Peter Tyack: The intriguing sound of marine mammals

32,150 views ใƒป 2010-06-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Amir Wilf ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:15
Thank you so much. I'm going to try to take you
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื
00:18
on a journey of the underwater acoustic world
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ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™
00:21
of whales and dolphins.
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ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
00:23
Since we are such a visual species,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื–ื” ื–ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™,
00:25
it's hard for us to really understand this,
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช.
00:27
so I'll use a mixture of figures and sounds
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช
00:29
and hope this can communicate it.
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ื•ืืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืœื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
00:31
But let's also think, as a visual species,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื’ื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™,
00:34
what it's like when we go snorkeling or diving
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื ื•ืจืงืœื™ื
00:36
and try to look underwater.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื.
00:38
We really can't see very far.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืื•ื“.
00:40
Our vision, which works so well in air,
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ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
00:42
all of a sudden is very restricted and claustrophobic.
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ืคืชืื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื•ืงืœืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื‘ื™ืช.
00:45
And what marine mammals have evolved
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื•
00:47
over the last tens of millions of years
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:50
is ways to depend on sound
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ื”ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ
00:52
to both explore their world
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ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื
00:54
and also to stay in touch with one another.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™
00:56
Dolphins and toothed whales use echolocation.
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ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื™ื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืงื•ืœื•ืงืฆื™ื”.
00:58
They can produce loud clicks
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง 'ืงืœื™ืงื™ื' ืจื•ืขืฉื™ื
01:00
and listen for echoes from the sea floor in order to orient.
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ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื™ื ืžืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืฆื.
01:03
They can listen for echoes from prey
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ืจืฃ
01:05
in order to decide where food is
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื
01:07
and to decide which one they want to eat.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ
01:10
All marine mammals use sound for communication to stay in touch.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ.
01:12
So the large baleen whales
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ื›ืš, ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืžื–ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:14
will produce long, beautiful songs,
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ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ื,
01:17
which are used in reproductive advertisement
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”
01:19
for male and females, both to find one another
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
01:21
and to select a mate.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’.
01:23
And mother and young and closely bonded animals
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ื•ืื ื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
01:25
use calls to stay in touch with one another,
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
01:28
so sound is really critical for their lives.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
01:30
The first thing that got me interested in the sounds
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช
01:32
of these underwater animals,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:34
whose world was so foreign to me,
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ืฉืขื•ืœืžื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ืจ ืœื™,
01:36
was evidence from captive dolphins
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™
01:38
that captive dolphins could imitate human sounds.
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ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
01:41
And I mentioned I'll use
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืชืžืฉ
01:43
some visual representations of sounds.
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ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
01:45
Here's the first example.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
01:47
This is a plot of frequency against time --
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ื–ื”ื• ื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื“ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืžืŸ -
01:49
sort of like musical notation,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช
01:51
where the higher notes are up higher and the lower notes are lower,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:54
and time goes this way.
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ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
01:56
This is a picture of a trainer's whistle,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืืžืŸ,
01:58
a whistle a trainer will blow to tell a dolphin
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ืฉืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžืืžืŸ ื™ืฉืจื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ
02:00
it's done the right thing and can come get a fish.
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ืฉื”ื•ืข ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื’.
02:02
It sounds sort of like "tweeeeeet." Like that.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืžื• 'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ื™ื™ื™ื™ื™ื™ื˜'. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš.
02:05
This is a calf in captivity
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™
02:07
making an imitation
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ืขื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ืงื•ื™
02:09
of that trainer's whistle.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืืžืŸ.
02:11
If you hummed this tune to your dog or cat
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื–ืžื–ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื›ืœื‘ ืื• ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื
02:13
and it hummed it back to you,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ืžื–ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื,
02:15
you ought to be pretty surprised.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืžื–ื”.
