How the West can adapt to a rising Asia | Kishore Mahbubani

522,906 views ใƒป 2019-09-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Boaz Lalo ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
About 200 years ago,
0
12698
3604
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื”,
00:16
Napoleon famously warned ...
1
16326
3591
ื ืคื•ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช.
00:21
He said, "Let China sleep,
2
21595
4339
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœืกื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
00:25
for when she wakes,
3
25958
2060
ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ,
00:28
she will shake the world."
4
28042
1750
"ื”ื™ื ืชืจืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. "
00:31
Despite this early warning,
5
31208
2768
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื–ื”ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื–ื•,
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ
00:34
the West chose to go to sleep
6
34000
3101
00:37
at precisely the moment when China and India
7
37125
4726
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืกื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•
00:41
and the rest of Asia woke up.
8
41875
2458
ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•.
00:45
Why did this happen?
9
45667
1250
ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
00:47
I'm here to address this great mystery.
10
47792
3000
ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืขืœื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:51
Now what do I mean when I say the West chose to go to sleep?
11
51750
3125
ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ?
00:55
Here I'm referring to the failure of the West
12
55750
3268
ื‘ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘
00:59
to react intelligently and thoughtfully
13
59042
4434
ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
01:03
to a new world environment that's obviously been created
14
63500
3559
ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ
01:07
by the return of Asia.
15
67083
1334
ืขื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”.
01:09
As a friend of the West I feel anguished by this,
16
69292
3726
ื›ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื•ืกืจ ืžื›ืš
01:13
so my goal to today is to try to help the West.
17
73042
3708
ืื– ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื‘.
01:17
But I have to begin the story first
18
77542
2684
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื•ื“ื
01:20
by talking about how the West actually woke up the rest of the world.
19
80250
5976
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:26
Look at chart one.
20
86250
1625
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
01:29
From the year one through the year 1820,
21
89000
5476
ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 1820,
01:34
the two largest economies of the world were always those of China and India.
22
94500
6125
ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•.
01:42
So it's only in the last 200 years that Europe took off,
23
102375
5309
ืื– ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ -200 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืจื™ืื”,
01:47
followed by North America.
24
107708
1667
ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:50
So the past 200 years of world history
25
110375
4101
ืื– 200 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
01:54
have therefore been a major historical aberration.
26
114500
4958
ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
02:00
All aberrations come to a natural end
27
120333
4018
ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™
02:04
and this is what we are seeing.
28
124375
2059
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
02:06
And if you look at chart two,
29
126458
2268
ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:08
you'll see how quickly and how forcefully
30
128750
4768
ืชืจืื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื—
02:13
China and India are coming back.
31
133542
4125
ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช.
02:18
The big question is:
32
138750
2184
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื:
02:20
Who woke up China and India?
33
140958
3209
ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•?
02:25
The only honest answer to this question is that it was Western civilization
34
145292
5476
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
02:30
that did so.
35
150792
1767
ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช.
02:32
We all know that the West was the first to successfully modernize,
36
152583
3143
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
02:35
transform itself;
37
155750
1434
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื•;
02:37
initially it used its power to colonize and dominate the world.
38
157208
4101
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:41
But over time, it shared the gifts of Western wisdom
39
161333
4768
ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืžืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
02:46
with the rest of the world.
40
166125
2059
ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:48
Let me add here that I have personally benefited
41
168208
4226
ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืชื™
02:52
from the sharing of Western wisdom.
42
172458
2601
ืžื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
02:55
When I was born in Singapore,
43
175083
2310
ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ื ื’ืคื•ืจ,
02:57
which was then a poor British colony,
44
177417
2559
ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื– ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื”,
03:00
in 1948,
45
180000
1768
ื‘ืฉื ืช 1948,
03:01
I experienced, like three-quarters of humanity then,
46
181792
4351
ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื‘ืขื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื–,
03:06
extreme poverty.
47
186167
1892
ืขื•ื ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
03:08
Indeed, on the first day when I went to school
48
188083
3226
ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ
03:11
at the age of six,
49
191333
1435
ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืฉ,
03:12
I was put in a special feeding program
50
192792
2392
ื”ื•ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื›ืœื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
03:15
because I was technically undernourished.
