The ethical dilemma of designer babies | Paul Knoepfler

472,292 views ใƒป 2017-02-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Joanna Pietrulewicz
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Eyal Ronel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shlomo Adam
00:12
So what if I could make for you
1
12460
2456
ืžื” ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื›ื
00:14
a designer baby?
2
14940
1480
ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก?
00:17
What if you as a parent-to-be
3
17940
2296
ืžื” ืื™ืœื• ืืชื, ื›ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“,
00:20
and I as a scientist decided to go down that road together?
4
20260
4000
ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“?
00:25
What if we didn't?
5
25860
1256
ื•ืื ืœื?
00:27
What if we thought, "That's a bad idea,"
6
27140
2776
ืžื” ืื ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข,
00:29
but many of our family, friends and coworkers
7
29940
3376
ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ื
00:33
did make that decision?
8
33340
1640
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
00:36
Let's fast-forward just 15 years from now.
9
36140
3200
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื™ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” 15 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื.
00:39
Let's pretend it's the year 2030,
10
39780
2776
ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 2030
00:42
and you're a parent.
11
42580
1399
ื•ืืชื ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
00:44
You have your daughter, Marianne, next to you,
12
44540
3256
ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ืžืจื™ืืŸ, ืœื™ื“ื›ื.
00:47
and in 2030, she is what we call a natural
13
47820
3376
ื‘-2030 ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” "ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช"
00:51
because she has no genetic modifications.
14
51220
2520
ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
00:55
And because you and your partner consciously made that decision,
15
55100
3440
ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’,
00:59
many in your social circle, they kind of look down on you.
16
59300
3216
ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื,
01:02
They think you're, like, a Luddite or a technophobe.
17
62540
2800
ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืงื™ื“ืžื” ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:07
Marianne's best friend Jenna, who lives right next door,
18
67340
2976
ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ืืŸ, ื’'ื ื”, ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื,
01:10
is a very different story.
19
70340
1520
ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
01:12
She was born a genetically modified designer baby with numerous upgrades.
20
72740
5880
ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช, ืžื•ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ืช ืžืื“.
01:20
Yeah. Upgrades.
21
80540
1360
ื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ื“ืจื’ืช.
01:22
And these enhancements were introduced
22
82700
2896
ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืขืฉื•
01:25
using a new genetic modification technology
23
85620
2536
ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:28
that goes by the funny name CRISPR,
24
88180
2776
ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืฆื—ื™ืง "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ,"
01:30
you know, like something's crisp,
25
90980
1696
ื›ืžื• ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ืงืจื™ืกืค" --
01:32
this is CRISPR.
26
92700
1320
ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ โ€“ ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:35
The scientist that Jenna's parents hired to do this
27
95340
3296
ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื” ืฉื›ืจื• ืœืฉื ื›ืš
01:38
for several million dollars
28
98660
1880
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
01:41
introduced CRISPR into a whole panel of human embryos.
29
101380
3880
ื™ื™ืฉืžื• ืืช "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
01:46
And then they used genetic testing,
30
106180
1696
ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
01:47
and they predicted that that little tiny embryo, Jenna's embryo,
31
107900
4056
ื”ื ื—ื–ื• ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื’'ื ื”,
01:51
would be the best of the bunch.
32
111980
1920
ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
01:54
And now, Jenna is an actual, real person.
33
114980
3456
ื•ื›ืขืช ื’'ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื“ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื,
01:58
She's sitting on the carpet in your living room
34
118460
3216
ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
02:01
playing with your daughter Marianne.
35
121700
2480
ื•ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืขื ื‘ืชื›ื ืžืจื™ืืŸ.
02:04
And your families have known each other for years now,
36
124900
3096
ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
02:08
and it's become very clear to you
37
128020
2416
ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืžื–ืžืŸ
02:10
that Jenna is extraordinary.
38
130460
1880
ืฉื’'ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
02:13
She's incredibly intelligent.
39
133020
2016
ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
02:15
If you're honest with yourself, she's smarter than you,
40
135060
3256
ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื,
02:18
and she's five years old.
