Peter Tyack: The intriguing sound of marine mammals

32,150 views ใƒป 2010-06-16

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Arin Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:15
Thank you so much. I'm going to try to take you
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„
00:18
on a journey of the underwater acoustic world
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท์† ๊ณ ๋ž˜์™€ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์˜ ์Œํ–ฅ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ
00:21
of whales and dolphins.
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์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
Since we are such a visual species,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
00:25
it's hard for us to really understand this,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ข€ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
so I'll use a mixture of figures and sounds
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ์Œ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
00:29
and hope this can communicate it.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
But let's also think, as a visual species,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
00:34
what it's like when we go snorkeling or diving
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์Šค๋…ธํด๋ง์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์ด๋น™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ์•ˆ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
00:36
and try to look underwater.
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์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
00:38
We really can't see very far.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊นŠ์ด ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Our vision, which works so well in air,
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๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋งŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ์•ผ๊ฐ€
00:42
all of a sudden is very restricted and claustrophobic.
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ณ  ํ์‡„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
00:45
And what marine mammals have evolved
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ํ•ด์–‘ ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋…„๊ฐ„
00:47
over the last tens of millions of years
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์ง„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:50
is ways to depend on sound
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
00:52
to both explore their world
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์„ธ์ƒ์„ ํƒํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:54
and also to stay in touch with one another.
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์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Dolphins and toothed whales use echolocation.
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด๋นจ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ '์ŒํŒŒํƒ์ง€'๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
They can produce loud clicks
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํฐ ํด๋ฆญ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ 
01:00
and listen for echoes from the sea floor in order to orient.
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ํ•ด์ €์—์„œ์˜ ์šธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
They can listen for echoes from prey
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋จน์ด์˜
01:05
in order to decide where food is
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์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
01:07
and to decide which one they want to eat.
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์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ฐพ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
All marine mammals use sound for communication to stay in touch.
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๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ด์–‘ ํฌ์œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
So the large baleen whales
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜์ˆ˜์—ผ๋“ค์€
01:14
will produce long, beautiful songs,
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๊ธธ๊ณ , ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ
01:17
which are used in reproductive advertisement
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๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:19
for male and females, both to find one another
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์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
01:21
and to select a mate.
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์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
01:23
And mother and young and closely bonded animals
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
01:25
use calls to stay in touch with one another,
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๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
so sound is really critical for their lives.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ์ผ์ƒ์— ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
The first thing that got me interested in the sounds
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฏ์„ค์—ˆ๋˜
01:32
of these underwater animals,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ท์† ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ๊ณ„์—
01:34
whose world was so foreign to me,
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:36
was evidence from captive dolphins
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์žกํ˜€์„œ ์‚ฌ์œก๋œ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด
01:38
that captive dolphins could imitate human sounds.
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
And I mentioned I'll use
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์ข€ ์ „์— ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
01:43
some visual representations of sounds.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
Here's the first example.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:47
This is a plot of frequency against time --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ธ๋ฐ
01:49
sort of like musical notation,
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์Œ์•… ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ ,
01:51
where the higher notes are up higher and the lower notes are lower,
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๋†’์€ ์Œ์€ ์œ„์—, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์€ ์•„๋ž˜์— ์žˆ๊ณ 
01:54
and time goes this way.
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ด ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ ์š”.
01:56
This is a picture of a trainer's whistle,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฃจ๋ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฑด๋ฐ,
01:58
a whistle a trainer will blow to tell a dolphin
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ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฃจ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ์–ด ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜์—๊ฒŒ
02:00
it's done the right thing and can come get a fish.
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์ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
It sounds sort of like "tweeeeeet." Like that.
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"ํŠธ์œ„์œ„์œ—" ๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:05
This is a calf in captivity
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋„ˆ์˜
02:07
making an imitation
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ํ˜ธ๋ฃจ๋ผ๊ธฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
02:09
of that trainer's whistle.
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ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
If you hummed this tune to your dog or cat
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:13
and it hummed it back to you,
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:15
you ought to be pretty surprised.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋†€๋ผ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
Very few nonhuman mammals
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด
02:19
can imitate sounds.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:21
It's really important for our music and our language.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด์— ์•„์ฃผ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
So it's a puzzle: The few other mammal groups that do this,
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๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ์ ์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ : ์ด ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„
02:26
why do they do it?