02:17
Very few nonhuman mammals
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ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
02:19
can imitate sounds.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
02:21
It's really important for our music and our language.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื• ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:23
So it's a puzzle: The few other mammal groups that do this,
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ืื– ื–ื• ื—ื™ื“ื”: ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
02:26
why do they do it?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
02:28
A lot of my career has been devoted
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื”
02:30
to trying to understand
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ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:32
how these animals use their learning,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
02:34
use the ability to change what you say
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ
02:36
based on what you hear
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข
02:38
in their own communication systems.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
02:40
So let's start with calls of a nonhuman primate.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
02:43
Many mammals have to produce contact calls
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืงืฉืจ
02:45
when, say, a mother and calf are apart.
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ื›ืฉื ื’ื™ื“, ืื ื•ื’ื•ืจ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื ืคืจื“.
02:48
This is an example of a call produced by squirrel monkeys
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื•ืคืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืคื™ ืกื ืื™
02:51
when they're isolated from another one.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:53
And you can see, there's not much
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:55
variability in these calls.
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ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
02:57
By contrast, the signature whistle
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ
02:59
which dolphins use to stay in touch,
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ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ,
03:01
each individual here has a radically different call.
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ืœื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
03:04
They can use this ability to learn calls
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช
03:07
in order to develop more complicated and more distinctive calls
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:10
to identify individuals.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
03:13
How about the setting in which animals need to use this call?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื?
03:16
Well let's look at mothers and calves.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื.
03:18
In normal life for mother and calf dolphin,
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ื’ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
03:20
they'll often drift apart or swim apart if Mom is chasing a fish,
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ืกื—ืคื• ืื• ื™ืฉื—ื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืื ื”ืืžื ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื’.
03:23
and when they separate
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื
03:25
they have to get back together again.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:27
What this figure shows is the percentage of the separations
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื•ื– ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช
03:30
in which dolphins whistle,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืงื™ื,
03:32
against the maximum distance.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืืœื™.
03:34
So when dolphins are separating by less than 20 meters,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:36
less than half the time they need to use whistles.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช.
03:38
Most of the time they can just find each other
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™
03:40
just by swimming around.
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ืจืง ืข"ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
03:42
But all of the time when they separate by more than 100 meters,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžืื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
03:45
they need to use these individually distinctive whistles
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
03:48
to come back together again.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉื•ื‘.
03:51
Most of these distinctive signature whistles
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืืœื”
03:53
are quite stereotyped and stable
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ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช
03:55
through the life of a dolphin.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
03:57
But there are some exceptions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช.
03:59
When a male dolphin leaves Mom,
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ื›ืฉื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ืืžื•,
04:01
it will often join up with another male
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืื—ืจ
04:03
and form an alliance, which may last for decades.
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:06
As these two animals form a social bond,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
04:09
their distinctive whistles actually converge
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ื”ืฉืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช
04:11
and become very similar.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“.
04:13
This plot shows two members of a pair.
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ืื– ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื•ื’.
04:16
As you can see at the top here,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืืŸ,
04:18
they share an up-sweep, like "woop, woop, woop."
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื›ืžื• "ื•ื•ืค,ื•ื•ืค,ื•ื•ืค".
04:20
They both have that kind of up-sweep.
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ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืžืช ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
04:22
Whereas these members of a pair go "wo-ot, wo-ot, wo-ot."
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ืขื•ืฉื™ื "ื•ื•-ืื•ื˜,ื•ื•-ืื•ื˜,ื•ื•-ืื•ื˜".
04:25
And what's happened is
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื
04:27
they've used this learning process
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื–ื”
04:29
to develop a new sign that identifies this new social group.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ืกื™ืžืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช.
04:32
It's a very interesting way that they can
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื
04:34
form a new identifier
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื”ื” ื—ื“ืฉ
04:36
for the new social group that they've had.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
04:38
Let's now take a step back
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืฆืขื“ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข
04:40
and see what this message can tell us
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื•
04:42
about protecting dolphins
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
04:44
from human disturbance.
