How humanity can reach the stars | Philip Lubin

45,534 views ใƒป 2020-10-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Nir Tzavchon ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
We're here at the University of California, Santa Barbara
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกื ื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช:
00:15
to discuss a dream of humanity:
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00:18
the ability to exit our solar system
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
00:21
and enter another solar system.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืื—ืจืช.
00:23
And the solution is literally before your eyes.
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžืฉืžืขื• ื ืžืฆื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื.
00:27
So I have two things on me that you have -- I have a watch,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื™ ืฉื’ื ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ -- ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
00:30
and I have a flashlight,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคื ืก.
00:31
which, if it's not on you, it's on your phone.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืื—ื“.
ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืขื”,
00:34
So the watch keeps time,
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00:35
and my flashlight just illuminates my environment.
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ื•ื”ืคื ืก ืฉืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
00:39
So like art, to me, science is illuminating.
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืืžื ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:42
I want to see reality in a different way.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
00:44
When I turn on the flashlight,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคื ืก, ืœืคืชืข ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืžืชื‘ื”ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
00:46
suddenly the dark becomes bright, and I suddenly see.
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00:49
The flashlight and its light,
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ื”ืคื ืก ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื --
00:50
which you can see coming out --
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00:52
the light on my hand is not only illuminating my hand,
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”,
00:55
it's actually pushing on my hand.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื•ื—ืฅ ืขืœื™ื”.
00:56
Light carries energy and momentum.
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ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื.
00:59
So the answer is not to make a spacecraft out of a flashlight,
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ืื– ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืžืคื ืก,
01:02
by having the exhaust come out this way
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืฆื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืชื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ื --
01:04
and the spacecraft goes that way --
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01:05
that's what we do today with chemistry.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื”.
01:07
The answer is this:
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื–ืืช:
01:08
Take the flashlight and put it somewhere on the Earth,
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ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคื ืก ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
01:11
in orbit or on the Moon,
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01:12
and then shine it on a reflector,
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ืชืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ,
01:14
which propels the reflector to speeds which can approach the speed of light.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืžื ื™ืข ืืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:18
Well, how do you make a flashlight that's big enough?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง?
ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืœืื ืฉื”ื•.
01:21
This isn't going to do it,
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01:22
my hand doesn't seem to be going anywhere.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื›ื— ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ.
01:24
And that's because the force is very, very low.
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ืื– ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
01:27
So the way that you can solve this problem
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคื ืกื™ื, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
01:29
is taking many, many flashlights, which are actually lasers,
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01:31
and synchronizing them in time,
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ื•ืœืชืื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
01:33
and when you gang them all together into a gigantic array,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืจืš ืขื ืงื™,
01:37
which we call a phased array,
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ืฉืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžืขืจืš ืžื“ื•ืจื’,
01:39
you then have a sufficiently powerful system,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื—ื–ืงื”.
01:42
which, if you make it roughly the size of a city,
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ื•ืื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš,
01:44
it can push a spacecraft, which is roughly the size of your hand,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื“
01:48
to speeds which are roughly 25 percent the speed of light.
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ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื›-25% ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:53
That would enable us to get to the nearest star, Proxima Centauri,
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ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ืžื” ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื™,
01:57
which is a little over four light years away,
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ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ,
01:59
in less than 20 years.
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ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20 ืฉื ื™ื.
02:02
Initial probes would be roughly the size of your hand,
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ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื“,
02:04
and the size of the reflector that you're going to use
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ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
02:07
is going to be roughly human size,
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02:09
so not a whole lot larger than myself,
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ืื– ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื ื™, ืืœื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
02:11
but a few meters in size.
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02:13
It only uses the reflection of light from this very large laser array
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ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืžืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:19
to propel the spacecraft.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
02:21
So let's talk about this.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:23
This is a lot like sailing on the ocean.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
02:26
When you sail on the ocean, you're pushed by the wind.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก, ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—.