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ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
02:28
A lot of my career has been devoted
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ปค๋ฆฌ์–ด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
02:30
to trying to understand
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
how these animals use their learning,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฐ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
02:34
use the ability to change what you say
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์ฆ‰, ์ž์‹ ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐ๋งŒ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ
02:36
based on what you hear
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๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„
02:38
in their own communication systems.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:40
So let's start with calls of a nonhuman primate.
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์ด์–ด์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ธ์ถœ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
02:43
Many mammals have to produce contact calls
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๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์šฉ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
when, say, a mother and calf are apart.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์„๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
02:48
This is an example of a call produced by squirrel monkeys
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ํฉ์–ด์ง„ ๋‹ค๋žŒ์ฅ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด
02:51
when they're isolated from another one.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ฐ์ธ๊ฑด๋ฐ
02:53
And you can see, there's not much
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€
02:55
variability in these calls.
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋™์€ ์—†์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
By contrast, the signature whistle
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์ด์— ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด
02:59
which dolphins use to stay in touch,
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์—ฐ๋ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:01
each individual here has a radically different call.
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๊ฐ์ž ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ถœ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
They can use this ability to learn calls
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:07
in order to develop more complicated and more distinctive calls
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๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด์–ด
03:10
to identify individuals.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:13
How about the setting in which animals need to use this call?
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:16
Well let's look at mothers and calves.
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์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
03:18
In normal life for mother and calf dolphin,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š”
03:20
they'll often drift apart or swim apart if Mom is chasing a fish,
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์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ ์„ ์ซ“์„ ๋•Œ ์„œ์„œํžˆ, ์•„๋‹˜ ํ—ค์—„์ณ์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
and when they separate
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ํ—ค์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
03:25
they have to get back together again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
What this figure shows is the percentage of the separations
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ์„ ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€
03:30
in which dolphins whistle,
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์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜
03:32
against the maximum distance.
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๋น„์œจ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
So when dolphins are separating by less than 20 meters,
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด 20๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:36
less than half the time they need to use whistles.
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ์„ ๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Most of the time they can just find each other
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
03:40
just by swimming around.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
But all of the time when they separate by more than 100 meters,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 100๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ
03:45
they need to use these individually distinctive whistles
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์„œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด
03:48
to come back together again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
03:51
Most of these distinctive signature whistles
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
03:53
are quite stereotyped and stable
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ
03:55
through the life of a dolphin.
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์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
But there are some exceptions.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฟ ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:59
When a male dolphin leaves Mom,
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์ˆ˜์ปท ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
04:01
it will often join up with another male
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๋ณดํ†ต ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:03
and form an alliance, which may last for decades.
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•  ๋™๋งน์„ ๋งบ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
As these two animals form a social bond,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
04:09
their distinctive whistles actually converge
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์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด
04:11
and become very similar.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
This plot shows two members of a pair.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ํ•œ์Œ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:16
As you can see at the top here,
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์ƒ๋‹จ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
04:18
they share an up-sweep, like "woop, woop, woop."
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ , "์›, ์›, ์›."
04:20
They both have that kind of up-sweep.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:22
Whereas these members of a pair go "wo-ot, wo-ot, wo-ot."
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ์ด ์Œ์€ "์šฐ-์›ƒ, ์šฐ-์›ƒ, ์šฐ-์›ƒ" ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
04:25
And what's happened is
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋ฉด
04:27
they've used this learning process
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์ด์™€๊ฐ™์€ ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
04:29
to develop a new sign that identifies this new social group.
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์ƒˆ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
It's a very interesting way that they can
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹๋ณ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
04:34
form a new identifier
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„
04:36
for the new social group that they've had.
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๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
Let's now take a step back
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์ด์ œ ํ•œ๋ฐœ์ง ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์„œ
04:40
and see what this message can tell us
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์ด ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค์‹์œผ๋กœ
04:42
about protecting dolphins
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
04:44
from human disturbance.
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์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:46
Anybody looking at this picture
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:48
will know this dolphin is surrounded,
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์ด ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ์œ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:50
and clearly his behavior is being disrupted.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ์ง€์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
This is a bad situation.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜์œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:55
But it turns out that when just a single boat
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ด ๋ณดํŠธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
04:57
is approaching a group of dolphins
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ํ•œ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋’ค์—์„œ
04:59
at a couple hundred meters away,
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๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๋•Œ,
05:01
the dolphins will start whistling,
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ์„ ๋ถˆ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:03
they'll change what they're doing, they'll have a more cohesive group,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋˜ ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”์„œ, ์„œ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ
05:05
wait for the boat to go by,
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๋ณดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
05:07
and then they'll get back to normal business.