51
195208
4435
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชืช ืชื–ื•ื ื”
03:19
Now as you can see I'm overnourished.
52
199667
2017
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืชื–ื•ื ื”.
03:21
(Laughter)
53
201708
1976
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:23
But the greatest gift I got was that of Western education.
54
203708
5500
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
03:30
Now since I've personally traveled this journey
55
210208
4101
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื”
03:34
from third world poverty to a comfortable middle-class existence,
56
214333
6268
ืžืขื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื,
03:40
I can speak with great conviction about the impact of Western wisdom
57
220625
5059
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช
03:45
and the sharing of Western wisdom with the world.
58
225708
3518
ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:49
And one particular gift that the West shared
59
229250
3976
ื•ืžืชื ื” ืื—ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ืœืง
03:53
was the art of reasoning.
60
233250
2393
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:55
Now reasoning was not invented by the West.
61
235667
2851
ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
03:58
It's inherent in all cultures and civilizations.
62
238542
4017
ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช.
04:02
Amartya Sen has described how deeply embedded it is in Indian civilization.
63
242583
6750
ืืžืจื˜ื™ื” ืกืŸ ืชื™ืืจื” ืœืขื•ืžืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
04:10
Yet there's also no doubt
64
250292
2392
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง
04:12
that it was the West that carried the art of reasoning
65
252708
3601
ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื ืฉื ืืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ
04:16
to a much higher level.
66
256333
2518
ืœืจืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
04:18
And through the Scientific Revolution,
67
258875
1893
ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
04:20
the Enlightenment,
68
260792
1517
ื”ื”ืืจื”,
04:22
the Industrial Revolution,
69
262333
2435
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
04:24
the West really raised it forcefully,
70
264792
3809
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—,
04:28
and equally importantly used this,
71
268625
3059
ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•,
04:31
applied it to solve many major practical problems.
72
271708
5601
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช.
04:37
And the West then shared this art of applied reasoning
73
277333
4060
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืฉื™ืชืฃ ืื– ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืžืงื” ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช
04:41
with the rest of the world,
74
281417
1767
ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:43
and I can tell you that it led
75
283208
2851
ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
04:46
to what I call three silent revolutions.
76
286083
4084
ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืื™ืœืžื•ืช.
04:50
And as an Asian,
77
290958
1893
ื•ื›ืืกื™ื™ืชื™,
04:52
I can describe how these silent revolutions transformed Asia.
78
292875
6500
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืืกื™ื”.
05:00
The first revolution was in economics.
79
300500
4143
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
05:04
The main reason why so many Asian economies,
80
304667
4934
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืกื™ื”,
05:09
including the communist societies of China and Vietnam,
81
309625
4976
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืื˜ื ืื,
05:14
have performed so spectacularly well in economic development,
82
314625
4643
ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
05:19
is because they finally understood, absorbed and are implementing
83
319292
4226
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ื•ื™ื™ืฉืžื•
05:23
free market economics --
84
323542
2434
ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช -
05:26
a gift from the West.
85
326000
1268
ืžืชื ื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘.
05:27
Adam Smith was right.
86
327292
1583
ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' ืฆื“ืง.
05:29
If you let markets decide,
87
329667
2642
ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜,
05:32
productivity goes up.
88
332333
1917
ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”.
05:35
The second gift was psychological.
89
335625
3559
ื”ืžืชื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
05:39
Here too I can speak from personal experience.
90
339208
2792
ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
05:43
When I was young,
91
343708
1393
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
05:45
my mother and her generation believed
92
345125
4518
ืืžื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ื ื•
05:49
that life was determined by fate.
93
349667
3392
ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ.
05:53
You couldn't do anything about it.
94
353083
2000
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
05:56
My generation
95
356000
1934
ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™
05:57
and the generation of Asians after me,
96
357958
2726
ื•ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™,
06:00
believe that we can take charge
97
360708
2101
ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื“
06:02
and we can improve our lives.
98
362833
2084
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
06:05
And this may explain, for example,
99
365708
2060
ื•ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ืœืžืฉืœ,
06:07
the spike of entrepreneurship you see all throughout Asia today.
100
367792
5934
ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืกื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
06:13
And if you travel through Asia today,
101
373750
2851
ื•ืื ืืชื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืืกื™ื”,
06:16
you will also see the results of the third revolution:
102
376625
6559
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช:
06:23
the revolution of good governance.