02:29
And the wind then drives the sail forward through the water.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืžืคืจืฉ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื™ื.
02:32
In our case, we're creating an artificial wind in space
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื•ื— ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืžืžืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ.
02:36
from this laser array,
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02:37
except the wind is actually the photons from the laser itself,
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ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืขืฆืžื•,
02:41
the light from the laser becomes the wind
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ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื˜ื™ื.
02:44
upon which we sail.
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02:45
It is a very directed light --
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ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื ื—ื” --
02:47
it's often called directed energy.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืช.
02:49
So why is this possible today,
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื?
02:50
why can we talk about going to the stars today,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:53
when 60 years ago,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื ื™ 60 ืฉื ื™ื,
02:54
when the space program began in earnest,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช,
02:57
people would have said, "That's not possible"?
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืดื–ื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ืด?
02:59
Well, the reason it's possible today has a lot to do with the consumer,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ,
03:04
and the very fact that you're watching me.
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ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™.
03:06
You're watching me over a high-speed internet,
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ืืชื ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
03:08
which is dominated by the photonics of sending data over fiber optics.
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ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ื™ื.
03:14
Photonics essentially allow the internet to exist
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ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:18
in the way it does today.
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03:19
The ability to send vast amounts of data very quickly
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
03:23
is the same technology that we're going to use
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
03:25
to send spacecraft very quickly to the stars.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:28
You effectively have an infinite supply of propellent,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืกืคืงื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง,
03:31
you can turn it on and off as needed.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื›ื ื“ืจืฉ.
03:33
You do not leave the laser array that produces the light on
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ืœื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจืš ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืžืคื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
03:38
for the entire journey.
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ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืข.
03:40
For small spacecraft, it's only on for a few minutes,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื“ืœื•ืง ืจืง ืœืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช,
03:42
and then it's like shooting a gun.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืงื“ื—.
03:46
You have a projectile which just moves ballistically.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืงืœื™ืข ืฉื ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
03:50
Even if we, as humans, are not on the spacecraft,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช,
03:53
at least we have the ability to send out such spacecraft.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช.
03:57
You want to remotely view,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืขืฆื.
03:59
or have remote imaging and remote sensing,
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04:02
of an object.
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04:04
So when we go to Jupiter, for example,
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ืื– ื›ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื“ืง, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื—ืœื™ืคื”,
04:06
with a flyby mission,
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04:08
we are taking pictures of Jupiter,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
04:10
we're measuring the magnetic field,
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04:12
the particle density,
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ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
04:13
and we're basically exploring remotely.
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04:15
The same way that you are looking at me.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื™.
04:17
And all of the current missions that are beyond the Moon
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืจื— ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื”-ืžืจื—ื•ืง.
04:20
are remote-sensing missions.
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04:22
What would we hope to find if we visited an exoplanet?
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ืžื” ื ืงื•ื•ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•?
04:25
Perhaps there's life on an exoplanet,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:28
and we would be able to see evidence of life,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื”
04:30
either through atmospheric biosignatures
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04:33
or through, you know, a dramatic picture,
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ืื• ืฉืชืžื•ื ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืชืจืื” ืžื” ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
04:35
we would be able to see something actually on the surface.
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04:37
We don't know if there's life elsewhere in the universe.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
04:40
Perhaps on the missions that we send out, we will find evidence for life,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:44
perhaps we will not.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœื.
04:46
And while economics may seem like an inappropriate thing
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืฉื ืœื ืจืื•ื™
04:49
to bring into a talk on interstellar capability,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
04:52
it is in fact one of the driving issues in achieving interstellar capability.
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
04:58
You have to get things to the point where they're economically affordable
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
05:02
to do what we want to do.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
05:03
So currently,
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ืื– ื›ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
05:05
we have systems in the lab
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05:06
which have achieved the ability to synchronize over very large scales,
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื ื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
05:11
out to about 10 kilometers or roughly six miles.
