注射了硫化氫
14:17
showed a 70 percent reduction in heart damage
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顯現降低了70%機率的心臟損害
14:19
compared to those who got the standard of care that
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這是與按照一般救護的控制組比較
14:21
you and I would receive if we were to have a heart attack here today.
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這種心臟病發就是我們身邊所見到的那種
14:24
Same is true for organ failure,
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同樣說明也可延伸至其他器官衰竭
14:26
when you have loss of function owing to poor perfusion of kidney, of liver,
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例如腎衰竭, 肝功能衰竭
14:31
acute respiratory distress syndrome
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急性呼吸功能衰竭
14:33
and damage suffered in cardiac-bypass surgery.
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以及由心導管手術造成的損傷
14:38
So, these are the thought leaders in trauma medicine
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我們的療法也經由世界各地之頂尖創傷醫學專家
14:40
all over the world saying this is true,
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驗證真實性
14:42
so it seems that exposure to hydrogen sulfide
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所以 各個研究顯示硫化氫
14:46
decreases damage that you receive
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能降低因氧氣不足
14:48
from being exposed to otherwise lethal-low oxygen.
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所導致的致命性傷害
14:51
And I should say that the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide
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我也必須強調 要達到此種急救效益
14:54
required to get this benefit
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硫化氫的濃度是
14:58
are low, incredibly low.
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非常非常低的
15:00
In fact, so low that physicians will not have to lower or dim
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事實上, 醫生根本不至於
15:03
the metabolism of people much at all
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降低傷患之代謝速率太多
15:05
to see the benefit I just mentioned,
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就能達到前述的急救效益
15:07
which is a wonderful thing, if you're thinking about adopting this.
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這是件好事, 能更加快大家採用這樣的技術
15:09
You don't want to be gorking people out
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你不必要完全暫停生命
15:11
just to save them, it's really confusing.
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就只為了一般性急救醫療,那會是非常惱人的
15:13
(Laughter)
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(笑)
15:15
So, I want to say that we're in human trials.
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所以 我要結論的是 我們已進入人體臨床試驗了
15:19
Now, and so --
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現在 ...
15:21
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
15:27
Thank you. The Phase 1 safety studies are over,
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謝謝大家。安全性驗證已完成
15:30
and we're doing fine, we're now moved on.
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一切順利,進入下一階段
15:32
We have to get to Phase 2 and Phase 3. It's going to take us a few years.
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我們要陸續進到第二階與第三階 那會需要幾年的時間
15:35
This has all moved very quickly,
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一切都是加速進行
15:37
and the mouse experiments
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老鼠實驗中的冬眠試驗
15:39
of hibernating mice happened in 2005;
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是在2005年執行
15:42
the first human studies were done in 2008,
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第一個人體試驗是在2008年進行
15:44
and we should know in a couple of years
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我們應該在一兩年
15:46
whether it works or not.
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便知道可行與否
15:48
And this all happened really quickly
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一切進展都是非常快
15:50
because of a lot of help from a lot of people.
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因為有著來自各方的相助
15:52
I want to mention that, first of all,
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最重要的我想感謝
15:54
my wife, without whom this talk and my work would not be possible,
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我的太太, 沒有她這一切都不會實現的
15:57
so thank you very much.
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所以非常謝謝大家
15:59
Also, the brilliant scientists who work at my lab
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以及曾在我實驗室努力的聰明科學家
16:02
and also others on staff,
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與其他同事
16:04
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington --
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在華盛頓州西雅圖市的Fred Hutchinson 癌症研究中心
16:06
wonderful place to work.
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那是個非常棒的工作環境
16:08
And also the wonderful scientists
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以及目前在 Ikaria 公司的科學家
16:10
and businesspeople at Ikaria.
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與商業經營團隊
16:12
One thing those people did out there
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他們不同的經營手法
16:15
was take this technology of hydrogen sulfide,
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讓這耗費巨資新創公司的
16:18
which is this start-up company that's burning venture capital very quickly,
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硫化氫技術
16:21
and they fused it with another company
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能與另一公司技術結合
16:23
that sells another toxic gas
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那家公司供應另一毒性氣體
16:25
that's more toxic than hydrogen sulfide,
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那是比硫化氫還毒的氣體
16:29
and they give it to newborn babies who would otherwise die
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提供給面臨難產或猝死的新生兒
16:32
from a failure to be able to oxygenate their tissues properly.
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以補救無法吸收氧氣的緊急情況
16:36
And this gas that is delivered in over
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這種氣體已經提供給
16:39
a thousand critical care hospitals worldwide,
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超過1000所緊急救護醫院
16:41
now is approved, on label,
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合格驗證地
16:43
and saves thousands of babies a year
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每年救回數以千計的嬰兒
16:45
from certain death.
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免於某些猝死症狀
16:47
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
16:49
So it's really incredible
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這真的是太棒了
16:52
for me to be a part of this.
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讓我與有榮焉
16:54
And I want to say that I think we're on the path
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而我要強調的是 我們正在一個過程
16:56
of understanding metabolic flexibility
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是為了明瞭代謝彈性的
16:58
in a fundamental way,
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最基本機制
17:00
and that in the not too distant future,
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且就在不遠的將來
17:04
an EMT might give an injection of hydrogen sulfide,
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想像一個急救小組注入硫化氫
17:07
or some related compound,
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或其他化合物
17:09
to a person suffering severe injuries,
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到一嚴重創傷的病患
17:12
and that person might de-animate a bit,
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使他輕微地暫停生命
17:14
they might become a little more immortal.
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他反而是不會死
17:18
Their metabolism will fall
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他的代謝會降低
17:20
as though you were dimming a switch on a lamp at home.
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就像我們在家控制燈光明暗似的
17:26
And then, they will have the time, that will buy them the time,
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能為他爭取到些時間
17:29
to be transported to the hospital
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能轉往醫院
17:34
to get the care they need.
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得到較完善的急救
17:38
And then, after they get that care --
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當完成施救後
17:43
like the mouse, like the skier,
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就像是那實驗老鼠,或是那滑雪者
17:45
like the 65-year-old woman --
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或是那 65歲的老婦人
17:47
they'll wake up.
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都會再度醒來
17:49
A miracle?
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只是奇蹟?
17:51
We hope not, or maybe we just hope
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希望不是,我們只希望
17:53
to make miracles a little more common.
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把奇蹟能控制得更頻繁些
17:55
Thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
17:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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