41
138340
1560
ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ.
02:20
She's beautiful, tall, athletic,
42
140859
3897
ื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”, ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืืชืœื˜ื™ืช,
02:24
and the list goes on and on.
43
144780
2480
ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช.
02:28
And in fact, there's a whole new generation
44
148100
2576
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื—ื“ืฉ
02:30
of these GM kids like Jenna.
45
150700
2240
ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’'ื ื”.
02:33
And so far it looks like
46
153740
2136
ื•ืขื“ ื›ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื
02:35
they're healthier than their parents' generation,
47
155900
2336
ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
02:38
than your generation.
48
158260
1736
ืžื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
ื”ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™.
02:40
And they have lower health care costs.
49
160020
2000
02:43
They're immune to a host of health conditions,
50
163860
2736
ื”ื ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
02:46
including HIV/AIDS and genetic diseases.
51
166620
3240
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ื™ื“ืก ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
02:50
It all sounds so great,
52
170900
1680
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื ืคืœื,
02:53
but you can't help but have this sort of unsettling feeling,
53
173260
3056
ืื‘ืœ ืžืงื ื ืช ื‘ื›ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช,
02:56
a gut feeling, that there's something just not quite right about Jenna,
54
176340
5000
ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื’'ื ื”,
03:01
and you've had the same feeling about other GM kids that you've met.
55
181980
4120
ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื›ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:06
You were also reading in the newspaper earlier this week
56
186940
3376
ื’ื ืงืจืืชื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ
03:10
that a study of these children who were born as designer babies
57
190340
3936
ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
03:14
indicates they may have some issues,
58
194300
1856
ืžืฆื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
03:16
like increased aggressiveness and narcissism.
59
196180
3680
ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื.
03:21
But more immediately on your mind
60
201460
1656
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืชื›ื
03:23
is some news that you just got from Jenna's family.
61
203140
3696
ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื”:
03:26
She's so smart,
62
206860
1496
ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื›ืžื”
03:28
she's now going to be going to a special school,
63
208380
3096
ืฉืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:31
a different school than your daughter Marianne,
64
211500
2496
ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื›ื ืžืจื™ืืŸ,
03:34
and this is kind of throwing your family into a disarray.
65
214020
3736
ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื ืžืขื˜.
03:37
Marianne's been crying,
66
217780
1336
ืžืจื™ืืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื”,
03:39
and last night when you took her to bed to kiss her goodnight,
67
219140
3416
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉื›ื‘ืชื ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
03:42
she said, "Daddy, will Jenna even be my friend anymore?"
68
222580
4480
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื”, "ืื‘ื, ื’'ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™?"
03:48
So now, as I've been telling you this imagined 2030 story,
69
228300
3536
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืช 2030
03:51
I have a feeling that I may have put some of you
70
231860
2616
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื
03:54
into this sci-fi frame of reference. Right?
71
234500
2576
ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
03:57
You think you're reading a sci-fi book.
72
237100
2496
ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจ ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
03:59
Or maybe, like, in Halloween mode of thinking.
73
239620
2936
ืื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื–ื‘ื˜.
04:02
But this is really a possible reality for us,
74
242580
2416
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
04:05
just 15 years from now.
75
245020
1640
ื‘ืขื•ื“ 15 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:07
I'm a stem cell and genetics researcher
76
247300
2936
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”
04:10
and I can see this new CRISPR technology
77
250260
2936
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:13
and its potential impact.
78
253220
1720
ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:15
And we may find ourselves in that reality,
79
255420
3616
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
04:19
and a lot will depend on what we decide to do today.
80
259060
3080
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืš ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:23
And if you're still kind of thinking in sci-fi mode,
81
263780
2496
ื•ืื ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™,
04:26
consider that the world of science had a huge shock earlier this year,
82
266300
4496
ืชื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžืจืงื—ื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”
04:30
and the public largely doesn't even know about it.
83
270820
2935
ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ื›ืš.
04:33
Researchers in China just a few months ago
84
273779
2777
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
04:36
reported the creation of genetically modified human embryos.
