Paul MacCready: Flying on solar wings

223,143 views ใƒป 2007-10-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Livne Tslil ืžื‘ืงืจ: eviatar edlerman
00:27
I am known best for human-powered flight,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ืื“ื,
00:32
but that was just one thing that got me going
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš
00:37
in the sort of things that I'm working in now.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:41
As a youngster, I was very interested in model airplanes,
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ื›ื ืขืจ, ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื,
00:47
ornithopters, autogyros, helicopters, gliders, power planes,
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ืžืกื•ืงื™ื, ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืคื˜ืจื™ื, ื“ืื•ื ื™ื, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
00:53
indoor models, outdoor models, everything,
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ื“ื’ืžื™ ืคื ื™ื, ื“ื’ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฅ-- ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
00:56
which I just thought was a lot of fun,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฃ,
00:59
and wondered why most other people didn't share my same enthusiasm with them.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืœืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
01:07
And then, navy pilot training, and, after college,
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ื•ืื–, ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืก, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
01:13
I got into sailplane flying, power plane flying,
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื˜ืกืช ื“ืื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืกืช ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
01:17
and considered the sailplanes as a sort of hobby and fun,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืื•ื ื™ื ื›ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื›ื›ื™ืฃ,
01:25
but got tangled up with some great professor types,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:29
who convinced me and everybody else in the field
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ืฉืฉื™ื›ื ืขื• ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื,
01:34
that this was a good way to get into really deep science.
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ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื“ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืžื•ืง.
01:39
While this was all going on, I was in the field of weather modification,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
01:45
although getting a Ph.D. in aeronautics.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:49
The weather modification subject was getting started,
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืืžืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
01:53
and as a graduate student,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
01:55
I could go around to the various talks that were being given,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื•
01:59
on a hitchhiker ride to the East Coast,
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ืขืœ ื ืกื™ืขืช ื˜ืจืžืคื™ืกื˜ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™,
02:01
and so on. And everybody would talk to me,
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ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืชื™,
02:04
but all the professionals in the field hated each other,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื ืื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:07
and they wouldn't communicate. And as a result,
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ื•ืœื ืชืงืฉืจื• ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
02:10
I got the absolutely unique background in that field,
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ืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
02:15
and started a company, which did more research
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืงืจ
02:19
in weather modification than anybody,
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ื‘ื”ืชืืžืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื,
02:23
and there are a lot of things that I just can't go into.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื”ื.
02:29
But then, 1971 started AeroVironment, with no employees --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘- 1971 ื”ืงืžืชื™ ืืช ืื™ืจื•ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
02:35
then one or two, three,
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ื•ืื– ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”,
02:37
and sort of fumbled along on trying to get interesting projects.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:41
We had AirDynamisis,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”
02:43
who, like I, did not want to work for aerospace companies
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื—ืœืœ
02:48
on some big, many year project,
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ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืจื•ืš,
02:52
and so we did our small projects, and the company slowly grew.
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ืื– ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜.
03:01
The thing that is exciting was, in 1976,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื”, ืฉื‘- 1976,
03:06
I suddenly got interested in the human-powered airplane
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ืื“ื
03:11
because I'd made a made a loan to a friend of 100,000 dollars,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจ 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
03:15
or I guaranteed the money at the bank.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ืง.
03:17
He needed them -- he needed the money for starting a company.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš-- ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื‘ืจื”.
03:21
The company did not succeed, and he couldn't pay the money back,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
03:24
and I was the guarantor of the note. So, I had a $100,000 debt,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื”. ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
03:29
and I noticed that the Kramer prize for human-powered flight,
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ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืคืจืก ืงืจื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืื“ื,
03:35
which had then been around for -- (Laughter) --
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ืฉื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
03:39
17 years at the time, was 50,000 pounds,
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17 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” 50,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜,
03:42
which, at the exchange rate, was just about 100,000 dollars.
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ืฉื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”- 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
03:46
So suddenly, I was interested in human-powered flight --
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ืื– ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขื•ืช ืื“ื,
03:49
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:52
and did not -- the way I approached it, first,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืฉื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:58
thinking about ways to make the planes,
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก
04:01
was just like they'd been doing in England, and not succeeding,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•,
04:06
and I gave it up. I figured, nah, there isn't any simple, easy way.