103
383208
4185
ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:27
Now as a result of good governance --
104
387417
3101
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืžืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ -
06:30
travel in Asia,
105
390542
1392
ืื ืชื˜ื™ื™ืœื• ื‘ืืกื™ื”,
06:31
you see better health care,
106
391958
2143
ืชืจืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
06:34
better education,
107
394125
1934
ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:36
better infrastructure,
108
396083
2018
ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:38
better public policies.
109
398125
2143
ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:40
It's a different world.
110
400292
1250
ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.
06:42
Now having transformed the world
111
402667
2976
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
06:45
through the sharing of Western wisdom with the rest of the world,
112
405667
3684
ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
06:49
the logical and rational response of the West should have been
113
409375
4643
ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
06:54
to say, "Hey, we have to adjust and adapt to this new world."
114
414042
4750
ืœื•ืžืจ "ื”ื™ื™, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. "
06:59
Instead, the West chose to go to sleep.
115
419958
3375
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
07:04
Why did it happen?
116
424500
1250
ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
07:06
I believe it happened
117
426625
2643
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”
07:09
because the West became distracted with two major events.
118
429292
6375
ื›ื™ ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ืกื—ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื.
07:16
The first event was the end of the Cold War.
119
436625
4583
ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
07:21
Yes, the end of the Cold War was a great victory.
120
441917
5101
ื›ืŸ, ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
07:27
The West defeated the mighty Soviet Union without firing a shot.
121
447042
5684
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืช.
07:32
Amazing.
122
452750
1250
ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
07:34
But you know, when you have a great victory like this,
123
454667
3517
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
07:38
it also leads to arrogance and hubris.
124
458208
4851
ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืฉืื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื”ืจื”.
07:43
And this hubris was best captured in a very famous essay
125
463083
5560
ื•ื”ื™ื•ื”ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืื•ื“
07:48
by Francis Fukuyama
126
468667
2142
ืžืืช ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืงื•ื™ืืžื”
07:50
called "The End of History?"
127
470833
2250
ืฉื ืงืจื "ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”?"
07:54
Now, Fukuyama was putting across a very sophisticated message,
128
474083
5976
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืคื•ืงื•ื™ืืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื,
08:00
but all that the West heard from this essay
129
480083
3560
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื
08:03
was that we, the liberal democracies,
130
483667
3892
ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
08:07
we have succeeded,
131
487583
1851
ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•,
08:09
we don't have to change,
132
489458
1685
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
08:11
we don't have to adapt,
133
491167
1267
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ,
08:12
it's only the rest of the world that has to change and adapt.
134
492458
4334
ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
08:18
Unfortunately, like a dangerous opiate,
135
498000
4559
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืžื• ืกื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
08:22
this essay did a lot of brain damage to the West
136
502583
3518
ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืœืžืขืจื‘
08:26
because it put them to sleep
137
506125
2143
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืจื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
08:28
just at precisely the moment when China and India were waking up
138
508292
4934
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•
08:33
and the West didn't adjust and adapt.
139
513250
2833
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืกืชื’ืœ.
08:37
The second major event was 9/11,
140
517083
4560
ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” 9/11,
08:41
which happened in 2001.
141
521667
3766
ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001.
08:45
And as we know, 9/11 caused a lot of shock and grief.
142
525457
6144
ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, 9/11 ื’ืจื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืœื ื•ื™ื’ื•ืŸ.
08:51
I personally experienced the shock and grief
143
531625
3351
ืื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืœื ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ
08:55
because I was in Manhattan when 9/11 happened.
144
535000
4583
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ 9/11 ืงืจื”.
09:00
9/11 also generated a lot of anger,
145
540750
4101
9/11 ื’ื ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืขืก,
09:04
and in this anger, the United States decided to invade Afghanistan
146
544875
4684
ื•ื‘ื›ืขืก ื”ื–ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืœืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
09:09
and later, Iraq.
147
549583
1959
ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืขื™ืจืง.
09:12
And unfortunately,
148
552625
2208
ื•ืœืฆืขืจื™,
09:16
partly as a result of this anger,
149
556875
2434
ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื›ืขืก ื”ื–ื”,
09:19
the West didn't notice the significance of another event
150
559333
4768
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืื—ืจ
09:24
that happened also in 2001.