85
276580
4656
ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืกื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
04:41
This was the first time in history.
86
281260
2536
ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:43
And they did it using this new CRISPR technology.
87
283820
2680
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:47
It didn't work perfectly,
88
287380
1736
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื,
04:49
but I still think they sort of cracked the door ajar
89
289140
3576
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื ืคืขืจื• ืกื“ืง
04:52
on a Pandora's box here.
90
292740
1800
ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคื ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช.
04:56
And I think some people are going to run with this technology
91
296300
2896
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืงืคืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:59
and try to make designer babies.
92
299220
1880
ื•ื™ื ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
05:02
Now, before I go on, some of you may hold up your hands and say,
93
302020
3056
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืฉื™ืš, ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•:
05:05
"Stop, Paul, wait a minute.
94
305100
2256
"ืจืง ืจื’ืข, ืคื•ืœ.
"ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืง?
05:07
Wouldn't that be illegal?
95
307380
1816
05:09
You can't just go off and create a designer baby."
96
309220
3640
"ื”ืจื™ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืกืชื ื›ืš ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืชื™ื ื•ืง."
05:13
And in fact, to some extent, you're right.
97
313476
2000
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
05:15
In some countries, you couldn't do that.
98
315500
2320
ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
05:18
But in many other countries, including my country, the US,
99
318340
3256
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจืฆื™, ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:21
there's actually no law on this, so in theory, you could do it.
100
321620
3880
ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”, ืื– ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจ.
05:26
And there was another development this year that resonates in this area,
101
326500
4456
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
05:30
and that happened not so far from here over in the UK.
102
330980
2800
ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
05:34
And the UK traditionally has been the strictest country
103
334300
3096
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:37
when it comes to human genetic modification.
104
337420
2816
ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:40
It was illegal there,
105
340260
1936
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™.
05:42
but just a few months ago,
106
342220
1576
ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื
05:43
they carved out an exception to that rule.
107
343820
2456
ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื• ื—ืจื™ื’ ืœื›ืœืœ ื–ื”.
05:46
They passed a new law
108
346300
1536
ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ
05:47
allowing the creation of genetically modified humans
109
347860
3456
ืฉืžืชื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
05:51
with the noble goal of trying to prevent a rare kind of genetic disease.
110
351340
4120
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ืืฆืœืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกื•ื’ ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
05:56
But still I think in combination these events are pushing us
111
356220
3696
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื—ื“ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื•ื“
05:59
further towards an acceptance
112
359940
2536
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:02
of human genetic modification.
113
362500
1920
06:05
So I've been talking about this CRISPR technology.
114
365660
2896
ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ".
06:08
What actually is CRISPR?
115
368580
2040
ืžื”ื™ "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ"?
06:11
So if you think about the GMOs that we're all more familiar with,
116
371180
3336
ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื• ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
06:14
like GMO tomatoes and wheat
117
374540
3216
ื›ืžื• ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
06:17
and things like that,
118
377780
1936
06:19
this technology is similar to the technologies
119
379740
2616
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
06:22
that were used to make those,
120
382380
1856
06:24
but it's dramatically better,
121
384260
2376
ืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
06:26
cheaper and faster.
122
386660
1960
06:29
So what is it?
123
389940
1536
ืื– ืžื”ื™?
06:31
It's actually like a genetic Swiss army knife.
124
391500
2456
ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืœืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™.
06:33
We can pretend this is a Swiss army knife
125
393980
2256
ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืœืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™
06:36
with different tools in it,
126
396260
1336
ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื
06:37
and one of the tools is kind of like a magnifying glass
127
397620
3136
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื’ื“ืœืช
06:40
or a GPS for our DNA,
128
400780
2440
ืื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื "ื ืฉืœื ื•,
06:43
so it can home in on a certain spot.
129
403700
2576
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืช ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
06:46
And the next tool is like scissors
130
406300
1656
ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื
06:47
that can cut the DNA right in that spot.