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ืื– ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ , ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”,
04:10
But then, got off on a vacation trip, and was studying bird flight,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื”, ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืชืขื•ืคืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
04:16
just for the fun of it,
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ,
04:18
and you can watch a bird soaring around in circles,
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืคื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื,
04:21
and measure the time, and estimate the bank angle,
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ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”,
04:25
and immediately, figure out its speed,
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืชื”,
04:28
and the turning radius, and so on,
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ื•ืืช ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“,
04:31
which I could do in the car, as we're driving along on a vacation trip --
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืกืขื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ,
04:36
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:38
with my three sons, young sons, helping me,
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ืขื ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
04:42
but ridiculing the whole thing very much.
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฆื•ื—ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:46
But that began thinking about how birds went around,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ,
04:51
and then how airplanes would, how hang gliders would fly,
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ื•ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื-- ืื™ืš ื’ื™ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืขื•ืคื•,
04:58
and then other planes,
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ื•ืื– ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
05:00
and the idea of the Gossamer-Condor-type airplane quickly emerged,
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ื•ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื’ื•ืกืžื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจ,
05:06
was so logical, one should have thought of it in the first place,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื,
05:09
but one didn't. And it was just, keep the weight down --
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื ืžื•ืš.
05:13
70 pounds was all it weighed -- but let the size swell up, like a hang glider,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืœ ืจืง 31.7 ืง"ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืชื ื• ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ,
05:20
but three times the span, three times the cord.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื, ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื ืฃ,
05:22
You're down to a third of the speed, a third of the power,
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:25
and a good bicyclist can put out that power, and that worked,
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ื•ืจื•ื›ื‘ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•, ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“.
05:32
and we won the prize a year later.
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ื•ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
05:37
We didn't -- a lot of flying, a lot of experiments, a lot of things that didn't work,
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ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื•-- ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืกื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื“ื•,
05:43
and ones that did work, and the plane kept getting a little better, a little better.
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ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื•, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงืฆืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจ, ืงืฆืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
05:48
Got a good pilot, Brian Allen, to operate it,
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื™ื™ืืŸ ืืœืŸ, ืฉื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•,
05:51
and finally, succeeded. But unfortunately,
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ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ,
05:55
about 65,000 dollars was spent on the project.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 65,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ื•ืฆืื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
05:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:01
And there was only about 30 to help retire the debt.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ืจืง ื›- 30,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื‘.
06:05
But fortunately, Henry Kramer, who put up the prize for --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื–ืœื™, ื”ื ืจื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคืจืก ืขืœ--
06:09
that was a one-mile flight -- put up a new prize
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื™ืกืช 1.6 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ื”ืฆื™ืข ืขื•ื“ ืคืจืก
06:11
for flying the English Channel, 21 miles.
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ืœื˜ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, 33.7 ืง"ืž,
06:14
And he thought it would take another 18 years for somebody to win that.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืขื•ื“ 18 ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
06:18
We realized that if you just cleaned up our Gossamer Condor a little bit,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ืจืง ื ื ืงื” ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืกืžื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
06:24
the power to fly would be decreased a little bit,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื™ืงื˜ืŸ,
06:28
and if you decrease the power required a little,
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ, ืงืฆืช,
06:31
the pilot can fly a much longer period of time.
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ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืก ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
06:34
And Brian Allen was able, in a miraculous flight,
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ื•ื‘ืจื™ื™ืืŸ ืืœืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžื•ืคืœืื”,
06:38
to get the Gossamer Albatross across the English Channel,
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ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื’ื•ืกืžื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื˜ืจื•ืก,
06:42
and we won the 100,000-pound, 200,000-dollar prize for that.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจืก- 100,000 ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜, 200,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
06:49
And when all expenses were paid, the debt was handled, and everything was fine.
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ื•ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœืžื•, ื”ื—ื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
06:57
It turned out that giving the planes to the museum
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžืชืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ
07:00
was worth much more than the debt,
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื—ื•ื‘,
07:04
so for five years, six years, I only had to pay one third income tax.