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ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
04:46
Anybody looking at this picture
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:48
will know this dolphin is surrounded,
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ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืงืฃ,
04:50
and clearly his behavior is being disrupted.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืคืจืขืช.
04:53
This is a bad situation.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืจืข.
04:55
But it turns out that when just a single boat
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืฉืจืง ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช
04:57
is approaching a group of dolphins
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
04:59
at a couple hundred meters away,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
05:01
the dolphins will start whistling,
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ืง,
05:03
they'll change what they're doing, they'll have a more cohesive group,
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:05
wait for the boat to go by,
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ื™ื—ื›ื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉืกื™ืจื” ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ,
05:07
and then they'll get back to normal business.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
05:09
Well, in a place like Sarasota, Florida,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืกืืจืืกื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”,
05:11
the average interval between times
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ื”ื”ืคืจืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
05:13
that a boat is passing within a hundred meters of a dolphin group
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ืฉืกื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืœืคืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
05:16
is six minutes.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช.
05:18
So even in the situation that doesn't look as bad as this,
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืข ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
05:21
it's still affecting the amount of time these animals have
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ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”
05:23
to do their normal work.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื.
05:25
And if we look at a very pristine environment like western Australia,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
05:28
Lars Bider has done work
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ืœืืจืก ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืจ ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืงืจ
05:30
comparing dolphin behavior and distribution
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
05:33
before there were dolphin-watching boats.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
05:36
When there was one boat, not much of an impact.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:39
And two boats: When the second boat was added,
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ืŸืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคื”,
05:42
what happened was that some of the dolphins
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื
05:44
left the area completely.
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ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช.
05:46
Of the ones that stayed, their reproductive rate declined.
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ื•ืžืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื•, ืงืฆืช ื”ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืจื“.
05:49
So it could have a negative impact on the whole population.
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ืื– ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
05:52
When we think of marine-protected areas for animals like dolphins,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื,
05:55
this means that we have to be
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
05:57
quite conscious about activities that we thought were benign.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.
06:00
We may need to regulate the intensity
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื•ืช
06:02
of recreational boating and actual whale watching
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืคืฉ ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืœื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื
06:05
in order to prevent these kinds of problems.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
06:08
I'd also like to point out that sound
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœ
06:10
doesn't obey boundaries.
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ืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:12
So you can draw a line to try to protect an area,
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ืื– ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืงื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ,
06:15
but chemical pollution and noise pollution
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ ืจืขืฉ ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
06:17
will continue to move through the area.
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ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:19
And I'd like to switch now from this local,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืืจืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”,
06:21
familiar, coastal environment
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ
06:24
to a much broader world of the baleen whales and the open ocean.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืžื–ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืชื•ื—.
06:27
This is a kind of map we've all been looking at.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคื” ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
06:30
The world is mostly blue.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
06:32
But I'd also like to point out that the oceans
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
06:34
are much more connected than we think.
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
06:36
Notice how few barriers there are to movement
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืฉื ื
06:39
across all of the oceans compared to land.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”.
06:41
To me, the most mind-bending example
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:43
of the interconnectedness of the ocean
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
06:45
comes from an acoustic experiment
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™
06:47
where oceanographers
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื
06:49
took a ship to the southern Indian Ocean,
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ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื• ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™,
06:52
deployed an underwater loudspeaker
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ืคืจืกื• ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืชืช-ื™ืžื™
06:54
and played back a sound.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื• ืฆืœื™ืœ.
06:56
That same sound
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ืื•ืชื• ืฆืœื™ืœ
06:58
traveled to the west, and could be heard in Bermuda,
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ื ืข ืžืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื”,
07:01
and traveled to the east, and could be heard in Monterey --
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ื•ื ืข ืœืžื–ืจื— ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ -
07:04
the same sound.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ.