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๊ทธ ํ›„์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:09
Well, in a place like Sarasota, Florida,
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์‚ฌ๋ผ์†Œํƒ€, ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
05:11
the average interval between times
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๋ณดํŠธ ํ•œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ 100๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ด๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์•ˆ์—
05:13
that a boat is passing within a hundred meters of a dolphin group
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€
05:16
is six minutes.
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6๋ถ„ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So even in the situation that doesn't look as bad as this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•ž์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
05:21
it's still affecting the amount of time these animals have
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ํ‰์ƒ์‹œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
05:23
to do their normal work.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:25
And if we look at a very pristine environment like western Australia,
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์ˆœ์ˆ˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:28
Lars Bider has done work
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๋ผ์Šค ๋ฐ”์ด๋”๋Š” ์ด ๊ณณ์—์„œ
05:30
comparing dolphin behavior and distribution
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ๋ณดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „
05:33
before there were dolphin-watching boats.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ์กฐ์‚ฌ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
When there was one boat, not much of an impact.
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๋ณดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—†์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:39
And two boats: When the second boat was added,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ณดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์ด ๋‘๋Œ€์˜ ๋ณดํŠธ๋“ค์ด
05:42
what happened was that some of the dolphins
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”, ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด
05:44
left the area completely.
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์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋– ๋‚˜๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Of the ones that stayed, their reproductive rate declined.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ ฅ์€ ํ‡ดํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
05:49
So it could have a negative impact on the whole population.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ์ข…์กฑ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
When we think of marine-protected areas for animals like dolphins,
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š”
05:55
this means that we have to be
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„
05:57
quite conscious about activities that we thought were benign.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
We may need to regulate the intensity
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
06:02
of recreational boating and actual whale watching
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๋ ˆํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ด์…˜์šฉ ๋ณดํŠธํƒ€๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ธฐ์˜
06:05
in order to prevent these kinds of problems.
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๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
I'd also like to point out that sound
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
06:10
doesn't obey boundaries.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
So you can draw a line to try to protect an area,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ์— ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋†“์•„๋„
06:15
but chemical pollution and noise pollution
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ™”ํ•™ ์˜ค์—ผ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ฑ์ด
06:17
will continue to move through the area.
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๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์นจํˆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:19
And I'd like to switch now from this local,
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์ด์ œ ํ˜„์ง€์˜ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ํ•ด์•ˆ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
06:21
familiar, coastal environment
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๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜, ๋” ๋„“์€
06:24
to a much broader world of the baleen whales and the open ocean.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜์ˆ˜์—ผ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ์˜คํ”ˆ์˜ค์…˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ณด์ฃ .
06:27
This is a kind of map we've all been looking at.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ๋ณด๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
The world is mostly blue.
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
But I'd also like to point out that the oceans
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:34
are much more connected than we think.
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๋”์šฑ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
Notice how few barriers there are to movement
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑด๋„๋•Œ, ์œก์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ ์€
06:39
across all of the oceans compared to land.
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์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:41
To me, the most mind-bending example
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—, ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ค‘
06:43
of the interconnectedness of the ocean
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์ œ์ผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
06:45
comes from an acoustic experiment
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์ฒญ๊ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
where oceanographers
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ํ•ด์–‘ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
06:49
took a ship to the southern Indian Ocean,
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๋‚จ์ชฝ ์ธ๋„ํ•ด๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผํƒ€๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ
06:52
deployed an underwater loudspeaker
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์ˆ˜์ค‘ ํ™•์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:54
and played back a sound.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
That same sound
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๊ทธ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
06:58
traveled to the west, and could be heard in Bermuda,
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์„œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฒ„๋ฎค๋‹ค์—์„œ๋„ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:01
and traveled to the east, and could be heard in Monterey --
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๋™์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ชฌํ…Œ๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€
07:04
the same sound.
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๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
So we live in a world of satellite communication,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์œ„์„ฑ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์‚ด๋ฉฐ
07:08
are used to global communication,
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์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:10
but it's still amazing to me.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
The ocean has properties
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๊ฐ€
07:14
that allow low-frequency sound
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์•ˆ์—์„œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:16
to basically move globally.
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ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:18
The acoustic transit time for each of these paths is about three hours.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ •๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
It's nearly halfway around the globe.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฅผ ๋„๋Š” ์…ˆ์ด์ง€์š”.