131
407980
3256
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื "ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:51
And finally we have a pen
132
411260
1576
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื˜
06:52
where we can literally rewrite the genetic code in that location.
133
412860
4496
ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืืคืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
06:57
It's really that simple.
134
417380
1240
ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜.
06:59
And this technology, which came on the scene just three years ago,
135
419500
3656
ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
07:03
has taken science by storm.
136
423180
1840
ืกื—ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืกืขืจื”.
07:05
It's evolving so fast, and it's so freaking exciting to scientists,
137
425820
4256
ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืœื”ื‘ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
07:10
and I admit I'm fascinated by it and we use it in my own lab,
138
430100
3800
โ€“ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ืžื•ืงืกื ืžืžื ื” ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ โ€“
07:14
that I think someone is going to go that extra step
139
434860
3576
ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฆืขื“ ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ
07:18
and continue the GM human embryo work
140
438460
2576
ื•ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื•ืฉ
07:21
and maybe make designer babies.
141
441060
2400
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
07:24
This is so ubiquitous now.
142
444900
1656
ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:26
It just came on the scene three years ago.
143
446580
2416
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
07:29
Thousands of labs literally have this in hand today,
144
449020
4336
ืืœืคื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:33
and they're doing important research.
145
453380
2376
ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:35
Most of them are not interested in designer babies.
146
455780
2616
ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
07:38
They're studying human disease
147
458420
2496
ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
07:40
and other important elements of science.
148
460940
2416
ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:43
So there's a lot of good research going on with CRISPR.
149
463380
2600
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ืžืœืื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
07:46
And the fact that we can now do genetic modifications
150
466820
3416
ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
07:50
that used to take years and cost millions of dollars
151
470260
3776
ืฉืคืขื ืืจื›ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขืœืชื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
07:54
in a few weeks for a couple thousand bucks,
152
474060
3016
ืื•ืจื›ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
07:57
to me as a scientist that's fantastic,
153
477100
2136
ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
07:59
but again, at the same time,
154
479260
2136
ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
08:01
it opens the door to people going too far.
155
481420
3120
ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืคืชื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช,
08:05
And I think for some people
156
485140
1416
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืืฆืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื
08:06
the focus is not going to be so much on science.
157
486580
3016
ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ืขื™.
08:09
That's not what's going to be driving them.
158
489620
2016
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœื”ื,
08:11
It's going to be ideology or the chase for a profit.
159
491660
3520
ืืœื ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืจื•ื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
08:15
And they're going to go for designer babies.
160
495940
2560
ื•ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
08:20
So why should we be concerned about this?
161
500060
3856
ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื•?
08:23
We know from Darwin, if we go back two centuries,
162
503940
3216
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”
08:27
that evolution and genetics profoundly have impacted humanity,
163
507180
4136
ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
08:31
who we are today.
164
511340
2136
ื•ืขืœื™ื ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:33
And some think there's like a social Darwinism at work in our world,
165
513500
3936
ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœ ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื’ื–ืข.
08:37
and maybe even a eugenics as well.
166
517460
2480
08:40
Imagine those trends, those forces,
167
520540
3736
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
08:44
with a booster rocket of this CRISPR technology
168
524300
2976
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชืื•ืฆื” ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช "ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ"
08:47
that is so powerful and so ubiquitous.
169
527300
2720
ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื›ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”.
08:50
And in fact, we can just go back one century to the last century
170
530820
3895
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืจืง ืœืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
08:54
to see the power that eugenics can have.
171
534739
3001
ื ืจืื” ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข,
08:58
So my father, Peter Knoepfler,
172
538620
2456
ืื‘ื™, ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืงื ื•ืคืœืจ,
09:01
was actually born right here in Vienna.
173
541100
2776
ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ื™ื ื”.
09:03
He was Viennese, and he was born here in 1929.
174
543900
4496
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื•ื™ื ืื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1929.
09:08
And when my grandparents had little baby Peter,
175
548420
3896
ื›ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืืช ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง
09:12
the world was very different. Right?
176
552340
1736
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื•ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืื–,
09:14
It was a different Vienna.
