James Surowiecki: The power and the danger of online crowds

39,262 views ใƒป 2008-11-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Dr. Eitan Eliram ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:19
This was in an area called Wellawatta, a prime residential area in Colombo.
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"ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ื•ื•ืœืื•ื•ื˜ื”, ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื•.
00:23
We stood on the railroad tracks
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ืขืžื“ื ื• ืขืœ ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
00:25
that ran between my friend's house and the beach.
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ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
00:28
The tracks are elevated about eight feet from the waterline normally,
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ื”ืคืกื™ื ืžื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืจื’ืœ ืžืงื• ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™
00:31
but at that point the water had receded
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ืืš ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”
00:33
to a level three or four feet below normal.
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ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจื’ืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™
00:36
I'd never seen the reef here before.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
00:38
There were fish caught in rock pools left behind by the receding water.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืœืขื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื ืกื™ื’ืช ื”ืžื™ื
00:43
Some children jumped down and ran to the rock pools with bags.
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ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงืคืฆื• ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืจืฆื• ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืขื ืฉืงื™ื
00:47
They were trying to catch fish.
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ื“ื’ื™ื
00:49
No one realized that this was a very bad idea.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“
00:52
The people on the tracks just continued to watch them.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื
00:55
I turned around to check on my friend's house.
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ืคื ื™ืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื™
00:58
Then someone on the tracks screamed.
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ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื ืฆืจื—
01:00
Before I could turn around, everyone on the tracks was screaming and running.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื ืฆืจื— ื•ืจืฅ
01:04
The water had started coming back. It was foaming over the reef.
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ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช
01:08
The children managed to run back onto the tracks.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื
01:12
No one was lost there. But the water continued to climb.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ืœืš ืฉื ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื˜ืคืก
01:16
In about two minutes, it had reached the level of the railroad tracks
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
01:19
and was coming over it. We had run about 100 meters by this time.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืขืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืฆื ื• ื›- 100 ืžื˜ืจ
01:23
It continued to rise.
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช
01:25
I saw an old man standing at his gate, knee-deep in water, refusing to move.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ืฉ ื–ืงืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื•, ืžื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื–ื•ื–
01:30
He said he'd lived his whole life there by the beach,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
01:33
and that he would rather die there than run.
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื•ืก.
01:36
A boy broke away from his mother to run back into his house
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ื™ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ืืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจื•ืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•
01:39
to get his dog, who was apparently afraid.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ ืฉื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืคื—ื“
01:42
An old lady, crying, was carried out of her house and up the road by her son.
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ื’ื‘ืจืช ื–ืงื ื”, ื‘ื•ื›ื”, ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ื ืœืงื—ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื”.
01:47
The slum built on the railroad reservation
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ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ืขืœ ืžืชื—ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช
01:50
between the sea and the railroad tracks was completely swept away.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืคืกื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื ืกื—ืคื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
01:54
Since this was a high-risk location, the police had warned the residents,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืกื›ื ื”, ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
01:57
and no one was there when the water rose.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ืฉื”ืžื™ื ืขืœื•.
01:59
But they had not had any time to evacuate any belongings.
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ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื.
02:03
For hours afterwards, the sea was strewn with bits of wood for miles around --
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ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœื ื‘ื’ื™ื–ืจื™ ืขืฅ, ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
02:07
all of this was from the houses in the slum.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
02:10
When the waters subsided, it was as if it had never existed.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื›ื›ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•.
02:16
This may seem hard to believe --
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ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
02:18
unless you've been reading lots and lots of news reports --
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืงืจืืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
02:20
but in many places, after the tsunami, villagers were still terrified.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™, ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืขืชื™ื.
02:24
When what was a tranquil sea swallows up people, homes
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื ืจื’ื•ืข, ื‘ืœืข ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ื
02:27
and long-tail boats -- mercilessly, without warning --
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ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื ื‘, ืœืœื ืจื—ื, ืœืœื ืื–ื”ืจื”
02:29
and no one can tell you anything reliable about whether another one is coming,
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืš ืžื™ื“ืข ืืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื™ืข
02:33
I'm not sure you'd want to calm down either.