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฉืš 5, 6 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืก ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
07:11
So, there were good economic reasons for the project, but --
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ืื– ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืื‘ืœ--
07:16
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:19
that's not, well, the project was done entirely for economic reasons,
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ื–ื” ืœื-- ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
07:26
and we have not been involved in any human-powered flight since then --
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ื˜ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉืช ืžืื–
07:30
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:32
because the prizes are all over.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืชืช ืคืจืกื™ื,
07:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:37
But that sure started me thinking about various things,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืš ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:41
and immediately, we began making a solar-powered plane
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื•ืœืืจื™
07:46
because we felt solar power was going to be so important
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ืจื’ื™ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
07:49
for the country and the world,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืœืขื•ืœื,
07:51
we didn't want the small funding in the government to be decreased,
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ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื™ืงื˜ื ื•,
07:56
which is what the government was trying to do with it.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื,
07:58
And we thought a solar-powered plane wouldn't really make sense,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื•ืœืืจื™, ืœื ื‘ืืžืช, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
08:03
but you could do it and it would get a lot of publicity for solar power
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™
08:07
and maybe help that field.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื.
08:09
And that project continued, did succeed,
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ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš, ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—,
08:13
and we then got into other projects in aviation
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืขื•ืคื”
08:19
and mechanical things and ground devices.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ ืงืจืงืข.
08:27
But while this was going on,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืงืจื”,
08:30
in 1982, I got a prize from the Lindbergh Foundation --
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ื‘- 1982, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืจืก ืžืงืจืŸ ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’--
08:35
their annual prize --
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ื”ืคืจืก ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ื--
08:37
and I had to prepare a paper on it,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
08:41
which collected all my varied thoughts
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ืฉื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
08:44
and varied interests over the years.
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ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.
08:46
This was the one chance that I had to focus on what I, really, was after,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื”,
08:51
and what was important. And to my surprise,
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘. ื•ืœื”ืคืชืขืชื™,
08:55
I realized the importance of environmental issues,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื,
09:00
which Charles Lindbergh devoted the last third of his life to,
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ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืฆ'ืจืœืก ืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื’ ืืช ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
09:05
and preparing that paper did me a lot of good.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืœื™ ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:11
I thought back about if I was a space traveler,
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ
09:14
and came and visited Earth every 5,000 years.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ืœ 5,000 ืฉื ื”,
09:17
And for a few thousand visits, I would see the same thing every time,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
09:24
the little differences in the Earth.
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ืจืง ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
09:26
But this last time, just coming round, right now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ, ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
09:30
suddenly, there'd be huge changes in the environment,
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ืคืชืื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
09:35
in the concentration of people,
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ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ,
09:38
and it was just unbelievable, the amount of -- all the change in it.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืื•ืžืŸ, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ-- ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
09:50
I wanted to -- well, one of the biggest changes is, 200 years ago,
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ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™-- ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื”,
09:55
we began using coal from underground, which has a lot of pollution,
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื—ื ืžืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”, ืฉื–ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื”,
10:01
and 100 years ago, began getting gasoline from underground,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ 100 ืฉื ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืžืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”,
10:05
with a lot of pollution. And gasoline consumption, or production,
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืœืง-- ืื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
10:11
will reach its limit in about ten years, and then go down,
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ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืจืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื– ื™ื™ืจื“ื•,
10:16
and we wonder what's going to happen with transportation.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขื ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
10:22
I wanted to show the slide --
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช--
10:25
this slide, I think, is the most important one any of you will see, ever, because --
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ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชืจืื•, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ
10:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:36
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:39
it shows nature versus humans, and goes from 1850 to 2050.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืž- 1850 ื•ืขื“ ืœ- 2050,
10:46
And so, the year 2000, you see there.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื ื” 2,000, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื,
10:49
And this is the weight of all air and land vertebrates.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
10:54
Humans and muskrats and giraffes and birds and so on, are --
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื ื‘ืจื ื™ื, ื•ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช, ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
10:59
the red line goes up. That's the humans and livestock and pets portion.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ืขื•ืœื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื‘ืงืจ , ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื“.