07:06
So we live in a world of satellite communication,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืช,
07:08
are used to global communication,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช,
07:10
but it's still amazing to me.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.
07:12
The ocean has properties
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ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช
07:14
that allow low-frequency sound
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
07:16
to basically move globally.
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ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™.
07:18
The acoustic transit time for each of these paths is about three hours.
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ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช.
07:21
It's nearly halfway around the globe.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฆื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
07:24
In the early '70s,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื.
07:26
Roger Payne and an ocean acoustician
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ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
07:28
published a theoretical paper
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ืคืจืกืžื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™
07:30
pointing out that it was possible
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ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจื™
07:32
that sound could transmit over these large areas,
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ืฉืฆืœื™ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”,
07:35
but very few biologists believed it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื–ื”.
07:38
It actually turns out, though,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
07:40
even though we've only known of long-range propagation for a few decades,
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
07:43
the whales clearly have evolved,
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ื”ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืคื™ืชื—ื•,
07:46
over tens of millions of years,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
07:48
a way to exploit this amazing property of the ocean.
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ื“ืจืš ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
07:51
So blue whales and fin whales
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ืื– ืœื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ
07:53
produce very low-frequency sounds
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ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื
07:55
that can travel over very long ranges.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
07:57
The top plot here shows
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ื•ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืžืจืื”
07:59
a complicated series of calls
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ืกื“ืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช
08:01
that are repeated by males.
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ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
08:03
They form songs, and they appear to play a role in reproduction,
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืงืคื™ื“ ื‘ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:06
sort of like that of song birds.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ.
08:08
Down below here, we see calls made by both males and females
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ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืขืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“
08:11
that also carry over very long ranges.
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ืฉื’ื ื›ืŸ ื ืขื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
08:15
The biologists continued to be skeptical
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืคืงืคืง
08:17
of the long-range communication issue
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—
08:19
well past the '70s,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื,
08:21
until the end of the Cold War.
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
08:23
What happened was, during the Cold War,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”,
08:25
the U.S. Navy had a system that was secret at the time,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
08:28
that they used to track Russian submarines.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฆื•ืœืœื•ืช ืจื•ืกื™ื•ืช.
08:31
It had deep underwater microphones, or hydrophones,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ื ื™ื,
08:33
cabled to shore,
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ืฉืฉื™ื“ืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ,
08:35
all wired back to a central place that could listen
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื˜ื• ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ
08:37
to sounds over the whole North Atlantic.
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ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
08:39
And after the Berlin Wall fell, the Navy made these systems available
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื ืคืœื”, ื”ืฆื™ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช
08:42
to whale bio-acousticians
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ืœื‘ื™ื•-ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
08:44
to see what they could hear.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
08:46
This is a plot from Christopher Clark
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื˜ื•ืคืจ ืงืœืืจืง
08:48
who tracked one individual blue whale
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ืฉืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื
08:51
as it passed by Bermuda,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืจืžื•ื“ื”,
08:53
went down to the latitude of Miami and came back again.
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ื™ืจื“ ืœืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืืžื™ ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืฉื•ื‘.
08:56
It was tracked for 43 days,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืžืขืงื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš 43 ื™ืžื™ื,
08:58
swimming 1,700 kilometers,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ื” 1,700 ืง"ืž
09:00
or more than 1,000 miles.
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 1000 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
09:02
This shows us both that the calls
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืœื ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช
09:04
are detectable over hundreds of miles
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ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื,
09:06
and that whales routinely swim hundreds of miles.
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ื•ื’ื ืฉืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ืจืชื™ืช ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
09:08
They're ocean-based and scale animals
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
09:10
who are communicating over much longer ranges
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ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:12
than we had anticipated.
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ืžืžื” ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื•.
09:14
Unlike fins and blues, which
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื,
09:16
disperse into the temperate and tropical oceans,
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ืฉืžืชืคื–ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื,
09:18
the humpbacked whales congregate
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ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืžืชื›ื ืกื™ื
09:20
in local traditional breeding grounds,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื.