177
554100
1296
09:15
The United States was different.
178
555420
1576
ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:17
The world was different.
179
557020
1256
09:18
There was a eugenics rising,
180
558300
2296
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข
09:20
and my grandparents realized,
181
560620
2336
ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•,
09:22
pretty quickly I think,
182
562980
1416
ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
09:24
that they were on the wrong side of the eugenics equation.
183
564420
3520
ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข.
09:28
And so despite this being their home
184
568660
2376
ื•ื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืชื
09:31
and their whole extended family's home,
185
571060
2056
ื•ื‘ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช,
09:33
and this area being their family's home for generations,
186
573140
4336
ื•ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืชื ืžื–ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช
09:37
they decided because of eugenics
187
577500
3016
ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข,
09:40
that they had to leave.
188
580540
1240
ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘.
09:42
And they survived, but they were heartbroken,
189
582500
2136
ื•ื”ื ื ื™ืฆืœื•, ืืš ืœื‘ื ื ืฉื‘ืจ,
09:44
and I'm not sure my dad ever really got over leaving Vienna.
190
584660
4136
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ ืคืขื ืขื ื”ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื”.
09:48
He left when he was just eight years old
191
588820
2336
ื”ื•ื ืขื–ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื”
09:51
in 1938.
192
591180
1200
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938.
09:54
So today, I see a new eugenics
193
594380
3056
ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื’ื–ืข ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ
09:57
kind of bubbling to the surface.
194
597460
2336
ืฉืžื‘ืขื‘ืขืช ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
09:59
It's supposed to be a kinder, gentler, positive eugenics,
195
599820
4976
ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื—ืžื“ื”, ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช,
10:04
different than all that past stuff.
196
604820
2320
ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
10:08
But I think even though it's focused on trying to improve people,
197
608020
4376
ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
10:12
it could have negative consequences,
198
612420
2696
ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
10:15
and it really worries me
199
615140
1256
ืžืื•ื“ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™
10:16
that some of the top proponents of this new eugenics,
200
616420
2776
ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช
10:19
they think CRISPR is the ticket to make it happen.
201
619220
3560
ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉ"ืงืจื™ืกืคืจ" ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืš.
10:24
So I have to admit, you know,
202
624180
1736
ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช,
10:25
eugenics, we talk about making better people.
203
625940
3256
ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:29
It's a tough question.
204
629220
1256
ื–ืืช ืฉืืœื” ืงืฉื”:
10:30
What is better when we're talking about a human being?
205
630500
2920
ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ืฉื“ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
10:34
But I admit I think maybe a lot of us
206
634180
2656
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื•
10:36
could agree that human beings,
207
636860
2936
ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
10:39
maybe we could use a little betterment.
208
639820
1976
ืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง ืงืฆืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ.
10:41
Look at our politicians
209
641820
2296
ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื, ื›ืืŸ,
10:44
here, you know, back in the US --
210
644140
2056
ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ - ืฉืœื ื ื“ืข ืžืฆืจื•ืช.
10:46
God forbid we go there right now.
211
646220
3616
10:49
Maybe even if we just look in the mirror,
212
649860
1976
ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืจืื”,
10:51
there might be ways we think we could be better.
213
651860
2536
ืื•ืœื™ ื ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ.
10:54
I might wish, honestly, that I had more hair here, instead of baldness.
214
654420
4816
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื—ืช.
10:59
Some people might wish they were taller,
215
659260
2536
ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:01
have a different weight, a different face.
216
661820
2840
ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื ื”, ืขื ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:05
If we could do those things, we could make those things happen,
217
665700
3456
ืื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
11:09
or we could make them happen in our children,
218
669180
2256
ืื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
11:11
it would be very seductive.
219
671460
1800
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื”.
11:13
And yet coming with it would be these risks.
220
673860
2896
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืชืœื•ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
11:16
I talked about eugenics,
221
676780
1896
ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข,
11:18
but there would be risks to individuals as well.