11:06
The green line goes down. That's the wild nature portion.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื•ืจื“, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
11:10
Humans, livestock and pets are, now, 98 percent of the total world's mass
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ื”ื, ื›ื™ื•ื, 98% ืžื”ืžืกื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ
11:16
of vertebrates on land and air.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
11:19
And you don't know what the future will hold,
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ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•,
11:22
but it's not going to get a lower percentage.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
11:26
Ten thousand years ago, the humans and livestock and pets
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“
11:30
were not even one tenth of one percent
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืื—ื•ื–
11:32
and wouldn't even have been visible on such a curve.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื›ื–ื”,
11:36
Now they are 98 percent, and it, I think, shows human domination of the Earth.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื 98%, ื•ื–ื”-- ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:47
I give a talk to some remarkable high school students each summer,
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ืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ,
11:54
and ask them, after they've asked me questions,
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
11:57
and I give them a talk and so on. Then I ask them questions.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืจืฆื” ืœื”ื. ืื– ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื ืฉืืœื•ืช.
12:01
What's the population of the Earth?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
12:03
What's the population of the Earth going to be
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ืžื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืชื”ื™ื”
12:05
when you're the age of your parents?
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?
12:07
Which I'd never, really -- they had never, really, thought about
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืืฃ ืคืขื
12:09
but, now, they think about it.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
12:11
And then, what population of the Earth would be an equilibrium
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ื•ืื–, ืžื” ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช
12:18
that could continue on, and be for 2050, 2100, 2150?
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš, ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ 2050, 2100, 2150?
12:24
And they form little groups, all fighting with each other,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:27
and when I leave, two hours later,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื–ื‘, ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
12:29
most of them are saying about 2 billion people,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:33
and they don't have any clue about how to get down to 2 billion,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
12:38
nor do I, but I think they're right and this is a serious problem.
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ื’ื ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
12:46
Rachel Carson was thinking of these, and came out with "Silent Spring," way back.
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ืจื™ื™ืฆ'ืœ ื›ืจืกื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช "ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื", ืžื–ืžืŸ.
12:53
"Solar Manifesto" by Hermann Scheer, in Germany,
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"ืžื ื™ืคืกื˜ ืกื•ืœืืจื™" ืžืืช ื”ืจืžืŸ ืกืฆ'ื™ืจ, ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”,
12:57
claims all energy on Earth can be derived, for every country,
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ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ืฆืจ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
13:02
from solar energy and water, and so on.
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ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“,
13:10
You don't need to dig down for these chemicals,
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:13
and we can do things much more efficiently.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
13:17
Let's have the next slide.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”.
13:19
So this just summarizes it. "Over billions of years,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืกื›ื ืืช ื–ื”, "ืœืื•ืจืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:22
on a unique sphere, chance has painted a thin covering of life --
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื–ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื“ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
13:25
complex and probable, wonderful and fragile.
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ื ืคืœืื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื.
13:28
Suddenly, we humans, a recently arrived species,
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ืคืชืื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ืข ืฆืฅ,
13:31
no longer subject to the checks and balances inherent in nature,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข,
13:35
have grown in population, technology and intelligence
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ื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”
13:38
to a position of terrible power. We, now, wield the paintbrush."
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ืœืขืžื“ื” ืขื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืกื ื™. ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข."
13:42
We're in charge. It's frightening.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
13:46
And I do a painting every 20 or 25 years. This is the last one.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื›ืœ 20 ืื• 25 ืฉื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
13:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:53
And [it] shows the Earth in a time flag: on the right,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
13:57
in trilobites and dinosaurs and so on;
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ื˜ืจื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“,
14:00
and over the triangle, we now get to civilization and TV
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉื•ืœืฉ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
14:05
and traffic jams and so on.
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ื•ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
14:07
I have no idea of what comes next,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื‘ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
14:10
so I just used robotic and natural cockroaches as the future,
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ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื’'ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
14:15
as a little warning.
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ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื–ื”ืจื”,
14:17
And two weeks after this drawing was done,
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ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
14:20
we actually had our first project contract, at AeroVironment,
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื‘ืืžืช, ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื—ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
14:24
on robotic cockroaches, which was very frightening to me.
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ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืงื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืคื—ื™ื“.
14:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:31
(Paper rustling)
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(ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ)
14:34
Well, that'll be all the slides.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื•--
14:41
As time went on, we stopped our environmental programs.
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ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื•,
14:44
We focused more on the really serious energy problems
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ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช
14:49
of the future, and we produced products for the company.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
14:56
And we developed the impact car that General Motors made,
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื ืจืœ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจืก,
15:01
the EV1, out of --
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ื”- EV1.