07:24
In the early '70s,
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์ด์–ด์„œ, 70๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—
07:26
Roger Payne and an ocean acoustician
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๋กœ์ € ํŽ˜์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ด์–‘ ์Œํ–ฅ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
07:28
published a theoretical paper
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์ด๋ก ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:30
pointing out that it was possible
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„“์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋„
07:32
that sound could transmit over these large areas,
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์ „์†ก๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:35
but very few biologists believed it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋งŒ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๊ตฌ์š”.
07:38
It actually turns out, though,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ,
07:40
even though we've only known of long-range propagation for a few decades,
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๋น„๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฒˆ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋…„๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
07:43
the whales clearly have evolved,
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„
07:46
over tens of millions of years,
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ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
07:48
a way to exploit this amazing property of the ocean.
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๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•ด์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:51
So blue whales and fin whales
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํฐ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜์™€ ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด
07:53
produce very low-frequency sounds
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์ €์ฃผํŒŒ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด
07:55
that can travel over very long ranges.
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๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:57
The top plot here shows
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์ด ์œ„์—์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
07:59
a complicated series of calls
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด ๋‚ธ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ
08:01
that are repeated by males.
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ํ˜ธ์ถœ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
They form songs, and they appear to play a role in reproduction,
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๋ช…๊ธˆ๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
08:06
sort of like that of song birds.
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๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:08
Down below here, we see calls made by both males and females
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์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์ด ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚ธ
08:11
that also carry over very long ranges.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
The biologists continued to be skeptical
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70๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ƒ‰์ „์ด ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
08:17
of the long-range communication issue
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์†Œํ†ต์—
08:19
well past the '70s,
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๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ณ„์†
08:21
until the end of the Cold War.
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ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
What happened was, during the Cold War,
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๋ƒ‰์ „ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ์—
08:25
the U.S. Navy had a system that was secret at the time,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:28
that they used to track Russian submarines.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„ ์ž ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
It had deep underwater microphones, or hydrophones,
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์•ˆ์— ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ฒญ์Œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๊ณ 
08:33
cabled to shore,
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ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์ผ€์ด๋ธ”๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด
08:35
all wired back to a central place that could listen
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์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋‚˜๋“œ๋Š”
08:37
to sounds over the whole North Atlantic.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:39
And after the Berlin Wall fell, the Navy made these systems available
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๋ฒ ๋ฅผ๋ฆฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์ด ๋„˜์–ด์ง„ ํ›„์—์•ผ ํ•ด๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
08:42
to whale bio-acousticians
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๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ-์Œํ–ฅ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
08:44
to see what they could hear.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
This is a plot from Christopher Clark
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ† ํผ ํด๋ฝ์ด
08:48
who tracked one individual blue whale
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ํ•œ ํฐ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฎค๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜
08:51
as it passed by Bermuda,
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๋งˆ์ด์• ๋ฏธ ์ง€์—ญ๊นŒ์ง€
08:53
went down to the latitude of Miami and came back again.
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์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค์˜จ ํ”์ ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
It was tracked for 43 days,
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์ด ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋Š” 43์ผ ๋™์•ˆ,
08:58
swimming 1,700 kilometers,
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1,700 km ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
09:00
or more than 1,000 miles.
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1,000 ๋งˆ์ผ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ด๋™ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
This shows us both that the calls
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์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
09:04
are detectable over hundreds of miles
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋“ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ,
09:06
and that whales routinely swim hundreds of miles.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์Šต๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
They're ocean-based and scale animals
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์ด ๋น„๋Š˜์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
09:10
who are communicating over much longer ranges
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
09:12
than we had anticipated.
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์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:14
Unlike fins and blues, which
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๊ธฐํ›„๊ฐ€ ์˜จํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ
09:16
disperse into the temperate and tropical oceans,
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฐ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜, ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
09:18
the humpbacked whales congregate
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์ด ๊ณฑ์‚ฌ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
09:20
in local traditional breeding grounds,
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์ง€๋‚ด์™”๋˜ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
so they can make a sound that's a little higher in frequency,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๊ณ ์ฃผํŒŒ์˜, ๊ด‘๋Œ€์—ญ์ด ๋„“๊ณ 
09:26
broader-band and more complicated.