222
678700
2816
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:21
So if we forget about enhancing people
223
681540
2456
ืื– ืื ื ืฉื›ื— ืžื”ืฉื‘ื—ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
11:24
and we just try to make them healthier using genetic modification,
224
684020
4456
ื•ืจืง ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™
11:28
this technology is so new
225
688500
2456
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื“ืฉื”
11:30
and so powerful,
226
690980
1576
ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื”
11:32
that by accident we could make them sicker.
227
692580
2760
ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:36
That easily could happen.
228
696340
2136
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
11:38
And there's another risk,
229
698500
1256
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
11:39
and that is that all of the legitimate, important genetic modification research
230
699780
4576
ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
11:44
going on just in the lab --
231
704380
1656
ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
11:46
again, no interest in designer babies --
232
706060
3016
โ€“ ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื โ€“
11:49
a few people going the designer baby route,
233
709100
2856
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื
11:51
things go badly,
234
711980
1376
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•,
11:53
that entire field could be damaged.
235
713380
2960
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื™ื™ืคื’ืข ืžื›ืš.
11:57
I also think it's not that unlikely
236
717260
2456
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™
11:59
that governments might start taking an interest in genetic modification.
237
719740
4280
ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืžืฆืื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
12:04
So for example our imagined GM Jenna child
238
724700
4936
ืื– ืœืžืฉืœ ื’'ื ื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
12:09
who is healthier,
239
729660
1216
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:10
if there's a generation that looks like they have lower health care costs,
240
730900
4016
ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
12:14
it's possible that governments may start trying to compel their citizens
241
734940
4216
ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ
12:19
to go the GM route.
242
739180
1896
ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
12:21
Look at China's one-child policy.
243
741100
2016
ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ:
12:23
It's thought that that prevented the birth of 400 million human beings.
244
743140
5720
ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ืขื” ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
12:30
So it's not beyond the realm of possible
245
750020
2776
ืื– ื–ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™
12:32
that genetic modification could be something that governments push.
246
752820
4256
ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื•ืžืจืฆื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช.
12:37
And if designer babies become popular,
247
757100
3496
ื•ืื ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช
12:40
in our digital age --
248
760620
1816
ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”
12:42
viral videos, social media --
249
762460
2656
ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
12:45
what if designer babies are thought to be fashionable,
250
765140
2576
ืžื” ืื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”
12:47
and they kind of become the new glitterati,
251
767740
2136
ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”
12:49
the new Kardashians or something?
252
769900
1736
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืจื“ืฉื™ืืŸ?
12:51
(Laughter)
253
771660
1016
12:52
You know, are those trends that we really could control?
254
772700
4536
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื”ืื ืืœื” ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืŸ?
12:57
I'm not convinced that we could.
255
777260
2080
ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื›ืŸ.
13:00
So again, today it's Halloween
256
780460
3176
ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื™ื—ื•ืœ ืœื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื,
13:03
and when we talk about genetic modification,
257
783660
2456
ื•ื›ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
13:06
there's one Halloween-associated character
258
786140
3136
ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
13:09
that is talked about or invoked more than anything else,
259
789300
2656
ื•ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ:
13:11
and that is Frankenstein.
260
791980
1840
ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:14
Mostly that's been Frankenfoods and all this other stuff.
261
794420
4416
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ.
13:18
But if we think about this now and we think about it in the human context
262
798860
4576
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
13:23
on a day like Halloween,
263
803460
1256
ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื
13:24
if parents can in essence costume their children genetically,
264
804740
5416
ืื ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื™ื ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื,
13:30
are we going to be talking about a Frankenstein 2.0 kind of situation?
265
810180
4760
ื”ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 2.0?
13:36
I don't think so. I don't think it's going to get to that extreme.
266
816060
3176
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื–ื ืžื“ื™.
13:39
But when we are going about hacking the human code,
267
819260
3976
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
13:43
I think all bets are off in terms of what might come of that.
268
823260
3256
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืš.
13:46
There would still be dangers.