09:23
so they can make a sound that's a little higher in frequency,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื“ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:26
broader-band and more complicated.
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ืจื—ื‘ ืคืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:28
So you're listening to the complicated song
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ืื– ืืชื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
09:30
produced by humpbacks here.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืง ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
09:32
Humpbacks, when they develop
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ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื
09:34
the ability to sing this song,
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
09:36
they're listening to other whales
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ื”ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:38
and modifying what they sing based on what they're hearing,
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ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื,
09:41
just like song birds or the dolphin whistles I described.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืฉืจื™ืงืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
09:44
This means that humpback song
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ
09:46
is a form of animal culture,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:48
just like music for humans would be.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
09:50
I think one of the most interesting examples of this
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื”
09:53
comes from Australia.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
09:55
Biologists on the east coast of Australia
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
09:57
were recording the songs of humpbacks in that area.
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ื”ืงืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
10:00
And this orange line here marks the typical songs
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ื•ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื” ื›ืืŸ, ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื
10:03
of east coast humpbacks.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืกื ืคื™ืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™.
10:05
In '95 they all sang the normal song.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 95' ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™.
10:07
But in '96 they heard a few weird songs,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 96' ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
10:09
and it turned out that these strange songs
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ื•ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:12
were typical of west coast whales.
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ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
10:14
The west coast calls became more and more popular,
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ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื”ืคื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
10:17
until by 1998,
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 98',
10:19
none of the whales sang the east coast song; it was completely gone.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื”ื ื ืขืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
10:22
They just sang the cool new west coast song.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
10:24
It's as if some new hit style
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ
10:26
had completely wiped out
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ืžื—ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
10:28
the old-fashioned style before,
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ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•,
10:30
and with no golden oldies stations.
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช 'ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ ื–ื”ื‘',
10:32
Nobody sang the old ones.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
10:35
I'd like to briefly just show what the ocean does to these calls.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืจืง ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืžื” ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืงืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
10:38
Now you are listening to a recording made by Chris Clark,
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ื›ืขืช ืืชื ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื˜ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืข"ื™ ื›ืจื™ืก ืงืœืืจืง,
10:41
0.2 miles away from a humpback.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 0.2 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื ืคื™ืจ.
10:44
You can hear the full frequency range. It's quite loud.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชื“ืจ, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื–ืง.
10:47
You sound very nearby.
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ืืชื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
10:49
The next recording you're going to hear
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ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข
10:51
was made of the same humpback song
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ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ
10:53
50 miles away.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 50 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
10:55
That's shown down here.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”.
10:57
You only hear the low frequencies.
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื.
10:59
You hear the reverberation
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ืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื™ื
11:01
as the sound travels over long-range in the ocean
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื ืข ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
11:03
and is not quite as loud.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื–ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
11:06
Now after I play back these humpback calls,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ,
11:09
I'll play blue whale calls, but they have to be sped up
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ืื ื™ ืื ื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื•ืืฆื•
11:12
because they're so low in frequency
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืชื“ืจ
11:14
that you wouldn't be able to hear it otherwise.
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ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช.
11:16
Here's a blue whale call at 50 miles,
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ื”ื ื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 50 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื,
11:18
which was distant for the humpback.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ.
11:20
It's loud, clear -- you can hear it very clearly.
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ื–ื” ืจื, ื‘ืจื•ืจ - ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
11:23
Here's the same call recorded from a hydrophone
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ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืœื˜ื” ืžื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื•ืŸ
11:26
500 miles away.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 500 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
11:28
There's a lot of noise, which is mostly other whales.
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ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:31
But you can still hear that faint call.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืงืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:34
Let's now switch and think about
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ืœืฃ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ
11:36
a potential for human impacts.
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ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
11:38
The most dominant sound that humans put into the ocean
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ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
11:41
comes from shipping.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคื ื•ืช.