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข
02:36
One of the scariest things about the tsunami
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™
02:38
that I've not seen mentioned is the complete lack of information.
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ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื•ื–ื›ืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”
02:42
This may seem minor, but it is terrifying to hear rumor after rumor
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืืš ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื”
02:45
after rumor that another tidal wave, bigger than the last,
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ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื’ืœ ื”ืจืกื ื™, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•
02:48
will be coming at exactly 1 p.m., or perhaps tonight, or perhaps ...
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื—ืช ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืื• ืื•ืœื™....
02:53
You don't even know if it is safe to go back down to the water,
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ืืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืจื“ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื™ื
02:56
to catch a boat to the hospital.
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ืœืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:58
We think that Phi Phi hospital was destroyed.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืคืื™-ืคืื™ ื ื”ืจืก.
03:00
We think this boat is going to Phuket hospital,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื˜ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืงื˜,
03:03
but if it's too dangerous to land at its pier,
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ืืš ืื ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืœืขื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื–ื— ืฉืœื•,
03:05
then perhaps it will go to Krabi instead, which is more protected.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืœืงืจืื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ.
03:09
We don't think another wave is coming right away.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื’ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื™ื“.
03:12
At the Phi Phi Hill Resort,
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ื‘ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ืคืื™-ืคืื™
03:14
I was tucked into the corner furthest away from the television,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
03:17
but I strained to listen for information.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืืžืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”
03:19
They reported that there was an 8.5 magnitude earthquake in Sumatra,
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ื”ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ 8.5 ื‘ืกื•ืžื˜ืจื”,
03:22
which triggered the massive tsunami.
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ืฉื—ื•ืœืœื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ.
03:24
Having this news was comforting in some small way
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ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”
03:26
to understand what had just happened to us.
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืจืง ืงืจื” ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:28
However, the report focused on what had already occurred
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ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”
03:31
and offered no information on what to expect now.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:34
In general, everything was merely hearsay and rumor,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืžื•ืขื”
03:37
and not a single person I spoke to for over 36 hours
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ืืฃ ืœื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืขืžื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 36 ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:40
knew anything with any certainty.
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ื™ื“ืข ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
03:43
Those were two accounts of the Asian tsunami from two Internet blogs
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• 2 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ ืž 2 ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
03:49
that essentially sprang up after it occurred.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืฆืฆื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”.
03:52
I'm now going to show you two video segments from the tsunami
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืจืื” ืœื›ื 2 ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™
03:57
that also were shown on blogs.
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ืฉื ืจืื• ื’ื ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
03:59
I should warn you, they're pretty powerful.
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ื”ื ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื.
04:01
One from Thailand, and the second one from Phuket as well.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืชื™ืืœื ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ ืคื•ืงื˜ ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
04:05
(Screaming)
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(ืฆืขืงื”)
04:19
Voice 1: It's coming in. It's coming again.
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ืงื•ืœ 1: ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข. ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘.
04:22
Voice 2: It's coming again?
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ืงื•ืœ 2: ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘?
04:24
Voice 1: Yeah. It's coming again.
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ืงื•ืœ 1: ื›ืŸ. ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘.
04:26
Voice 2: Come get inside here.
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ืงื•ืœ 2: [ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ]
04:30
Voice 1: It's coming again. Voice 2: New wave?
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ืงื•ืœ 1: ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘. ื’ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:35
Voice 1: It's coming again. New wave!
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘.
04:40
[Unclear]
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[ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ]
04:44
(Screaming)
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(ืฆืขืงื”)
05:05
They called me out here.
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ.
05:21
James Surowiecki: Phew. Those were both on this site: waveofdestruction.org.