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๋” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
So you're listening to the complicated song
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ด ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์˜
09:30
produced by humpbacks here.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
Humpbacks, when they develop
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ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ
09:34
the ability to sing this song,
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๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
09:36
they're listening to other whales
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋ฉฐ
09:38
and modifying what they sing based on what they're hearing,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
just like song birds or the dolphin whistles I described.
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์ „์— ์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ช…๊ธˆ, ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ํœ˜ํŒŒ๋žŒ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ด์ง€์š”.
09:44
This means that humpback song
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ‘๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š”
09:46
is a form of animal culture,
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์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์Œ์•…๊ฐ™์ด
09:48
just like music for humans would be.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•ด์–‘๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:50
I think one of the most interesting examples of this
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:53
comes from Australia.
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ์—์„œ์˜ ์ผ€์ด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:55
Biologists on the east coast of Australia
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ํ˜ธ์ฃผ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
09:57
were recording the songs of humpbacks in that area.
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ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
And this orange line here marks the typical songs
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์ด ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ ๋ผ์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅธ ํŠน์ •์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„
10:03
of east coast humpbacks.
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๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
In '95 they all sang the normal song.
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95๋…„๋„์—๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
10:07
But in '96 they heard a few weird songs,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ 96๋…„์ด ๋˜์ž ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ๋ €์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:09
and it turned out that these strange songs
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์€
10:12
were typical of west coast whales.
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์„œํ•ด์•ˆ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
10:14
The west coast calls became more and more popular,
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์„œํ•ด์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ ์  ๋” ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ
10:17
until by 1998,
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1998๋…„์ด ๋˜์ž,
10:19
none of the whales sang the east coast song; it was completely gone.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ๋™ํ•ด์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
They just sang the cool new west coast song.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„œํ•ด์•ˆ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ถˆ๋ €์ง€์š”.
10:24
It's as if some new hit style
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ƒˆ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์ด ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฉฐ
10:26
had completely wiped out
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์˜ˆ์ „ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ
10:28
the old-fashioned style before,
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์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด
10:30
and with no golden oldies stations.
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์˜ฌ๋“œ์†ก ๋ฐฉ์†ก๊ตญ๋„ ์—†์–ด์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์„ธ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์ง€์š”.
10:32
Nobody sang the old ones.
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๊ทธ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋„ ์˜›๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
10:35
I'd like to briefly just show what the ocean does to these calls.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
Now you are listening to a recording made by Chris Clark,
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ํด๋ฝ์ด 0.2 ๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
10:41
0.2 miles away from a humpback.
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ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋…น์Œํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
You can hear the full frequency range. It's quite loud.
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์ „์ฒด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ์ฃ . ๊ฝค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:47
You sound very nearby.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์„œ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
10:49
The next recording you're going to hear
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ์Œ์„ฑ์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€
10:51
was made of the same humpback song
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50๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
10:53
50 miles away.
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๋…ธ๋ž˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
That's shown down here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ‘์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:57
You only hear the low frequencies.
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์ €์ฃผํŒŒ๋งŒ ๋“ค์œผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
You hear the reverberation
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์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”
11:01
as the sound travels over long-range in the ocean
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž”ํ–ฅ์ด
11:03
and is not quite as loud.
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๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
Now after I play back these humpback calls,
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฐ ํ›„์—,
11:09
I'll play blue whale calls, but they have to be sped up
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ํฐ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฑด๋ฐ,
11:12
because they're so low in frequency
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์ฃผํŒŒ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•„ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์งˆ ์•Š์œผ๋‹ˆ
11:14
that you wouldn't be able to hear it otherwise.
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์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ ์žฌ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Here's a blue whale call at 50 miles,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ๊ธด์ˆ˜์—ผ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ 50๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
11:18
which was distant for the humpback.
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๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฐ, ํ˜น๊ณ ๋ž˜์—๊ฒ ๋จผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
11:20
It's loud, clear -- you can hear it very clearly.
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์•„์ฃผ ํฌ๊ณ , ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค -- ๋งค์šฐ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
11:23
Here's the same call recorded from a hydrophone
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์ด๊ฑด 500๋งˆ์ผ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์ฒญ์Œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋…น์Œํ•œ
11:26
500 miles away.
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๋™์ผํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
There's a lot of noise, which is mostly other whales.
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๋งŽ์€ ์žก์Œ์ด ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
11:31
But you can still hear that faint call.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
Let's now switch and think about
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์ด์ œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด
11:36
a potential for human impacts.