11:43
This is the sound of a ship,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื”,
11:45
and I'm having to talk a little louder to talk over it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœื”.
11:47
Imagine that whale listening from 500 miles.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 500 ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื.
11:50
There's a potential problem that maybe
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช - ืฉืื•ืœื™
11:52
this kind of shipping noise would prevent whales
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ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื ื•ืช ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
11:54
from being able to hear each other.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
11:56
Now this is something that's been known for quite a while.
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ื”ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”,
11:58
This is a figure from a textbook on underwater sound.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืชืช-ื™ืžื™.
12:01
And on the y-axis
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ื•ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ Y
12:03
is the loudness of average ambient noise in the deep ocean
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ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ ืื•ืคืฃ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
12:06
by frequency.
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ืœืคื™ ืชื“ืจ.
12:08
In the low frequencies, this line indicates
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ื•ื‘ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ืงื• ื”ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ
12:11
sound that comes from seismic activity of the earth.
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ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกื™ืกืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
12:14
Up high, these variable lines
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ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:16
indicate increasing noise in this frequency range
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœ ืจืขืฉ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”
12:19
from higher wind and wave.
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ืžืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื™ื.
12:21
But right in the middle here where there's a sweet spot,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขืฃ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช,
12:24
the noise is dominated by human ships.
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ื”ืจืขืฉ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืข"ื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
12:26
Now think about it. This is an amazing thing:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
12:28
That in this frequency range where whales communicate,
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื“ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื,
12:31
the main source globally, on our planet, for the noise
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืจืขืฉ ื”ื–ื”
12:34
comes from human ships,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
12:36
thousands of human ships, distant, far away,
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ืืœืคื™ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื“,
12:39
just all aggregating.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฆื‘ืจื•ืช.
12:41
The next slide will show what the impact this may have
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืชืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื”
12:44
on the range at which whales can communicate.
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ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื• ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
12:46
So here we have the loudness of a call at the whale.
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ.
12:49
And as we get farther away,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื,
12:51
the sound gets fainter and fainter.
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ื”ืงื•ืœ ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:53
Now in the pre-industrial ocean, as we were mentioning,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืงื“ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจื ื•,
12:56
this whale call could be easily detected.
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ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
12:58
It's louder than noise
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืขืฉ
13:00
at a range of a thousand kilometers.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืง"ืž.
13:02
Let's now take that additional increase in noise
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืจืขืฉ
13:05
that we saw comes from shipping.
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ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืื” ืžื”ืกืคื ื•ืช.
13:07
All of a sudden, the effective range of communication
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ืœืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
13:09
goes from a thousand kilometers to 10 kilometers.
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ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืืœืคื™ ืง"ืž ืœืขืฉืจื” ืง"ืž.
13:12
Now if this signal is used for males and females
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
13:14
to find each other for mating and they're dispersed,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ ื•ื”ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื,
13:17
imagine the impact this could have
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื–ื”
13:19
on the recovery of endangered populations.
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช.
13:22
Whales also have contact calls
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื’ืข
13:24
like I described for the dolphins.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื.
13:27
I'll play the sound of a contact call used
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ืื ื™ ืืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ืžื’ืข ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
13:29
by right whales to stay in touch.
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ืข"ื™ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ.
13:31
And this is the kind of call that is used by,
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
13:33
say, right whale mothers and calves
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ื ื’ื™ื“, ืฉืœ ืืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื
13:35
as they separate to come back again.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืคืจื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘.
13:37
Now imagine -- let's put the ship noise in the picture.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
13:39
What's a mother to do
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ืžื” ืืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:41
if the ship comes by and her calf isn't there?
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ืื ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืœื ืฉื?
13:43
I'll describe a couple strategies.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืืจ ื›ืžื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.
13:46
One strategy is if your call's down here,
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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืื ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”,
13:48
and the noise is in this band,
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ื•ื”ืจืขืฉ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช,
13:50
you could shift the frequency of your call out of the noise band
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ืชื“ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืจืขืฉ
13:53
and communicate better.