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ื’'ื™ืžืก ืกื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืงื™: ื•ื•ืื•, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื–ื”:
05:27
In the world of blogs, there's going to be before the tsunami and after the tsunami,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืชื” "ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™" ื•"ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™"
05:31
because one of the things that happened in the wake of the tsunami was that,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงืจื• ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื”ื™ื”
05:35
although initially -- that is, in that first day --
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ื”ื’ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืงื“ืžื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ -
05:37
there was actually a kind of dearth of live reporting, there was a dearth of live video
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื“ืื•
05:41
and some people complained about this.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
05:43
They said, "The blogsters let us down."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื›ืื™ืœื•,ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืื™ื›ื–ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื ื•
05:46
What became very clear was that,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”
05:48
within a few days, the outpouring of information was immense,
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื
05:53
and we got a complete and powerful picture of what had happened
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืœืื” ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
05:58
in a way that we never had been able to get before.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:01
And what you had was a group of essentially unorganized, unconnected
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ื•ืœื ืžืงื•ืฉืจืช
06:04
writers, video bloggers, etc., who were able to come up with
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ื“ืื•-ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
06:09
a collective portrait of a disaster that gave us a much better sense
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ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืฆืจืคื™ืช ืžืœืื”, ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ
06:13
of what it was like to actually be there than the mainstream media could give us.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืžื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
06:18
And so in some ways the tsunami can be seen as a sort of seminal moment,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ,
06:22
a moment in which the blogosphere came, to a certain degree, of age.
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ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” "ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื”" ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
06:28
Now, I'm going to move now from this kind of --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” -
06:30
the sublime in the traditional sense of the word,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื’ื‘, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”-
06:32
that is to say, awe-inspiring, terrifying -- to the somewhat more mundane.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืจืฆื™
06:37
Because when we think about blogs,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
06:39
I think for most of us who are concerned about them,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื,
06:42
we're primarily concerned with things like politics, technology, etc.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•'
06:47
And I want to ask three questions in this talk,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ 3 ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœื™
06:49
in the 10 minutes that remain, about the blogosphere.
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ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ืœื™, ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
06:53
The first one is, What does it tell us about our ideas,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:56
about what motivates people to do things?
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
06:58
The second is, Do blogs genuinely have the possibility
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ืœื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
07:02
of accessing a kind of collective intelligence
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ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
07:06
that has previously remained, for the most part, untapped?
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ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆืœืช?
07:09
And then the third part is, What are the potential problems,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื: ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
07:13
or the dark side of blogs as we know them?
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ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ, ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื?
07:17
OK, the first question:
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
07:19
What do they tell us about why people do things?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
07:21
One of the fascinating things about the blogosphere specifically,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™,
07:24
and, of course, the Internet more generally --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:27
and it's going to seem like a very obvious point,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
07:29
but I think it is an important one to think about --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• -
07:31
is that the people who are generating these enormous reams of content
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ืŸ
07:35
every day, who are spending enormous amounts of time organizing,
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ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื, ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ,
07:40
linking, commenting on the substance of the Internet,
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ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
07:43
are doing so primarily for free.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
07:46
They are not getting paid for it in any way other than in the attention and,
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘
07:50
to some extent, the reputational capital that they gain from doing a good job.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
07:55
And this is -- at least, to a traditional economist -- somewhat remarkable,
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ื•ื–ื”, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:00
because the traditional account of economic man would say that,
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื
08:04
basically, you do things for a concrete reward, primarily financial.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืกืคื™
08:09
But instead, what we're finding on the Internet --
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ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜-
08:12
and one of the great geniuses of it -- is that people have found a way
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ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”- ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš
08:16
to work together without any money involved at all.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืฉื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
08:19
They have come up with, in a sense, a different method for organizing activity.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
08:24
The Yale Law professor Yochai Benkler, in an essay called "Coase's Penguin,"
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ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ื™ื™ืœ, ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื‘ื ืงืœืจ,ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืกื”"
08:29
talks about this open-source model, which we're familiar with from Linux,
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—, ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืœื™ื ื•ืงืก
08:33
as being potentially applicable in a whole host of situations.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
08:36
And, you know, if you think about this with the tsunami,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆื•ื ืืžื™,
08:38
what you have is essentially a kind of an army of local journalists,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
08:42
who are producing enormous amounts of material
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ
08:45
for no reason other than to tell their stories.