15:04
and got the Air Resources Board to have the regulations
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืœื•ื— ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืงื ื•ืช
15:11
that stimulated the electric cars, but they've since come apart.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืื– ื”ื ื”ืชืคืจืงื•,
15:15
And we've done a lot of things, small drone airplanes and so on.
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ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
15:22
I have a Helios. We have the first video.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืœื™ื•ืก-- ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ--
15:29
(Video) Narrator: With a wingspan of 247 feet, this makes her larger than a Boeing 747.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืขื ืื•ืจืš ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœ 75 ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’ 747.
15:34
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
15:43
Her designers' attention to detail and her construction
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”,
15:46
gives Helios' structure the flexibility and strength
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืœื™ื•ืก ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—
15:49
to deal with the turbulence encountered in the atmosphere.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืœืช ื‘ื• ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
15:52
This enables her to easily ride through the air currents
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—
15:55
as if she's sliding along on the ocean waves.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืœืฉืช ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก.
15:58
Paul MacCready: The wings could touch together on top and not break. We think.
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ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื™ื“ื™: ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืขืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉื‘ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
16:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:06
Narrator: And Helios now begins the process of turning her back to the sun,
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืœื™ื•ืก ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
16:09
to maximize the power from her solar array.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืงืกื ืืช ืงืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
16:12
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
16:20
As the sky gets darker, and the outside air temperatures drop
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืฆื•ื ื—ืช
16:24
below minus 100 degrees Fahrenheit,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœ- 37 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
16:27
the most environmentally hostile segment of Helios's journey
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื•ืก
16:30
has gone by without notice,
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ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘,
16:32
except for being recorded by specially designed data acquisition systems
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
16:36
and their associated sensors.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื”ื.
16:39
Approaching a peak radar altitude of 96,863 feet,
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ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 29,523 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
16:44
at 4:12 p.m., Helios is standing on top of 98 percent of the Earth's atmosphere.
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ื‘- 4:12 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ืœื™ื•ืก ื ืžืฆืืช ืžืขืœ 98% ืžืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
16:49
This is more than 10,000 feet higher
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 3,048 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:52
than the previous world's altitude record held by the SR-71 Blackbird.
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ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ SR-71 Blackbird (ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”).
16:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:06
PM: That plane has many purposes, but it's aimed for communications,
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ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื™ื“ื™: ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
17:11
and it can fly so slowly that it'll just stay up at 65,000 feet.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืก ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืื˜ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 19,812 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
17:18
Eventually, it will be able to have to stay up day, night, day, night,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”,
17:21
for six months at a time, acting like the synchronous satellite,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ื›ืžื• ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
17:25
but only ten miles above the Earth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 16 ืง"ืž ืžืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
17:27
Let's have the next video. This shows the other end of the spectrum.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื‘ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
17:30
(Video) Narrator: A tiny airplane, the AV Pointer serves for surveillance.
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”- AV Pointer, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืขืงื‘,
17:33
In effect a pair of roving eyeglasses,
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ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
17:35
a cutting-edge example of where miniaturization can lead
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืœืžืชื™ ืฉื›ืœื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
17:38
if the operator is remote from the vehicle.
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ืื ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘.
17:41
It is convenient to carry, assemble, and launch by hand.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ื•ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื™ื“ื ื™.
17:44
Battery-powered, it is silent and rarely noticed.
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ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืžืกื•ืœืœื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื ื”.
17:48
It sends high-resolution video pictures back to the operator.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืงื˜ืขื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื‘ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ.
17:51
With on-board GPS, it can navigate autonomously,
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ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช (GPS), ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
17:55
and it is rugged enough to self-land without damage.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ื— ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืœื ื’ืจื™ืžืช ื ื–ืง.
17:59
PM: Okay, and let's have the next.
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ืคื•ืœ: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•--
18:01
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:05
That plane is widely used by the military, now, in all their operations.
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ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
18:10
Let's have the next video.
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืืช ืงื˜ืข ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื‘ื.
18:14
(Video) (Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
18:28
Alan Alda: He's got it, he's got it, he's got it on his head.
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ืืœืŸ ืืœื“ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
18:30
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
18:32
We're going to end our visit with Paul MacCready's flying circus
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืก ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื™ื“ื™
18:35
by meeting his son, Tyler, who, with his two brothers,
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ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืื—ื™ื•,
18:38
helped build the Gossamer Condor, 25 years ago.