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ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:55
Susan Parks of Penn State has actually studied this.
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ืกื•ื–ืืŸ ืคืืจืงืก ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช 'ืคืŸ-ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜' ืœืžื“ื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืจื˜.
13:58
She's looked in the Atlantic. Here's data from the South Atlantic.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™, ื”ื ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
14:01
Here's a typical South Atlantic contact call from the '70s.
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ื”ื ื” ืงืจื™ืื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
14:04
Look what happened by 2000 to the average call.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืžื” ืงืจื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2000 ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช.
14:07
Same thing in the North Atlantic,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
14:09
in the '50s versus 2000.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”-50' ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-2000.
14:11
Over the last 50 years,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
14:13
as we've put more noise into the oceans,
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขืฉ ืืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
14:15
these whales have had to shift.
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ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื–.
14:17
It's as if the whole population had to shift
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื–
14:19
from being basses to singing as a tenor.
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ืžืœืฉื™ืจ ืงื•ืœ ื‘ืก ืœืœืฉื™ืจ ื˜ื ื•ืจ.
14:22
It's an amazing shift, induced by humans
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื–ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืฉื ื’ืžืจื” ืข"ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
14:24
over this large scale,
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
14:26
in both time and space.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
14:28
And we now know that whales can compensate for noise
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืขืฉ
14:30
by calling louder, like I did when that ship was playing,
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ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ื’ื ืชื™ ืืช ืืขืฉ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
14:33
by waiting for silence
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืชื ื” ืœืฉืงื˜
14:35
and by shifting their call out of the noise band.
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ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ืจืขืฉ.
14:38
Now there's probably costs to calling louder
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื— ื™ืฉื ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:40
or shifting the frequency away from where you want to be,
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ืื• ื”ื–ื–ืช ื”ืชื“ืจ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
14:42
and there's probably lost opportunities.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช.
14:44
If we also have to wait for silence,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืงื˜,
14:46
they may miss a critical opportunity to communicate.
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
14:49
So we have to be very concerned
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื
14:51
about when the noise in habitats
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
14:53
degrades the habitat enough
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ืžืขืจืขืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
14:55
that the animals either have to pay too much to be able to communicate,
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ,
14:58
or are not able to perform critical functions.
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ืื• ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:00
It's a really important problem.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
15:03
And I'm happy to say that there are several
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื”
15:05
very promising developments in this area,
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ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
15:08
looking at the impact of shipping on whales.
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ืฉืžืชืกื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื.
15:11
In terms of the shipping noise,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
15:13
the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
15:16
has formed a group whose job is to establish
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ื”ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืงื™ื
15:19
guidelines for quieting ships,
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ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžื ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื˜ืช ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช,
15:21
to tell the industry how you could quiet ships.
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ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื’ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
15:23
And they've already found
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ื•ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืฆืื•
15:25
that by being more intelligent about better propeller design,
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ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื—ืคื™ื
15:28
you can reduce that noise by 90 percent.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘-90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
15:31
If you actually insulate and isolate
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืคืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
15:34
the machinery of the ship from the hull,
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืœื“ื” ืฉืœื”,
15:36
you can reduce that noise by 99 percent.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘-99 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
15:39
So at this point, it's primarily an issue of cost and standards.
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ืื– ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
15:42
If this group can establish standards,
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ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ืืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
15:44
and if the shipbuilding industry adopts them for building new ships,
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ื•ืื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืชืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
15:47
we can now see a gradual decline
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช
15:49
in this potential problem.
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ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
15:51
But there's also another problem from ships that I'm illustrating here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
15:54
and that's the problem of collision.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
15:56
This is a whale that just squeaked by
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ื™ืชื ืŸ ืฉื—ืžืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™
15:59
a rapidly moving container ship and avoided collision.