269
826540
1640
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื›ื ื•ืช,
13:49
And we can look in the past
270
829540
1336
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ืจ
13:50
to other elements of transformative science
271
830900
2616
ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ื™ื
13:53
and see how they can basically go out of control
272
833540
3816
ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
13:57
and permeate society.
273
837380
1560
ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
13:59
So I'll just give you one example, and that is in vitro fertilization.
274
839380
3800
ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ืช.
14:04
Almost exactly 40 years ago,
275
844300
3616
ืœืคื ื™ 40 ืฉื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง,
14:07
test tube baby number one Louise Brown was born,
276
847940
3696
ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื”ืžื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœื•ืื™ื– ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ,
14:11
and that's a great thing,
277
851660
1256
ื•ื–ื” ื ืคืœื,
14:12
and I think since then five million IVF babies have been born,
278
852940
5536
ื•ืžืื– ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื”
14:18
bringing immeasurable happiness.
279
858500
1656
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืฉืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™.
14:20
A lot of parents now can love those kids.
280
860180
3136
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
14:23
But if you think about it, in four decades,
281
863340
2056
ืืš ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืฉืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
14:25
five million babies being born from a new technology
282
865420
3896
ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
14:29
is pretty remarkable,
283
869340
1816
ื–ื” ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืžื“ื™,
14:31
and the same kind of thing could happen
284
871180
2216
ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
14:33
with human genetic modification and designer babies.
285
873420
3576
ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ืขื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
14:37
So depending on the decisions we make in the next few months,
286
877020
3176
ืื– ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
14:40
the next year or so,
287
880220
1296
ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš,
14:41
if designer baby number one is born,
288
881540
3136
ืื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื•ื•ืœื“,
14:44
within a few decades,
289
884700
1216
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
14:45
there could well be millions of genetically modified humans.
290
885940
3656
ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
14:49
And there's a difference there too, because if we, you in the audience, or I,
291
889620
4456
ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ, ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื—ื ื•, ืืชื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืื• ืื ื™
14:54
if we decide to have a designer baby,
292
894100
2896
ืื ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื,
14:57
then their children will also be genetically modified, and so on,
293
897020
4016
ืื– ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”
15:01
because it's heritable.
294
901060
1296
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™.
15:02
So that's a big difference.
295
902380
1480
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:05
So with all of this in mind,
296
905420
1896
ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
15:07
what should we do?
297
907340
1560
ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
15:09
There's actually going to be a meeting
298
909940
1816
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืžืžื—ืจ,
15:11
a month from tomorrow in Washington, D.C.
299
911780
2896
15:14
by the US National Academy of Sciences
300
914700
1936
ืฉืžืืจื’ื ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื
15:16
to tackle that exact question.
301
916660
2616
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง:
15:19
What is the right path forward with human genetic modification?
302
919300
3680
ืžื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช?
15:23
I believe at this time
303
923820
2416
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื
15:26
we need a moratorium.
304
926260
1456
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืขื™ื”.
15:27
We have to ban this.
305
927740
1496
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืืกื•ืจ ื–ืืช.
15:29
We should not allow creating genetically modified people,
306
929260
3576
ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
15:32
because it's just too dangerous and too unpredictable.
307
932860
3320
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžื“ื™.
15:37
But there's a lot of people --
308
937180
1456
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
15:38
(Applause)
309
938660
1136
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:39
Thanks.
310
939820
1216
ืชื•ื“ื”.
15:41
(Applause)
311
941060
3400
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:47
And let me say, just as a scientist,
312
947700
2296
ื•ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ,
15:50
it's a little bit scary for me to say that in public,
313
950020
2496
ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™,
15:52
because science generally doesn't like self-regulation and things like that.
314
952540
5240
ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
15:59
So I think we need to put a hold on this,
315
959060
3136
ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
16:02
but there are many people who not only disagree with me,
316
962220
2736
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
16:04
they feel the exact opposite.
317
964980
1496
ืืœื ืœื”ืคืš.
16:06
They're like, step on the gas, full speed ahead,
318
966500
3336
ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืช ื’ื– ื•ืœื“ื”ื•ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
16:09
let's make designer babies.