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:38
The most dominant sound that humans put into the ocean
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ท์†์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
11:41
comes from shipping.
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๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
This is the sound of a ship,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ๋ฐ,
11:45
and I'm having to talk a little louder to talk over it.
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์ œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ข€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
Imagine that whale listening from 500 miles.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ 500๋งˆ์ผ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:50
There's a potential problem that maybe
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋น„์ถ”์–ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ
11:52
this kind of shipping noise would prevent whales
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์„œ๋กœ ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์—
11:54
from being able to hear each other.
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ํฐ ๋ฐฉํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Now this is something that's been known for quite a while.
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๋‹ค์Œ์€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
This is a figure from a textbook on underwater sound.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šด๋“œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
And on the y-axis
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Y ์ถ•์—๋Š”
12:03
is the loudness of average ambient noise in the deep ocean
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์ˆ˜์ค‘ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž”์ž”ํ•œ ์†Œ์Œ๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์น˜๊ฐ€
12:06
by frequency.
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์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜์™€ ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
12:08
In the low frequencies, this line indicates
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์ €์ฃผํŒŒ์— ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ผ์ธ์€
12:11
sound that comes from seismic activity of the earth.
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์ง€์ง„์— ์ดํ•œ ์ง€๊ตฌ๋ณ€๋™์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
Up high, these variable lines
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์œ„์—, ์ด ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ผ์ธ์€
12:16
indicate increasing noise in this frequency range
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๋†’์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผํŒŒ๊ฐ€
12:19
from higher wind and wave.
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์ปค์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
But right in the middle here where there's a sweet spot,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์— ๋ˆˆ์—๋„๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
12:24
the noise is dominated by human ships.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†Œ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
Now think about it. This is an amazing thing:
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
That in this frequency range where whales communicate,
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€
12:31
the main source globally, on our planet, for the noise
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์†Œ์Œ์„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์€
12:34
comes from human ships,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
12:36
thousands of human ships, distant, far away,
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๋ฐฐ์—์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์—ฌ
12:39
just all aggregating.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
The next slide will show what the impact this may have
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๋‹ค์Œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:44
on the range at which whales can communicate.
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์–ผ๋งŒํผ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
So here we have the loudness of a call at the whale.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์Œํ–ฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
And as we get farther away,
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์ ์  ๋ฉ€์–ด์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก,
12:51
the sound gets fainter and fainter.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Now in the pre-industrial ocean, as we were mentioning,
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ „์˜ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์—์„œ๋Š”, ์•„๊นŒ ์–˜๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
12:56
this whale call could be easily detected.
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์ด ๊ณ ๋ž˜์˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
It's louder than noise
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์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„
13:00
at a range of a thousand kilometers.
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๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์ง€์š”.
13:02
Let's now take that additional increase in noise
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์ด์ œ ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ์Œ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ
13:05
that we saw comes from shipping.
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๋“ค์–ด๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
13:07
All of a sudden, the effective range of communication
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๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ฒœ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ž˜ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
13:09
goes from a thousand kilometers to 10 kilometers.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” 10 km ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฑ„ ์•ˆ๋ผ์•ผ ๋“ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Now if this signal is used for males and females
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ปท๊ณผ ์•”์ปท๋“ค์ด
13:14
to find each other for mating and they're dispersed,
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
13:17
imagine the impact this could have
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์ตœ๊ทผ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
13:19
on the recovery of endangered populations.
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์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:22
Whales also have contact calls
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ด๋“ค๋„
13:24
like I described for the dolphins.
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์—ฐ๋ฝํ• ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:27
I'll play the sound of a contact call used
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ• ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”
13:29
by right whales to stay in touch.
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ํ˜ธ์ถœ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:31
And this is the kind of call that is used by,
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์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์–ด๋ฏธ์™€
13:33
say, right whale mothers and calves
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ
13:35
as they separate to come back again.
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๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ๋•Œ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:37
Now imagine -- let's put the ship noise in the picture.
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋ฐฐ ํ•œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
13:39
What's a mother to do
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์—†๊ณ 
13:41
if the ship comes by and her calf isn't there?
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๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ฉด ์–ด๋ฏธ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
13:43
I'll describe a couple strategies.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ „๋žต๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
One strategy is if your call's down here,
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์•„๋ž˜์žˆ๊ณ ,
13:48
and the noise is in this band,
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์†Œ์Œ์ด ์ด ์ฃผํŒŒ๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด,
13:50
you could shift the frequency of your call out of the noise band
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์†Œ์Œ ์ฃผํŒŒ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์›€์ง์ด๋ฉด์„œ
13:53
and communicate better.