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ืžืžื™ื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืžื ืข ืžื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
16:02
But collision is a serious problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
16:04
Endangered whales are killed every year by ship collision,
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ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช.
16:07
and it's very important to try to reduce this.
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
16:10
I'll discuss two very promising approaches.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช.
16:13
The first case comes from the Bay of Fundy.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžืžืคืจืฅ 'ืคืื ื“ื™'.
16:15
These black lines mark shipping lanes
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ื•ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกืคื ื•ืช
16:17
in and out of the Bay of Fundy.
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ืืœ ื•ืžืžืคืจืฅ 'ืคืื ื“ื™'.
16:19
The colorized area
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ื•ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืข
16:21
shows the risk of collision for endangered right whales
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ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”
16:24
because of the ships moving in this lane.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื–ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
16:26
It turns out that this lane here
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ
16:29
goes right through a major feeding area of right whales in the summer time,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื›ืœื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ.
16:32
and it makes an area of a significant risk of collision.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
16:35
Well, biologists
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
16:37
who couldn't take no for an answer
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ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ 'ืœื' ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
16:39
went to the International Maritime Organization
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ื”ืœื›ื• ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™
16:41
and petitioned them to say,
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ื•ื”ืคืฆื™ืจื• ื‘ื”ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
16:43
"Can't you move that lane? Those are just lines on the ground.
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'ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื‘? ืืœื” ืจืง ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
16:45
Can't you move them over to a place
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ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
16:47
where there's less of a risk?"
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ?"
16:49
And the International Maritime Organization responded very strongly,
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ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืื•ื“,
16:51
"These are the new lanes."
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,ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื."
16:53
The shipping lanes have been moved.
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ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื–ื–ื•.
16:55
And as you can see, the risk of collision is much lower.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžืื•ื“.
16:58
So it's very promising, actually.
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
17:00
We can be very creative about thinking
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
17:02
of different ways to reduce these risks.
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ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
17:04
Another action which was just taken independently
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ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™
17:06
by a shipping company itself
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ืข"ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกืคื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”,
17:09
was initiated because of concerns the shipping company had
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคื ื•ืช
17:12
about greenhouse gas emissions with global warming.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื•ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
17:15
The Maersk Line looked at their competition
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ื—ื‘ืจืช 'ืžื™ืืจืกืง' ื”ืชืกืชื›ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
17:18
and saw that everybody who is in shipping thinks time is money.
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ื•ื”ื ืจืื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ.
17:21
They rush as fast as they can to get to their port.
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ื”ื ื“ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืžืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
17:23
But then they often wait there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืœืจื•ื‘, ื”ื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืฉื.
17:25
What Maersk did is they worked ways to slow down.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื™ืืจืกืง ืขืฉื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืื˜.
17:27
They could slow down by about 50 percent.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืื˜ ื‘ื›-50 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
17:30
This reduced their fuel consumption by about 30 percent,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื›-30 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
17:33
which saved them money,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืกืš ืœื”ื ื›ืกืฃ,
17:35
and at the same time, it had a significant benefit for whales.
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ื•ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื.
17:38
It you slow down, you reduce the amount of noise you make
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ืื ืืชื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื, ืืชื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
17:41
and you reduce the risk of collision.
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ื•ืืชื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช.
17:43
So to conclude, I'd just like to point out,
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ,
17:45
you know, the whales live in
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
17:47
an amazing acoustic environment.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
17:49
They've evolved over tens of millions of years
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
17:51
to take advantage of this.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
17:53
And we need to be very attentive and vigilant
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืจ
17:56
to thinking about where things that we do
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
17:58
may unintentionally prevent them
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื
18:00
from being able to achieve their important activities.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
18:03
At the same time, we need to be really creative
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
18:05
in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
18:08
I hope these examples have shown
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืจืื•
18:10
some of the different directions we can take
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื˜
18:12
in addition to protected areas
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื
18:14
to be able to keep the ocean safe for whales to be able to continue to communicate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
18:17
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื
18:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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