151
564125
3333
ืฉืงืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001.
09:28
China joined the World Trade Organization.
152
568375
3708
ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
09:33
Now, when you suddenly inject
153
573250
2976
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืคืชืื•ื
09:36
900 million new workers
154
576250
4226
900 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:40
into the global capitalist system,
155
580500
3601
ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
09:44
it would naturally lead
156
584125
1726
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
09:45
to what the economist Joseph Schumpeter called creative destruction.
157
585875
7083
ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ืฉื•ืžืคื˜ืจ ืงืจื ื”ืจืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
09:53
Western workers lost their jobs,
158
593917
3976
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
09:57
they saw their incomes stagnate,
159
597917
3184
ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžื“ืฉื“ืฉื•ืช,
10:01
clearly people had to think about new competitive policies,
160
601125
4434
ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
10:05
workers needed retraining,
161
605583
1851
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช,
10:07
workers needed new skills.
162
607458
2018
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:09
None of this was done.
163
609500
1958
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืฉื”.
10:12
So partly as a result of this,
164
612542
2726
ืื– ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
10:15
the United States of America became
165
615292
2101
ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื”
10:17
the only major developed society
166
617417
6392
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช
10:23
where the average income of the bottom 50 percent --
167
623833
5768
ืฉื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ 50 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื -
10:29
yes, 50 percent --
168
629625
3351
ื›ืŸ, 50 ืื—ื•ื– -
10:33
average income went down over a 30-year period,
169
633000
5101
ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื™ืจื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
10:38
from 1980 to 2010.
170
638125
3042
ืžืฉื ืช 1980 ืขื“ 2010.
10:43
So partly, as a result of this,
171
643875
3934
ืื– ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
10:47
it led eventually to the election of Donald Trump in 2016,
172
647833
5935
ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื˜ืจืืžืค ื‘ืฉื ืช 2016,
10:53
who exploited the anger of the working classes,
173
653792
3017
ืฉื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื,
10:56
who are predominantly white.
174
656833
2018
ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื.
10:58
It also contributed to the rise of populism in Europe.
175
658875
4643
ื–ื” ื’ื ืชืจื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
11:03
And one wonders,
176
663542
1684
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื”ื•ืช,
11:05
could this populism have been avoided
177
665250
2476
ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคื•ืคื•ืœื™ื–ื ื–ื”
11:07
if the West had not been distracted by the end of the Cold War and by 9/11?
178
667750
5500
ืืœืžืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ื• 9/11 ื”ืกื™ื—ื• ืืช ื“ืขืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘?
11:14
But the big question we face today is this:
179
674792
2750
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื:
11:18
Is it too late?
180
678875
1893
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™?
11:20
Has the West lost everything?
181
680792
2166
ื”ืื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ื‘ื“ ื”ื›ืœ?
11:23
And my answer is that it's not too late.
182
683917
3601
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™.
11:27
It is possible for the West to recover
183
687542
4142
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉ
11:31
and come back in strength.
184
691708
2560
ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—.
11:34
And using the Western art of reasoning,
185
694292
2333
ื•ืื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
11:38
I would recommend that the West adopt a new "three-m" strategy:
186
698167
5601
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืœืืžืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” "ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืžื™ื'":
11:43
minimalist, multilateral and Machiavellian.
187
703792
4958
ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ืื ื™.
11:49
(Laughter)
188
709500
1351
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:50
Why minimalist?
189
710875
1601
ืœืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™?
11:52
Now even though Western domination has ended,
190
712500
4309
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”,
11:56
the West continues to intervene and interfere in the affairs
191
716833
3976
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
12:00
of many other societies.
192
720833
1851
ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
12:02
This is unwise.
193
722708
1601
ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื›ื.
12:04
This is generating anger and resentment,
194
724333
2685
ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืขืก ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”,
12:07
especially in Islamic societies.
195
727042
2309
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืกืœืืžื™ื•ืช.
12:09
It's also draining the resources and spirits of Western societies.
196
729375
5934
ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช.
12:15
Now I know that the Islamic world
197
735333
3226
ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืกืœืืžื™
12:18
is having difficulties modernizing.