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-10 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
05:16
We've been able to achieve synchronization of laser systems,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื,
05:19
and it's worked beautifully.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
05:20
We've known how to build lasers for many decades,
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
05:25
but it's only now that the technology has gotten inexpensive enough,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ื•ืœื”,
05:29
and become mature enough
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
05:30
that we can imagine having huge arrays, literally,
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05:35
kilometer-scale arrays, much like solar farms,
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ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช,
05:39
but instead of receiving light, they transmit light.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืจ, ื”ื ื™ืฉื“ืจื• ืื•ืจ.
05:43
The beauty of this type of technology is it enables many applications,
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
05:49
not just relativistic flight for small spacecraft,
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ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื™ืกื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืงื˜ื ื”,
05:52
but enables high-speed spacecraft,
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ืืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื˜ื™ืกื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:55
high-speed flight in our solar system,
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05:57
it enables planetary defense,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช,
05:59
it enables space debris removal,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื—ืœืœ,
06:01
it enables powering of distant assets that we may want to send power to,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื•ื—,
06:07
such as spacecraft or bases on the Moon or other places.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:11
It's an extremely versatile technology,
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ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื’ื•ื ื™ืช.
06:13
it's something that humanity would want to develop
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืจืฆื” ืœืคืชื—
06:16
even if they didn't want to send spacecraft to the stars,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืœื ื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:19
because that technology allows so many applications
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื
06:22
that are currently not feasible.
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ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ื ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื.
06:24
And therefore, I feel it's an inevitable technology,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช.
06:27
because we have the ability,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
06:29
we just need to fine-tune the technology
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ืงืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืชื“ื‘ื™ืง ืคืขืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•
06:32
and in a sense, wait for economics to catch up with us
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06:35
so that it becomes cheap enough to build the large systems.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
06:38
The smaller systems are affordable now.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื” ื›ืจื’ืข.
06:41
And we've already started building prototype systems in our lab.
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
06:45
So while it's not going to happen tomorrow,
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืžื—ืจ, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš,
06:47
we've already begun the process,
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06:48
and so far, it's looking good.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื”, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:51
This is both a revolutionary program,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช,
06:54
in terms of being a transformative technology,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:58
but it's also an evolutionary program.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
07:01
So personally, I do not expect to be around
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
07:04
when the first relativistic flight happens.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืชืชืจื—ืฉ.
07:08
I think that's probably 30-plus years off before we get to that point,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช 30 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
07:12
and perhaps more.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:13
But what inspires me
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืจื” ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
07:14
is to look at the ability to achieve the final goal.
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07:18
Even if it does not happen in my lifetime,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™,
07:20
it can happen in the lifetime of the next generation
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
07:23
or the generation beyond that.
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ืื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•.
07:25
The consequences are so transformative
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ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื
07:28
that we literally, in my opinion, must go down this path,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืืช,
07:31
and must explore what the limitations are,
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
07:33
and then how do we overcome the limitations.
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ื•ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
07:36
The search for life on other planets
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ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
07:37
would be one of humanity's foremost explorations,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
07:42
and if we're able to do so,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ,
07:44
and actually find life on another planet,
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07:46
it would change humanity forever.
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ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื“.
07:48
Everything is profound in life.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืžื™ืง.
07:50
If you look deep enough,
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื•ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:51
you'll find something incredibly complex and interesting and beautiful in life.
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07:57
And the same is true with the lowly photon
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
07:59
that we use to see every day.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช.
08:03
But when we look outside and we imagine something vastly greater,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ,
ืžืขืจืš ืœื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืชื•ืืžื™ื,
08:08
an array of lasers that are synchronized,
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08:11
we could imagine things which are just extraordinary in life.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื™ืืžื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
08:15
And the ability to go to another star
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
08:17
is one of those extraordinary capabilities.
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08:21
(Birds chirping)
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(ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืฆื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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