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ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืกืžื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ 25 ืฉื ื™ื.
18:42
Tyler MacCready: You can chase it, like this, for hours.
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืžืงืจื™ื™ื“ื™: ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื•, ื›ื›ื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช.
18:44
AA: When they got bored with their father's project,
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ืืœืŸ: ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื”ื,
18:47
they invented an extraordinary little plane of their own.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžื˜ื•ืก ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื.
18:49
TM: And I can control it by putting the lift on one side of the wing, or on the other.
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ: ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื ืฃ, ืื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
18:54
AA: They called it their Walkalong Glider.
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ืืœืŸ: ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื• ื“ืื•ืŸ ื”"ืœืš ืื™ืชื•".
18:56
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
18:58
I've never seen anything like that.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
18:59
How old were you when you invented that?
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ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆืืช ืืช ื–ื”?
19:01
TM: Oh, 10, 11. (AA: Oh my God.)
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ: ืื”, 10, 11 (ืืœืŸ: ืื•ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื)
19:04
TM: 12, something like that. (AA: That's amazing.)
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ: 12, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” (ืืœืŸ: ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื)
19:06
PM: And Tyler's here to show you the Walkalong.
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ืคื•ืœ: ื•ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืœืš ืื™ืชื•.
19:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
19:14
TM: All right. You all got a couple of these in your gift bags,
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ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ: ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
19:18
and one of the first things,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื--
19:21
the production version seemed to dive a little bit,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื’ืจืกื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืฆื•ืœืœืช ืžื˜ื”,
19:23
and so I would just suggest you bend the wing tips up a little bit
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืฉืจืง ืชืขืงืžื• ืงืฆืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”
19:26
before you try flying it.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืื•ืชื•.
19:28
I'll give you a demonstration of how it works.
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ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“,
19:30
The idea is that it soars on the lift over your body, like a seagull soaring on a cliff.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืฃ ืฉืžืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืง,
19:36
As the wind comes up, it has to go over the cliff, so
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืง, ืื–,
19:39
as you walk through the air, it goes around your body, some has to go over you.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืขืฃ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื, ื—ืœืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ ืžืขืœ.
19:44
And so you just keep the glider positioned in that up current.
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ืื– ืืชื ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
19:47
The launch is the difficult part: you've got to hold it high up, over your head,
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ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื”, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื• ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ,
19:50
and you start walking forward, and just let go of it, and you can control it like that.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ื›ื” ืืชื, ืื•ืคืก, ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•.
19:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:58
And then also, like it said in the video,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ,
20:01
you can turn it left or right
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืื• ืฉืžืืœื”
20:03
just by putting the lift under one wing or another.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืžืชื—ืช ื›ื ืฃ ืื—ืช.
20:05
So I can do it -- oops, that was going to be a right turn.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ-- ืื•ืคืก, ื–ืืช ืขืžื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
20:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:11
Okay, this one will be a left turn.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืืœื”.
20:15
Here, but --
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ื”ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ...
20:17
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:18
anyway.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”--
20:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:23
And that's it, so you can just control it, wherever you want,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ืคื” ืฉืžืชื—ืฉืง ืœื›ื,
20:26
and it's just hours of fun. And these are no longer in production,
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฃ, ื•ืืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
20:30
so you have real collector's items.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืžืฉ ืคืจื˜ื™ ืืกืคื ื•ืช.
20:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:34
And this, we just wanted to show you --
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ื•ื–ื”, ืจืง ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื--
20:39
if we can get the video running on this, yeah --
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ื›ืŸ,
20:41
just an example of a little video surveillance.
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ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืงื˜ืข ื•ื™ื“ืื•-- ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืงื‘.
20:47
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:49
This was flying around in the party last night, and --
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืœื• ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืืชืžื•ืœ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•--
20:53
(Laughter) --
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:55
you can see how it just can fly around,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ืœื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
20:58
and you can spy on anybody you want.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื’ืœ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
21:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
21:06
And that's it. I was going to bring an airplane,
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”. ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืก,
21:08
but I was worried about hitting people in here,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื”,
21:10
so I thought this would be a little bit more gentle.
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
21:14
And that's it, yeah, just a few inventions.
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช.
21:17
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:25
All right.
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ื™ื•ืคื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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