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื.
08:47
That's a very powerful idea, and it's a very powerful reality.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช.
08:51
And it's one that offers really interesting possibilities
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ื›ื–ื• ืฉื’ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ืืžืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื ื•ืช
08:53
for organizing a whole host of activities down the road.
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ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
08:59
So, I think the first thing that the blogosphere tells us
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ืื–, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžื’ืœื” ืœื ื•
09:02
is that we need to expand our idea of what counts as rational,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™,
09:05
and we need to expand our simple equation of value equals money,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
09:09
or, you have to pay for it to be good,
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ืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:11
but that in fact you can end up with collectively really brilliant products
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ
09:14
without any money at all changing hands.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืฉื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
09:17
There are a few bloggers -- somewhere maybe around 20, now --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืืžื ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื- ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ,
09:20
who do, in fact, make some kind of money, and a few
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื”
09:23
who are actually trying to make a full-time living out of it,
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ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื” ืžื–ื”,
09:26
but the vast majority of them are doing it because they love it
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ืืš ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
09:28
or they love the attention, or whatever it is.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
09:30
So, Howard Rheingold has written a lot about this
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ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืื•ื•ืจื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
09:32
and, I think, is writing about this more,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“,
09:34
but this notion of voluntary cooperation
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืชื ื“ื‘ื•ืชื™
09:37
is an incredibly powerful one, and one worth thinking about.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
09:40
The second question is, What does the blogosphere actually do for us,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•,
09:45
in terms of accessing collective intelligence?
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช?
09:48
You know, as Chris mentioned, I wrote a book called "The Wisdom of Crowds."
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืจื™ืก ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ, ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื: "ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื"
09:51
And the premise of "The Wisdom of Crowds" is that,
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ "ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื" ื”ื™ื
09:54
under the right conditions, groups can be remarkably intelligent.
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ืฉื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
09:58
And they can actually often be smarter
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:00
than even the smartest person within them.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
10:02
The simplest example of this is if you ask a group of people
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:05
to do something like guess how many jellybeans are in a jar.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•, ืœื ื—ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช
10:09
If I had a jar of jellybeans
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช,
10:11
and I asked you all to guess how many jellybeans were in that jar,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื›ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
10:14
your average guess would be remarkably good.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืจืฉื™ื.
10:17
It would be somewhere probably within three and five percent
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ืคื•ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 3 ืœ 5 ืื—ื•ื–
10:19
of the number of beans in the jar,
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ืžื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ืช,
10:21
and it would be better than 90 to 95 percent of you.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืž 90 ืขื“ 95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื›ื.
10:26
There may be one or two of you who are brilliant jelly bean guessers,
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ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉื”ื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื,
10:29
but for the most part the group's guess
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ืืš ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™
10:32
would be better than just about all of you.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื.
10:34
And what's fascinating is that you can see this phenomenon at work
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจืชืง ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”
10:37
in many more complicated situations.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
10:40
For instance, if you look at the odds on horses at a racetrack,
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆื™-ืกื•ืกื™ื
10:43
they predict almost perfectly how likely a horse is to win.
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ื”ื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืžื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ืœื ืฆื—.
10:48
In a sense, the group of betters at the racetrack
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื”ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆื™-ืกื•ืกื™ื
10:51
is forecasting the future, in probabilistic terms.
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ืฆื•ืคื” ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืกืชื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
10:55
You know, if you think about something like Google,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
10:57
which essentially is relying on the collective intelligence of the Web
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื ืกืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช
11:01
to seek out those sites that have the most valuable information --
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:05
we know that Google does an exceptionally good job of doing that,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื’ืœ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ื›ืš
11:08
and it does that because, collectively, this disorganized thing
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
11:11
we call the "World Wide Web" actually has a remarkable order,
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื“ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:15
or a remarkable intelligence in it.