319
969860
1616
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
16:11
And so in the meeting in December
320
971500
2936
ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉื™ื™ืขืจืš ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ
16:14
and other meetings that are likely to follow in the next few months,
321
974460
3456
ื•ื‘ืืœื” ืฉื™ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
16:17
it's very possible there may be no moratorium.
322
977940
3136
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืจื– ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืขื™ื”,
16:21
And I think part of the problem that we have
323
981100
3056
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
16:24
is that all of this trend,
324
984180
2056
ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช,
16:26
this revolution in genetic modification applying to humans,
325
986260
4096
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื—ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
16:30
the public hasn't known about it.
326
990380
1616
ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืืœื™ื”.
16:32
Nobody has been saying,
327
992020
1816
ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ:
16:33
look, this is a big deal, this is a revolution,
328
993860
4056
"ืชืจืื•, ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื–ืืช ืžื”ืคื›ื”
16:37
and this could affect you in very personal ways.
329
997940
2256
"ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช."
16:40
And so part of my goal is actually to change that
330
1000220
2816
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
16:43
and to educate and engage with the public
331
1003060
2936
ื•ืœื—ื ืš ื•ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
16:46
and get you guys talking about this.
332
1006020
2800
ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
16:49
And so I hope at these meetings that there will be a role for the public
333
1009340
3776
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“
16:53
to bring their voice to bear as well.
334
1013140
2520
ื•ื’ื ืงื•ืœื• ื™ื™ืฉืžืข.
16:57
So if we kind of circle back now to 2030 again, that imagined story,
335
1017500
4560
ืื– ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื ืช 2030
17:03
and depending on the decisions we make, again, today --
336
1023020
3016
ื•ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
17:06
literally we don't have a lot of time --
337
1026060
1936
โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ โ€“
17:08
in the next few months, the next year or so,
338
1028020
2096
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš
17:10
because this technology is spreading like wildfire.
339
1030140
2520
ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื›ืืฉ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืงื•ืฆื™ื.
17:13
Let's pretend we're back in that reality.
340
1033380
2936
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
17:16
We're at a park,
341
1036340
1816
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืคืืจืง,
17:18
and our kid is swinging on the swing.
342
1038179
3281
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ื ื“ื”.
17:22
Is that kid a regular old kid,
343
1042419
2616
ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ืœื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜
17:25
or did we decide to have a designer baby?
344
1045060
3455
ืื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก?
17:28
And let's say we went the sort of traditional route,
345
1048540
3455
ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
17:32
and there's our kid swinging on the swing,
346
1052020
2495
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ื ื“ื”
17:34
and frankly, they're kind of a mess.
347
1054540
2816
ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื•.
17:37
Their hair is all over the place like mine.
348
1057380
2696
ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื• ืคืจื•ืข, ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœื™,
17:40
They have a stuffy nose.
349
1060100
2216
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ื–ืœ.
17:42
They're not the best student in the world.
350
1062340
2040
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
17:45
They're adorable, you love them,
351
1065060
2216
ื”ื•ื ื—ืžื•ื“, ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
17:47
but there on the swing next to them,
352
1067300
1936
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื ื“ื ื“ื” ืœื™ื“ื•,
17:49
their best friend is a GM kid,
353
1069260
3016
ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
17:52
and the two of them are kind of swinging like this,
354
1072300
2416
ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื“,
17:54
and you can't help but compare them, right?
355
1074740
2016
ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืœื?
17:56
And the GM kid is swinging higher,
356
1076780
2496
ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ืžืชื ื“ื ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:59
they look better, they're a better student,
357
1079300
2176
ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:01
they don't have that stuffy nose you need to wipe.
358
1081500
2976
ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื• ืœื ืžื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืงื™ื ื•ื—.
18:04
How is that going to make you feel
359
1084500
2256
ืื™ืš ืืชื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื•
18:06
and what decision might you make next time?
360
1086780
2720
ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื”?
18:10
Thank you.
361
1090660
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:11
(Applause)
362
1091900
5917
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7