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์†Œํ†ต์„ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Susan Parks of Penn State has actually studied this.
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ํŽœ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž” ํŒ์Šค๋Š”
13:58
She's looked in the Atlantic. Here's data from the South Atlantic.
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๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์—์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
Here's a typical South Atlantic contact call from the '70s.
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70๋…„๋Œ€ ๋‚จ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ ธ๋˜ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:04
Look what happened by 2000 to the average call.
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2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
14:07
Same thing in the North Atlantic,
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๋ถ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘์—์„œ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ,
14:09
in the '50s versus 2000.
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50๋…„๋Œ€ ๋Œ€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:11
Over the last 50 years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 50๋…„๋™์•ˆ
14:13
as we've put more noise into the oceans,
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์–‘์— ๋“ค๋ ค์ฃผ์—ˆ์„๋•Œ,
14:15
these whales have had to shift.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
It's as if the whole population had to shift
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด
14:19
from being basses to singing as a tenor.
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๋ฒ ์ด์Šค์—์„œ ํ…Œ๋„ˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๋“ฏ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
14:22
It's an amazing shift, induced by humans
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
14:24
over this large scale,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
14:26
in both time and space.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑด ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
And we now know that whales can compensate for noise
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ์ด ์†Œ์Œ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
14:30
by calling louder, like I did when that ship was playing,
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์ฃ , ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐˆ๋•Œ
14:33
by waiting for silence
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๊ณ ์š”ํ•ด ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€,
14:35
and by shifting their call out of the noise band.
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์ฃผํŒŒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋„˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
14:38
Now there's probably costs to calling louder
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
14:40
or shifting the frequency away from where you want to be,
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์Œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€๋•Œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ถ„๋ช… ์žˆ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
and there's probably lost opportunities.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋“ค์„ ๋†“์น  ๋•Œ๋„ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๊ตฌ์š”.
14:44
If we also have to wait for silence,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ญ์‹œ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ 
14:46
they may miss a critical opportunity to communicate.
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์กฐ์šฉํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:49
So we have to be very concerned
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์Œ๋“ค์ด
14:51
about when the noise in habitats
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์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:53
degrades the habitat enough
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๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:55
that the animals either have to pay too much to be able to communicate,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•„์•ผํ•˜๊ณ 
14:58
or are not able to perform critical functions.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
It's a really important problem.
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์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
And I'm happy to say that there are several
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ
15:05
very promising developments in this area,
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์ „๋ง์ด ๋‚˜์˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
looking at the impact of shipping on whales.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:11
In terms of the shipping noise,
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ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑด์€,
15:13
the International Maritime Organization of the United Nations
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ•ด์–‘ ์กฐ์ง ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ
15:16
has formed a group whose job is to establish
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ํ•จ์„  ๋ฐฉ์Œ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
15:19
guidelines for quieting ships,
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ํ•ด์–‘ ์‚ฐ์—… ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:21
to tell the industry how you could quiet ships.
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์†Œ์Œ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
And they've already found
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋˜ํ•œ
15:25
that by being more intelligent about better propeller design,
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ํ”„๋กœํŽ ๋Ÿฌ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์Œ์„ 90ํผ์„ผํŠธ
15:28
you can reduce that noise by 90 percent.
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์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:31
If you actually insulate and isolate
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๋ฐฐ ์„ ์ฑ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐฉ์Œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ
15:34
the machinery of the ship from the hull,
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ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉด ์†Œ์Œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜
15:36
you can reduce that noise by 99 percent.
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99 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
So at this point, it's primarily an issue of cost and standards.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ๋น„์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ฃผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
15:42
If this group can establish standards,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•ด์–‘ ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„
15:44
and if the shipbuilding industry adopts them for building new ships,
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์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ ๋ฐ•ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ด ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
15:47
we can now see a gradual decline
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๊ณง ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š”
15:49
in this potential problem.
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ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:51
But there's also another problem from ships that I'm illustrating here,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
15:54
and that's the problem of collision.
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
This is a whale that just squeaked by
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•จ์„ ๊ณผ
15:59
a rapidly moving container ship and avoided collision.
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๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ํ”ผํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
But collision is a serious problem.