198
738583
4143
ืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
12:22
It will have to find its way,
199
742750
3518
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื•,
12:26
but it's more likely to do so if it is left alone to do so.
200
746292
4767
ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืื ื ื ื™ื— ืœื•.
12:31
Now I can say this with some conviction because I come from a region,
201
751083
4601
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื ืžืื–ื•ืจ,
12:35
Southeast Asia,
202
755708
1726
ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
12:37
which has almost as many Muslims as the Arab world.
203
757458
4560
ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื‘ื™.
12:42
266 million Muslims.
204
762042
2226
266 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
12:44
Southeast Asia is also one of the most diverse continents on planet earth,
205
764292
3559
ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
12:47
because you also have 146 million Christians,
206
767875
2684
ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื’ื 146 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
12:50
149 million Buddhists --
207
770583
1810
149 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื -
12:52
Mahayana Buddhists and Hinayana Buddhists --
208
772417
3059
ืžื”ืื™ืื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืื™ื™ืื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื -
12:55
and you also have millions of Taoists and Confucianists and Hindus
209
775500
3976
ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ืื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื
12:59
and even communists.
210
779500
1583
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
13:02
And once known as "the Balkans of Asia,"
211
782500
2893
ืคืขื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื› - "ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”",
13:05
southeast Asia today should be experiencing a clash of civilizations.
212
785417
4809
ื“ืจื•ื ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช.
13:10
Instead, what you see in southeast Asia
213
790250
3726
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”
13:14
is one of the most peaceful and prosperous corners of planet earth
214
794000
4184
ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:18
with the second-most successful regional multilateral organization,
215
798208
4143
ืขื ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:22
ASEAN.
216
802375
1559
ืืกื™ืืŸ.
13:23
So clearly, minimalism can work.
217
803958
2851
ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:26
The West should try it out.
218
806833
1518
ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:28
(Laughter)
219
808375
2351
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:30
(Applause)
220
810750
3375
(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:35
But I'm also aware that minimalism cannot solve all the problems.
221
815292
3851
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื–ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
13:39
There are some hard problems that have to be dealt with:
222
819167
3392
ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื:
13:42
Al-Qaeda, ISIS --
223
822583
2060
ืืœ-ืงืืขื™ื“ื”, ื“ืืขืฉ -
13:44
they remain dangerous threats.
224
824667
2434
ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
13:47
They must be found, they must be destroyed.
225
827125
3018
ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื•ืœื”ื™ื”ืจืก.
13:50
The question is, is it wise for the West,
226
830167
3809
ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื–ื” ื—ื›ื ืœืžืขืจื‘,
13:54
which represents 12 percent of the world's population --
227
834000
3226
ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ 12 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื -
13:57
yes, 12 percent --
228
837250
1934
ื›ืŸ, 12 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื -
13:59
to fight these threats on its own
229
839208
2476
ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
14:01
or to fight with the remaining 88 percent of the world's population?
230
841708
4185
ืื• ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขื 88 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื?
14:05
And the logical and rational answer is
231
845917
2351
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื
14:08
that you should work with the remaining 88 percent.
232
848292
3351
ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื 88 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื.
14:11
Now where does one go
233
851667
1309
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืืŸ ืœืœื›ืช
14:13
if you want to get the support of humanity?
234
853000
2143
ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช?
14:15
There's only one place:
235
855167
1809
ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“:
14:17
the United Nations.
236
857000
1375
ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
14:19
Now I've been ambassador to the UN twice.
237
859042
3351
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืื•"ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
14:22
Maybe that makes me a bit biased,
238
862417
3017
ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื˜ื”,
14:25
but I can tell you that working with the UN can lead to success.
239
865458
5060
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืื•"ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
14:30
Why is it that the first Iraq war,
240
870542
2226
ืžื“ื•ืข ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
14:32
fought by President George H. W. Bush,
241
872792
2226
ืฉื ืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•. ื‘ื•ืฉ,
14:35
succeeded?
242
875042
1642
ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”?
14:36
While the second Iraq war,
243
876708
1601
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
14:38
fought by his son, President George W. Bush,
244
878333
2893
ืฉื ืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•. ื‘ื•ืฉ,
14:41
failed?