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ืื• ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.
11:18
And this, I think, is one of the real promises of the blogosphere.
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
11:21
Dan Gillmor -- whose book "We the Media"
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ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืžื•ืจ, ืฉืกืคืจื• "ืื ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื”"
11:23
is included in the gift pack --
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ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื™ื–ืช ื”ืžืชื ื” -
11:25
has talked about it as saying that, as a writer,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื›ื›ื•ืชื‘
11:28
he's recognized that his readers know more than he does.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื•
11:32
And this is a very challenging idea. It's a very challenging idea
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:35
to mainstream media. It's a very challenging idea to anyone
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ืœืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืืชื’ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“
11:37
who has invested an enormous amount of time and expertise,
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ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช
11:41
and who has a lot of energy invested in the notion
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ื•ืฉืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”
11:44
that he or she knows better than everyone else.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ.
11:49
But what the blogosphere offers is the possibility
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื”, ื–ื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
11:52
of getting at the kind of collective, distributive intelligence that is out there,
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
11:57
and that we know is available to us
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœื ื•
11:59
if we can just figure out a way of accessing it.
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ืื ืจืง ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”.
12:03
Each blog post, each blog commentary
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ื›ืœ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’, ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื” ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’
12:06
may not, in and of itself, be exactly what we're looking for,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
12:10
but collectively the judgment of those people posting, those people linking,
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ืืš ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืงืฉืจื™ื
12:15
more often than not is going to give you a very interesting
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื ืช
12:19
and enormously valuable picture of what's going on.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืจื‘ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
12:22
So, that's the positive side of it.
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ืื–, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ.
12:24
That's the positive side of what is sometimes called
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ืงืจื
12:26
participatory journalism or citizen journalism, etc. --
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ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื™ืช ืื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•"ื‘
12:31
that, in fact, we are giving people
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
12:34
who have never been able to talk before a voice,
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœ
12:37
and we're able to access information that has always been there
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื
12:40
but has essentially gone untapped.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืฆืœ.
12:43
But there is a dark side to this,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฆื“ ืืคืœ ืœื–ื”,
12:45
and that's what I want to spend the last part of my talk on.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฆืืชื™
12:48
One of the things that happens if you spend a lot of time on the Internet,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:51
and you spend a lot of time thinking about the Internet,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื‘ืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:53
is that it is very easy to fall in love with the Internet.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
12:57
It is very easy to fall in love with the decentralized,
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ
13:00
bottom-up structure of the Internet.
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ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:02
It is very easy to think that networks are necessarily good things --
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ื–ื” ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
13:07
that being linked from one place to another,
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ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืžืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
13:09
that being tightly linked in a group, is a very good thing.
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ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื–ืง ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
13:13
And much of the time it is.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
13:15
But there's also a downside to this -- a kind of dark side, in fact --
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” - ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืืคืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”
13:19
and that is that the more tightly linked we've become to each other,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื—ื–ืง ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
13:23
the harder it is for each of us to remain independent.
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ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขืฆืžืื™.
13:27
One of the fundamental characteristics of a network is that,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืžืืคื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื”
13:30
once you are linked in the network,
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ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืฉืช,
13:32
the network starts to shape your views
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ื”ืจืฉืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืžื“ื•ืชื™ืš
13:35
and starts to shape your interactions with everybody else.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืขื ื›ื•ืœื.
13:38
That's one of the things that defines what a network is.
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืจืฉืช.
13:40
A network is not just the product of its component parts.
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ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
13:44
It is something more than that.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
13:47
It is, as Steven Johnson has talked about, an emergent phenomenon.
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ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื,ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš, "ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช".
13:51
Now, this has all these benefits:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืจืฉืช ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช:
13:53
it's very beneficial in terms of the efficiency of communicating information;
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข:
13:56
it gives you access to a whole host of people;
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืš ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื:
13:59
it allows people to coordinate their activities in very good ways.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืื ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™.