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๊ณ ๋ž˜์™€ ํ•จ์„ ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
Endangered whales are killed every year by ship collision,
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ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:07
and it's very important to try to reduce this.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋“ค์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆ™์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
I'll discuss two very promising approaches.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:13
The first case comes from the Bay of Fundy.
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์ฒซ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” ํŽ€๋””๋งŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
These black lines mark shipping lanes
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์ด ๊ฒ€์€์„ ์€ ํŽ€๋””๋งŒ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”
16:17
in and out of the Bay of Fundy.
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ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:19
The colorized area
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ‰์น ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€
16:21
shows the risk of collision for endangered right whales
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๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:24
because of the ships moving in this lane.
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์ด ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
16:26
It turns out that this lane here
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์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ์‹œ์ฆŒ์—๋Š” ์ด ํ•ญ๋กœ๊ฐ€
16:29
goes right through a major feeding area of right whales in the summer time,
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์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์˜์–‘ ๋ณด๊ธ‰ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:32
and it makes an area of a significant risk of collision.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์ด ์ถฉ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ˆœ์œ„ 1์œ„ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:35
Well, biologists
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
16:37
who couldn't take no for an answer
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๋ถˆ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
16:39
went to the International Maritime Organization
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ•ด์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ฐพ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
16:41
and petitioned them to say,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์ฒญํ•˜์˜€์ฃ :
16:43
"Can't you move that lane? Those are just lines on the ground.
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"ํ•ญ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‚˜์š”? ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋•… ์œ„์— ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง„ ์„  ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
16:45
Can't you move them over to a place
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์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ
16:47
where there's less of a risk?"
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์˜ฎ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?"
16:49
And the International Maritime Organization responded very strongly,
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๊ตญ์ œ ํ•ด์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
16:51
"These are the new lanes."
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒˆ ํ•ญ๋กœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
16:53
The shipping lanes have been moved.
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ํ•จ์„ ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ๋กœ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
16:55
And as you can see, the risk of collision is much lower.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:58
So it's very promising, actually.
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฐ€๋ง์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:00
We can be very creative about thinking
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์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ
17:02
of different ways to reduce these risks.
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์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
17:04
Another action which was just taken independently
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ€์ด์Šค๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ•ด์šด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
17:06
by a shipping company itself
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์‹œ๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
17:09
was initiated because of concerns the shipping company had
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐํ•˜์šฐ์Šค ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
17:12
about greenhouse gas emissions with global warming.
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๊ฒช์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:15
The Maersk Line looked at their competition
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Maersk Line ์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ƒ๋Œ€๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ
17:18
and saw that everybody who is in shipping thinks time is money.
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ํ•ด์šด์—…์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๊ผˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
They rush as fast as they can to get to their port.
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ํ•ญ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์งˆ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
17:23
But then they often wait there.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
What Maersk did is they worked ways to slow down.
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Maersk์‚ฌ๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
They could slow down by about 50 percent.
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์ด๋“ค์€ 50 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
17:30
This reduced their fuel consumption by about 30 percent,
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์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๋น„๋Ÿ‰์€ 30 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ ์ค„์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋“ค์€
17:33
which saved them money,
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๋ˆ์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
17:35
and at the same time, it had a significant benefit for whales.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
It you slow down, you reduce the amount of noise you make
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์ข€ ๋” ๋Š๊ธ‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์†Œ์Œ๋Ÿ‰๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ 
17:41
and you reduce the risk of collision.
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์ถฉ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
So to conclude, I'd just like to point out,
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๋์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด,
17:45
you know, the whales live in
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๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด
17:47
an amazing acoustic environment.
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์ฒญ๊ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
They've evolved over tens of millions of years
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
17:51
to take advantage of this.
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์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:53
And we need to be very attentive and vigilant
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ• ๋•Œ
17:56
to thinking about where things that we do
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๊ณ ์˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด
17:58
may unintentionally prevent them
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์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์จ์ฃผ๊ณ 
18:00
from being able to achieve their important activities.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์„๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
At the same time, we need to be really creative
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๋™์‹œ์—, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
18:05
in thinking of solutions to be able to help reduce these problems.
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์ค„์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
I hope these examples have shown
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด
18:10
some of the different directions we can take
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๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ตฌ์—ญ๊ณผ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐˆ ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋“ค์„
18:12
in addition to protected areas
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์ œ์‹œํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:14
to be able to keep the ocean safe for whales to be able to continue to communicate.
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๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ผœ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ์†Œํ†ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
18:17
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:19
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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