245
881250
1351
ื ื›ืฉืœื”?
14:42
One key reason is that the senior Bush went to the UN
246
882625
4393
ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืœืš ืœืื•"ื
14:47
to get the support of the global community
247
887042
2559
ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
14:49
before fighting the war in Iraq.
248
889625
2601
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืง.
14:52
So multilateralism works.
249
892250
2726
ืื– ื”ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
14:55
There's another reason why we have to work with the UN.
250
895000
2934
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืื•"ื.
14:57
The world is shrinking.
251
897958
1893
ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
14:59
We are becoming a small, interdependent, global village.
252
899875
5518
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”.
15:05
All villages need village councils.
253
905417
3601
ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื.
15:09
And the only global village counsel we have,
254
909042
2684
ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
15:11
as the late UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said,
255
911750
3476
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื–ื›"ืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื”ืžื ื•ื— ืงื•ืคื™ ืื ืืŸ ืืžืจ,
15:15
is the UN.
256
915250
1250
ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•"ื.
15:18
Now as a geopolitical analyst,
257
918583
3060
ื›ืขืช ื›ืื ืœื™ืกื˜ ื’ื™ืื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™,
15:21
I do know that it's often considered naive
258
921667
5851
ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืžื™ื
15:27
to work with the UN.
259
927542
2059
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืื•"ื.
15:29
So now let me inject my Machiavellian point.
260
929625
3417
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
15:34
Now Machiavelli is a figure who's often derided in the West,
261
934458
5101
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ืื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืœืขื’ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
15:39
but the liberal philosopher Isaiah Berlin reminded us
262
939583
5768
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื•
15:45
that the goal of Machiavelli was to promote virtue, not evil.
263
945375
6393
ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ืœื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืข.
15:51
So what is the Machiavellian point?
264
951792
2767
ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ืช?
15:54
It's this: what is the best way for the West
265
954583
4393
ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืขืจื‘
15:59
to constrain the new rising powers
266
959000
3434
ืœืืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
16:02
that are emerging?
267
962458
1851
ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช?
16:04
And the answer is that the best way to constrain them
268
964333
4560
ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืืœืฅ ืื•ืชื
16:08
is through multilateral rules and multilateral norms,
269
968917
4517
ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช,
16:13
multilateral institutions
270
973458
2060
ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื
16:15
and multilateral processes.
271
975542
2833
ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื.
16:20
Now let me conclude with one final, big message.
272
980542
4809
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืกืจ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
16:25
As a longtime friend of the West,
273
985375
2559
ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
16:27
I'm acutely aware of how pessimistic Western societies have become.
274
987958
6601
ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
16:34
Many in the West don't believe that a great future lies ahead for them,
275
994583
6101
ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื,
16:40
that their children will not have better lives.
276
1000708
3435
ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:44
So please do not fear the future or the rest of the world.
277
1004167
6791
ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ื• ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืื• ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:51
Now I can say this with some conviction,
278
1011750
3184
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
16:54
because as a Hindu Sindhi,
279
1014958
4101
ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื“ื™,
16:59
I actually feel a direct cultural connection
280
1019083
4601
ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
17:03
with society's diverse cultures
281
1023708
3060
ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
17:06
and societies all the way from Tehran to Tokyo.
282
1026792
5125
ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ื”ืจืืŸ ืœื˜ื•ืงื™ื•.
17:14
And more than half of humanity lives in this space,
283
1034042
5267
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
17:19
so with this direct cultural connection,
284
1039333
2935
ืื– ืขื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
17:22
I can say with great conviction
285
1042291
2768
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ
17:25
that if the West chooses to adopt a wiser strategy
286
1045083
6018
ืฉืื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืืžืฅ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:31
of being minimalist, multilateral and Machiavellian,
287
1051125
5018
ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืจื‘-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ื•ืžืงื™ืื•ื•ืœื™ืื ื™,
17:36
the rest of the world will be happy to work with the West.
288
1056166
4393
ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
17:40
So a great future lies ahead for humanity.
289
1060583
4643
ืื– ืขืชื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
17:45
Let's embrace it together.
290
1065250
2351
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื‘ืง ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“.
17:47
Thank you.
291
1067625
1268
ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:48
(Applause)
292
1068917
3083
(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7