14:02
But the problem is that groups are only smart
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช
14:06
when the people in them are as independent as possible.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
14:10
This is the paradox of the wisdom of crowds,
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ "ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื",
14:13
or the paradox of collective intelligence,
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ืื• ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
14:15
that what it requires is actually a form of independent thinking.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
14:20
And networks make it harder for people to do that,
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ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
14:24
because they drive attention to the things that the network values.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืจืฉืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื• ืขืจืš.
14:28
So, one of the phenomena that's very clear in the blogosphere
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ืื–, ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
14:32
is that once a meme, once an idea gets going,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื’ื™ื’, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš
14:36
it is very easy for people to just sort of pile on,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืื•ืชื•
14:39
because other people have, say, a link.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช. ื ื ื™ื—..ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ
14:42
People have linked to it, and so other people in turn link to it, etc., etc.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื•, ืื– ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ืฉืจื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'
14:45
And that phenomenon
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช
14:48
of piling on the existing links
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงื™ืžื™ื
14:51
is one that is characteristic of the blogosphere,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
14:54
particularly of the political blogosphere,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
14:57
and it is one that essentially throws off
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ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš.
15:00
this beautiful, decentralized, bottom-up intelligence
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ืกื•ื’ ื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”
15:03
that blogs can manifest in the right conditions.
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ืฉื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
15:06
The metaphor that I like to use is the metaphor of the circular mill.
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ื”ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื—.
15:10
A lot of people talk about ants.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื.
15:12
You know, this is a conference inspired by nature.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข
15:14
When we talk about bottom-up, decentralized phenomena,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”
15:17
the ant colony is the classic metaphor, because,
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ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื, ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:21
no individual ant knows what it's doing,
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื ืžืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
15:23
but collectively ants are able to reach incredibly intelligent decisions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
15:29
They're able to reach food as efficiently as possible,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”.
15:32
they're able to guide their traffic with remarkable speed.
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15:36
So, the ant colony is a great model:
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ืื– ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ื ืžืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ -
15:38
you have all these little parts that collectively add up to a great thing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:41
But we know that occasionally ants go astray,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื ืžืœื™ื ืžื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืœ.
15:45
and what happens is that, if army ants are wandering around and they get lost,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“
15:49
they start to follow a simple rule --
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืœืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ -
15:51
just do what the ant in front of you does.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืœื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
15:55
And what happens is that the ants eventually end up in a circle.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ
15:59
And there's this famous example of one that was 1,200 feet long
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš 1200 ืจื’ืœ
16:03
and lasted for two days, and the ants just kept marching around and around
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ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืกื—ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจ
16:07
in a circle until they died.
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ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชื•.
16:10
And that, I think, is a sort of thing to watch out for.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืžืคื ื™ื”ื.
16:13
That's the thing we have to fear --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื•,
16:15
is that we're just going to keep marching around and around until we die.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืกื—ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื ืžื•ืช.
16:19
Now, I want to connect this back, though, to the tsunami,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืฆื•ื ืืžื™,
16:22
because one of the great things about the tsunami --
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™
16:24
in terms of the blogosphere's coverage,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื ืชื ื” ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
16:26
not in terms of the tsunami itself --
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ืœื ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™ ืขืฆืžื•
16:28
is that it really did represent a genuine bottom-up phenomenon.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืžืœืžื˜ื”-ืœืžืขืœื”"
16:32
You saw sites that had never existed before getting huge amounts of traffic.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื”
16:35
You saw people being able to offer up their independent points of view
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
16:39
in a way that they hadn't before.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
16:41
There, you really did see the intelligence of the Web manifest itself.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
16:46
So, that's the upside. The circular mill is the downside.
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ืื–, ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ. ื˜ื—ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกืจื•ืŸ.
16:49
And I think that the former is what we really need to strive for.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืืœื™ื•
16:52
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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